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Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

by: Lynn Hunt; Thomas R. Martin; Barbara H. Rosenwein; R. Po-chia Hsia; Bonnie G. Sm

Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

by: Lynn Hunt; Thomas R. Martin; Barbara H. Rosenwein; R. Po-chia Hsia; Bonnie G. Sm

ISBN 13:
9780312409593
ISBN 10:
0312409591
Edition: 2nd
Format: Trade Book
Copyright: 09/20/2004
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
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Summary

Praised for its highly readable narrative and unmatched chronological integration of political, social and cultural history,The Making of the West: Peoples and Culturescaptures the spirit of each age as it situates Europe within a global context. An innovative organization seamlessly connects historical events and everyday life, while the text's distinctive features introduce students to the process of historical thinking. The fully revised second edition includes superior student support, 60 additional in-text primary sources, and comprehensive treatment of the post-1945 era.

Preface

Brief Contents

xii

Maps and Figures

xxx

Special Features

xxxvi

To the Student

Authors' Note: The B.C.E./C.E. Dating System

xlvi

About the Authors

xlviii

Prologue Before Civilization, to c. 4000 B.C.E.

(1)

The Paleolithic Age, c. 200,000--c. 10,000 B.C.E.

(4)

The Life of Hunter-Gatherers

(1)

Trade, Technology, Religion, and Hierarchy

(2)

The Neolithic Age, c. 10,000-c. 4000 B.C.E.

(7)

The Neolithic Revolution

(1)

Neolithic Origins of Modern Life

(2)

Daily Life in the Neolithic Village of Catalhoyuk

(3)

Social Change in the Neolithic Age

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested References

(1)

Chapter Review

New Sources, New Perspectives: Daily Bread, Damaged Bones, and Cracked Teeth

Foundations of Western Civilization, c. 4000--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(40)

The Controversial Concept of Western Civilization

(4)

Debating the Meaning of Western Civilization

(2)

Locating Western Civilization's Foundations

(2)

Mesopotamia, Home of the First Civilization, c. 4000--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(10)

Cities and Society, c. 4000--c. 2350 B.C.E.

(5)

Metals, the Akkadian Empire, and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350-2000 B.C.E.

(2)

Assyrian and Babylonian Achievements, c. 2000--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(3)

The Egyptians, Canaanites, and Hebrews, c. 3050--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(12)

From Egyptian Unification to the Old Kingdom, c. 3050--c. 2190 B.C.E.

(5)

The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, c. 2061--c. 1081 B.C.E.

(4)

Canaanite Innovation and Hebrew Origins, c. 3000--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(3)

The Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans, c. 2200--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(9)

The Hittite Kingdom, c. 1750--c. 1200 B.C.E.

(1)

Minoan Crete, c. 2200--c. 1400 B.C.E.

(2)

Mycenaean Greece, c. 1800--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(3)

The Period of Calamities, c. 1200--c. 1000 B.C.E.

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested References

(2)

Chapter Review

(2)

Terms of History: Civilization

(11)

Individual Documents: Hammurabi's Laws for Physicians

(9)

Declaring Innocence on Judgment Day in Ancient Egypt

(17)

New Paths for Western Civilization, c. 1000-500 B.C.E.

(40)

From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, c. 1000-500 B.C.E.

(7)

The New Empire of Assyria, c. 900-612 B.C.E.

(2)

The Neo-Babylonian Empire, c. 605-562 B.C.E.

(1)

The Persian Empire, c. 557-500 B.C.E.

(3)

The Consolidation of Hebrew Monotheism, c. 1000-539 B.C.E.

(2)

Remaking Greek Civilization, c. 1000-750 B.C.E.

(5)

The Greek Dark Age, c. 1000-750 B.C.E.

(3)

The Values of the Olympic Games

(1)

Homer, Hesiod, and Divine Justice in Greek Myth

(1)

The Creation of the Greek Polis, c. 750-500 B.C.E.

(12)

The Physical Environment of the Greek City-State

(1)

Trade and ``Colonization,'' c. 750-580 B.C.E.

(2)

Citizenship and Freedom in the Greek City-State

(7)

New Directions for the Polis, c. 750-500 B.C.E.

(9)

Oligarchy in Sparta, c. 700-500 B.C.E.

(2)

Tyranny in Corinth, 657-c. 585 B.C.E.

(1)

Democracy in Athens, c. 632-500 B.C.E.

(3)

New Ways of Thought and Expression, c. 630-500 B.C.E.

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Suggested References

(2)

Chapter Review

(2)

Did You Know? The First Money with Pictures

Individual Documents: Homer's Vision of Justice in the Polis

(5)

Cyrene Records Its Foundation as a Greek Colony

(21)

The Greek Golden Age, c. 500-c. 400 B.C.E.

(40)

Wars between Persia and Greece, 499--479 B.C.E.

(3)

From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499-490 B.C.E.

(2)

The Persian Invasion of 480-479 B.C.E.

(1)

Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478-431 B.C.E.

(8)

The Establishment of Athenian Empire

(2)

Radical Democracy and Pericles' Leadership, 461-431 B.C.E.

(2)

The Urban Landscape

(4)

Tradition and Innovation in Athens's Golden Age

(19)

Religious Tradition in a Period of Change

(1)

Women, Slaves, and Metics in Traditional Society

(7)

Intellectual Innovation

104

(7)

The Development of Greek Tragedy

111

(3)

The Development of Greek Comedy

114

(1)

The End of the Golden Age, 431--403 B.C.E.

115

(4)

The Peloponnesian War, 431--404 B.C.E.

115

(4)

Athens Humbled: Tyranny and Civil War, 404-403 B.C.E.

119

(1)

Conclusion

119

(1)

Suggested References

120

(1)

Chapter Review

121

(2)

Contrasting Views: The Nature of Women and Marriage

100

(5)

Individual Documents: Athenian Regulations for a Rebellious Ally

105

(2)

Sophists Arguing Both Sides of a Case

107

(16)

From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, c. 400-30 B.C.E.

123

(40)

Classical Greece's Decline, c. 400-350 B.C.E.

124

(8)

Restoring Daily Life in Postwar Athens

125

(2)

The Execution of Socrates, 399 B.C.E.

127

(1)

The Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle

127

(3)

Greek Political Disunity

130

(2)

The Rise of Macedonia, 359-323 B.C.E.

132

(6)

The Roots of Macedonian Power

132

(1)

The Rule of Philip II, 359--336 B.C.E.

133

(1)

The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336--323 B.C.E.

134

(4)

The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-30 B.C.E.

138

(8)

Creating Successor Kings

138

(2)

The Structure of Hellenistic Kingdoms

140

(3)

The Layers of Hellenistic Society

143

(3)

The End of the Hellenistic Kingdoms

146

(1)

Hellenistic Culture, 323-30 B.C.E.

146

(12)

The Arts under Royal Patronage

146

(4)

Philosophy for a New Age

150

(3)

Scientific Innovation

153

(2)

Cultural and Religious Transformations

155

(3)

Conclusion

158

(1)

Suggested References

159

(2)

Chapter Review

161

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Papyrus Discoveries and Menander's Comedies

148

Individual Documents: Aristotle on the Nature of the Greek Polis

131

(10)

Ethnic Tension in Ptolemaic Egypt

141

(22)

The Rise of Rome, c. 753-44 B.C.E.

163

(40)

Roman Social and Religious Traditions

164

(8)

Roman Moral Values

165

(1)

The Patron-Client System

166

(1)

The Roman Family

167

(2)

Education for Public Life

169

(1)

Public and Private Religion

170

(2)

From Monarchy to Republic, c. 753-287 B.C.E.

172

(8)

Roman Society during the Monarchy, c. 753-509 B.C.E.

172

(3)

The Early Roman Republic, 509-287 B.C.E.

175

(5)

Roman Imperialism and Its Consequences, Fifth to First Centuries B.C.E.

180

(8)

Expansion in Italy, c. 500-c. 220 B.C.E.

180

(2)

Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264-121 B.C.E.

182

(3)

Hellenism in Roman Literature and Art, Third to First Centuries B.C.E.

185

(2)

Stresses on Republican Society, Third and Second Centuries B.C.E.

187

(1)

Upheaval in the Late Republic, c. 133-44 B.C.E.

188

(11)

The Gracchi and Factional Politics, 133-121 B.C.E.

188

(1)

Gaius Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107-100 B.C.E.

189

(2)

Sulla and Civil War, 91-78 B.C.E.

191

(2)

The Republic's Downfall, 83-44 B.C.E.

193

(6)

Conclusion

199

(1)

Suggested References

200

(1)

Chapter Review

201

(2)

Contrasting Views: The Proscription Edict of 43 B.C.E.

194

Individual Documents: Livy on Liberty in the Founding of the Roman Republic

176

(14)

Polybius on Roman Military Discipline in the Republic

190

(13)

The Roman Empire, c. 44 B.C.E.--284 C.E.

203

(40)

Creating the Pax Romana

204

(12)

From Republic to Principate, 44-27 B.C.E.

205

(1)

Augustus's Restoration, 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.

205

(4)

Augustan Rome

209

(5)

Arts and Letters Fit for an Emperor

214

(2)

Maintaining the Pax Romana

216

(9)

Making Monarchy Permanent, 14-180 C.E.

216

(2)

Life in the Golden Age, 96-180 C.E.

218

(7)

The Emergence of Christianity

225

(9)

Jesus of Nazareth and the Spread of His Teachings

225

(2)

Growth of a New Religion

227

(5)

Competing Beliefs

232

(2)

The Third-Century Crisis

234

(3)

Defending the Frontiers

234

(2)

The Severan Emperors and Catastrophe

236

(1)

Conclusion

237

(2)

Suggested References

239

(2)

Chapter Review

241

(2)

Contrasting Views: Christians in the Empire: Conspirators or Faithful Subjects?

230

Individual Documents: Augustus, Res Gestae (My Accomplishments)

208

(3)

The Scene at a Roman Bath

211

(32)

The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284--c. 600 C.E.

243

(40)

Reorganizing the Empire, 284-395

245

(8)

From Reform to Fragmentation

246

(2)

The High Cost of Rescuing the Empire

248

(3)

The Emperors and Official Religion

251

(2)

Christianizing the Empire, 312-c. 540

253

(10)

Changing Religious Beliefs

253

(4)

Establishing Christian Orthodoxy

257

(4)

The Beginning of Christian Monasticism

261

(2)

Non-Roman Kingdoms in the West, c. 370-550s

263

(9)

Non-Roman Migrations

264

(6)

Mixing Traditions

270

(2)

Byzantine Empire in the East, c. 500-565

272

(7)

Byzantine Society

272

(1)

The Reign of Justinian, 527-565

273

(3)

Preserving Classical Literature

276

(3)

Conclusion

279

(1)

Suggested References

280

(1)

Chapter Review

281

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Looking for the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

268

Individual Documents: Diocletian's Edict Controlling Prices and Wages

250

(2)

The Edict of Milan on Religious Liberty

252

(31)

The Heirs of the Roman Empire, 600-750

283

(36)

Byzantium: A Christian Empire under Siege

284

(8)

Wars on the Frontiers, c. 570-750

284

(5)

From an Urban to a Rural Way of Life

289

(1)

New Military and Cultural Forms

290

(1)

Religion, Politics, and Iconoclasm

291

(1)

Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire

292

(7)

The Desert and the Cities

293

(1)

The Prophet Muhammad and the Faith of Islam

293

(1)

Growth of Islam, c. 610-632

294

(3)

The Caliphs, Muhammad's Successors, 632-750

297

(1)

Peace and Prosperity in Islamic Lands

298

(1)

Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms

299

(16)

Frankish Kingdoms with Roman Roots

299

(5)

Economic Activity in a Peasant Society

304

(1)

The Powerful in Merovingian Society

305

(3)

Christianity and Classical Culture in the British Isles

308

(2)

Unity in Spain, Division in Italy

310

(2)

Political Tensions and Reorganization at Rome

312

(3)

Conclusion

315

(1)

Suggested References

315

(2)

Chapter Review

317

(2)

Terms of History: Medieval

286

(16)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Anthropology, Archaeology, and Changing Notions of Ethnicity

302

Individual Documents: The Fatihah of the Qur'an

295

(18)

A Portrait of Pope Gregory the Great (R. 590-604)

313

(6)

Unity and Diversity in Three Societies, 750-1050

319

(40)

Byzantium: Renewed Strength and Influence

320

(6)

Imperial Power

320

(2)

The Macedonian Renaissance, c. 870-c. 1025

322

(2)

The Dynatoi: A New Landowning Elite

324

(1)

In Byzantium's Shadow: Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia

324

(2)

The Islamic World: From Unity to Fragmentation

326

(5)

The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-c. 950

326

(1)

Regional Diversity

327

(2)

Unity of Commerce and Language

329

(1)

The Islamic Renaissance, c. 790-c. 1050

329

(2)

The Creation and Division of a New European Empire

331

(11)

The Rise of the Carolingians

331

(1)

Charlemagne and His Kingdom, 768-814

332

(2)

The Carolingian Renaissance, c. 790-c. 900

334

(2)

Charlemagne's Successors, 814-911

336

(1)

Land and Power

336

(2)

Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars Invade, c. 790-955

338

(4)

After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule

342

(13)

Public Power and Private Relationships

342

(6)

Warriors and Warfare

348

(1)

Efforts to Contain Violence

348

(1)

Political Communities in Italy, England, and France

349

(2)

Emperors and Kings in Central and Eastern Europe

351

(4)

Conclusion

355

(1)

Suggested References

355

(2)

Chapter Review

357

(2)

Terms of History: Feudalism

343

Individual Documents: Dhuoda's Handbook for Her Son

337

(8)

Fulbert of Chartres, ``Letter to William of Aquitaine'' (1020)

345

(14)

Renewal and Reform, 1050-1150

359

(40)

The Commercial Revolution

360

(5)

Cities, Towns, and Fairs

360

(4)

Business Arrangements

364

(1)

Self-Government for the Towns

364

(1)

Church Reform and Its Aftermath

365

(14)

Beginnings of Reform

365

(2)

The Gregorian Reform and the Investiture Conflict, 1073-1122

367

(2)

The Sweep of Reform

369

(3)

Early Crusades and Crusader States

372

(7)

The Revival of Monarchies

379

(5)

Reconstructing the Empire at Byzantium

380

(1)

England under Norman Rule

381

(2)

Praising the King of France

383

(1)

New Forms of Scholarship and Religious Expression

384

(11)

Schools and the Liberal Arts

385

(1)

Scholars of the New Learning

386

(3)

Benedictine Monks and Artistic Splendor

389

(1)

New Monastic Orders of Poverty

390

(5)

Conclusion

395

(1)

Suggested References

395

(2)

Chapter Review

397

(2)

Contrasting Views: The First Crusade

374

(13)

Did You Know? Translations

387

Individual Documents: A Byzantine View of Papal Primacy

370

(8)

Genoese Traders in Palestine

378

(21)

An Age of Confidence, 1150-1215

399

(36)

Governments as Institutions

400

(13)

Germany: The Revived Monarchy of Frederick Barbarossa

400

(5)

England: Unity through Common Law

405

(4)

France: Consolidation and Conquest

409

(3)

Eastern Europe and Byzantium: Fragmenting Realms

412

(1)

The Growth of a Vernacular High Culture

413

(3)

The Troubadours: Poets of Love and Play

413

(2)

The Literature of Epic and Romance

415

(1)

New Lay and Religious Associations

416

(5)

The Commercial Revolution Penetrates the Countryside

416

(1)

Guilds for Commerce and Scholarship

417

(2)

Religious Fervor and Dissent

419

(2)

European Aggression Within and Without

421

(10)

Jews as Strangers

421

(4)

Persecuting Heretics

425

(1)

Disastrous Crusades to the Holy Land

425

(3)

Victorious Crusades on the Borders of Europe

428

(3)

Conclusion

431

(1)

Suggested References

432

(1)

Chapter Review

433

(2)

Contrasting Views: Magna Carta

410

(12)

New Sources, New Perspectives: The Cairo Geniza

422

Individual Documents: Frederick's Reply to the Romans

402

(26)

The Children's Crusade (1212)

428

(7)

The Medieval Search for Order and Harmony, 1215-1320

435

(32)

The Church's Mission of Reform

436

(7)

Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215

436

(2)

The Inquisition

438

(1)

Lay Piety

439

(4)

Cultural Harmonies

443

(7)

Scholasticism: Harmonizing Faith and Reason

443

(2)

New Syntheses in Writing and Music

445

(1)

The Gothic Revolution in Art and Architecture

446

(4)

The Politics of Control

450

(11)

The Weakening of the Empire

450

(2)

Louis IX and a New Ideal of Kingship

452

(2)

The Birth of Representative Institutions

454

(2)

The Weakening of the Papacy

456

(2)

The Road to the Signori

458

(1)

The Mongol Takeover

459

(2)

Conclusion

461

(1)

Suggested References

462

(2)

Chapter Review

464

(3)

New Sources, New Perspectives: The Peasants of Montaillou

440

(6)

Individual Documents: The Debate Between Reason and the Lover

446

(9)

Municipal Legislation at Pisa (1286)

455

(12)

The Crisis of Late Medieval Society, 1320-1430

467

(38)

Political Crises across Europe

468

(14)

The Changing Nature of Warfare

468

(1)

The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453

469

(7)

Popular Uprisings

476

(2)

Imperial Fragmentation and Eastern European State Building

478

(2)

Multiethnic States on the Frontiers

480

(2)

The Plague and Society

482

(6)

Rise and Spread of the Plague

482

(3)

Responses to the Plague: Flagellants and Anti-Semitism

485

(1)

Consequences of the Plague

486

(2)

Challenges to Spiritual Authority

488

(5)

The Papal Monarchy and Its Critics

488

(1)

The Great Schism, 1378-1417

489

(1)

The Conciliar Movement

489

(2)

Dissenters and Heretics

491

(1)

The Hussite Revolution

492

(1)

The Social Order and Cultural Change

493

(7)

The Household

493

(3)

The Underclass

496

(1)

Hard Times for Trade

496

(1)

The Flourishing of Vernacular Literature and the Birth of Humanism

497

(3)

Conclusion

500

(1)

Suggested References

501

(2)

Chapter Review

503

(2)

Contrasting Views: Joan of Arc: Who Was ``The Maid''?

474

(20)

Individual Documents: Piers the Ploughman

494

(4)

The Book of the City of Ladies (1405)

498

(7)

Renaissance Europe, 1400-1500

505

(42)

Widening Intellectual Horizons

506

(4)

The Humanist Renewal

507

(2)

The Advent of Printing

509

(1)

Revolution in the Arts

510

(7)

From Artisan to Artist

511

(1)

The Human Figure

512

(2)

Order through Perspective

514

(2)

New Musical Harmonies

516

(1)

The Intersection of Private and Public Lives

517

(4)

Renaissance Social Hierarchy

517

(2)

Family Alliances

519

(1)

The Regulation of Sexuality

520

(1)

The Renaissance State and the Art of Politics

521

(10)

Republics and Principalities in Italy

522

(2)

Renaissance Diplomacy

524

(1)

Monarchies and Empires

525

(6)

On the Threshold of World History: Widening Geographic Horizons

531

(10)

The Divided Mediterranean

532

(1)

Portuguese Explorations

533

(3)

The Voyages of Columbus

536

(3)

A New Era in Slavery

539

(1)

Europeans in the New World

539

(2)

Conclusion

541

(1)

Suggested References

542

(2)

Chapter Review

544

(3)

Terms of History: Renaissance

508

(26)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Portuguese Voyages of Discovery

534

Individual Documents: A Merchant's Advice to His Sons

518

(20)

Columbus Describes His First Voyage (1493)

538

(9)

The Struggle for Reformation Europe, 1500-1560

547

(34)

A New Heaven and a New Earth

548

(4)

The Crisis of Faith

548

(2)

Christian Humanism

550

(2)

Protestant Reformers

552

(7)

Martin Luther and the German Nation

552

(4)

Huldrych Zwingli and the Swiss Confederation

556

(1)

John Calvin and Christian Discipline

557

(2)

Reshaping Society through Religion

559

(6)

Challenging the Social Order

559

(2)

New Forms of Discipline

561

(4)

A Struggle for Mastery

565

(8)

The Court

566

(1)

Art and the Christian Knight

566

(2)

Wars among Habsburgs, Valois, and Ottomans

568

(2)

The Finance and Technologies of War

570

(1)

Divided Realms

571

(2)

A Continuing Reformation

573

(4)

Catholic Renewal

574

(1)

Missionary Zeal

575

(2)

Conclusion

577

(1)

Suggested References

578

(1)

Chapter Review

579

(2)

Contrasting Views: Martin Luther: Holy Man or Heretic?

554

Individual Documents: Thomas More, Utopia (1516)

551

(5)

Erasmus Writes to Martin Luther (1519)

556

(25)

A Century of Crisis, 1560--1648

581

(40)

Religious Conflicts and State Power, 1560--1618

582

(15)

French Wars of Religion, 1562--1598

582

(4)

Challenges to Spanish Power

586

(3)

Elizabeth I's Defense of English Protestantism

589

(1)

The Clash of Faiths and Empires in Eastern Europe

590

(7)

The Thirty Years' War and the Balance of Power, 1618--1648

597

(1)

Origins and Course of the War

592

(1)

The Effects of Constant Fighting

593

(2)

The Peace of Westphalia, 1648

595

(2)

Economic Crisis and Realignment

597

(9)

From Growth to Recession

598

(1)

Consequences for Daily Life

599

(4)

The Economic Balance of Power

603

(3)

A Clash of Worldviews

606

(11)

The Arts in an Age of Crisis

606

(2)

The Natural Laws of Politics

608

(2)

Origins of the Scientific Revolution

610

(5)

Magic and Witchcraft

615

(2)

Conclusion

617

(1)

Suggested References

618

(1)

Chapter Review

619

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Tree Rings and the Little Ice Age

600

(10)

Did You Know? The Gregorian Calendar (1582)

610

(84)

Individual Documents: The Horrors of the Thirty Years' War

694

Galileo Writes to Kepler About Their Common Interests in Astronomy

613

(8)

State Building and the Search for Order, 1648--1690

621

(44)

Louis XIV: Model of Absolutism

622

(8)

The Fronde, 1648--1653

623

(1)

Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism

624

(2)

Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy

626

(1)

Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad

627

(3)

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

630

(6)

Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism

631

(1)

An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks

632

(2)

Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism

634

(1)

Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed

635

(1)

Constitutionalism in England

636

(9)

England Turned Upside Down, 1642--1660

637

(6)

The Glorious Revolution of 1688

643

(2)

Constitutionalism in the Dutch Republic and the Overseas Colonies

645

(4)

The Dutch Republic

645

(3)

Freedom and Slavery in the New World

648

(1)

The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture

649

(12)

Social Contract Theory: Hobbes and Locke

650

(1)

Newton and the Consolidation of the Scientific Revolution

651

(2)

Freedom and Order in the Arts

653

(3)

Women and Manners

656

(2)

Reforming Popular Culture

658

(3)

Conclusion

661

(1)

Suggested References

661

(2)

Chapter Review

663

(2)

Contrasting Views: The English Civil War

640

(7)

Did You Know? Tobacco and the Invention of ``smoking''

647

(7)

Individual Documents: John Milton's Defense of Freedom of the Press

654

(5)

Aphra Behn, Oroonoko

659

(6)

The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690--1740

665

(42)

The Atlantic System and the World Economy

667

(9)

Slavery and the Atlantic System

667

(6)

World Trade and Settlement

673

(2)

The Birth of Consumer Society

675

(1)

New Social and Cultural Patterns

676

(7)

Agricultural Revolution

676

(2)

Social Life in the Cities

678

(2)

The Growth of a Literate Public

680

(1)

New Tastes in the Arts

680

(3)

Religious Revivals

683

(1)

Consolidation of the European State System

683

(12)

The Limits of French Absolutism

684

(2)

British Rise and Dutch Decline

686

(2)

Russia's Emergence as a European Power

688

(2)

The Balance of Power in the East

690

(2)

The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers

692

(1)

Public Hygiene and Health Care

693

(2)

The Birth of the Enlightenment

695

(7)

Popularization of Science and Challenges to Religion

695

(3)

Travel Literature and the Challenge to Custom and Tradition

698

(2)

Raising the Woman Question

700

(2)

Conclusion

702

(1)

Suggested References

702

(2)

Chapter Review

704

(3)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Oral History and the Life of Slaves

672

(24)

Terms of History: Progress

696

Individual Documents: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Smallpox Inoculation in the Ottoman Empire

694

(5)

Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733)

699

(8)

The Promise of Enlightenment, 1740--1789

707

(40)

The Enlightenment at Its Height

708

(14)

Men and Women of the Republic of Letters

709

(3)

Conflicts with Church and State

712

(1)

The Individual and Society

713

(4)

Spreading the Enlightenment

717

(3)

The Limits of Reason: Roots of Romanticism and Religious Revival

720

(2)

Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment

722

(7)

The Nobility's Reassertion of Privilege

722

(1)

The Middle Class and the Making of a New Elite

723

(3)

Life on the Margins

726

(2)

The Roots of Industrialization

728

(1)

State Power in an Era of Reform

729

(7)

War and Diplomacy

730

(3)

State-Sponsored Reform

733

(2)

Limits of Reform

735

(1)

Rebellions against State Power

736

(6)

Food Riots and Peasant Uprisings

736

(2)

Public Opinion and Political Opposition

738

(1)

Revolution in North America

739

(3)

Conclusion

742

(1)

Suggested References

743

(2)

Chapter Review

745

(2)

Terms of History: Enlightenment

710

(4)

Contrasting Views: Women and the Enlightenment

714

(4)

Individual Documents: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the Social Contract (1762)

718

(22)

Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

740

(7)

The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789--1800

747

(40)

The Revolutionary Wave, 1787--1789

748

(9)

Protesters in the Low Countries and Poland

749

(3)

Origins of the French Revolution, 1787--1789

752

(5)

From Monarchy to Republic, 1789--1793

757

(6)

The Revolution of Rights and Reason

757

(4)

The End of Monarchy

761

(2)

Terror and Resistance

763

(7)

Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety

763

(2)

The Republic of Virtue, 1793--1794

765

(2)

Resisting the Revolution

767

(1)

The Fall of Robespierre and the End of the Terror, 1794--1799

768

(2)

Revolution on the March

770

(12)

Arms and Conquests

770

(3)

European Reactions to Revolutionary Change

773

(3)

Poland Extinguished, 1793--1795

776

(1)

Revolution in the Colonies

777

(3)

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

780

(2)

Conclusion

782

(1)

Suggested References

783

(2)

Chapter Review

785

(2)

Terms of History: Revolution

750

(24)

Contrasting Views: Consequences of the French Revolution

774

Individual Documents: The Rights of Minorities

758

(20)

Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade (February 5, 1790)

778

(9)

Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800--1830

787

(42)

Napoleon's Authoritarian State

788

(7)

From Republic to Empire

789

(3)

The New Paternalism: The Civil Code

792

(1)

Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life

793

(2)

``Europe Was at My Feet'': Napoleon's Conquests

795

(10)

The Grand Army and Its Victories, 1800--1807

795

(5)

The Impact of French Victories

800

(2)

From Russian Winter to Final Defeat, 1812--1815

802

(3)

The ``Restoration'' of Europe

805

(5)

The Congress of Vienna, 1814--1815

805

(3)

The Emergence of Conservatism

808

(1)

The Revival of Religion

809

(1)

Forces for Social and Cultural Change

810

(9)

Industrial and Urban Growth in Britain

810

(1)

The New Ideologies

811

(4)

Romanticism

815

(4)

Political Challenges to the Conservative Order

819

(6)

Political Revolts in the 1820s

819

(4)

Revolution and Reform, 1830--1832

823

(2)

Conclusion

825

(1)

Suggested References

826

(1)

Chapter Review

827

(2)

Did You Know? How the Orient Became Oriental

794

(2)

Contrasting Views: Napoleon: for and Against

796

(8)

Individual Documents: An Ordinary Soldier on Campaign with Napoleon

804

(12)

Wordsworth's Poetry

816

(13)

Industrialization, Urbanization, and Revolution, 1830--1850

829

(44)

The Advance of Industrialization and Urbanization

830

(10)

Engines of Change

831

(4)

Urbanization and Its Consequences

835

(4)

Agricultural Perils and Prosperity

839

(1)

Reforming the Social Order

840

(9)

Cultural Responses to the Social Question

840

(4)

The Varieties of Social Reform

844

(3)

Abuses and Reforms Overseas

847

(2)

The Ferment of Ideologies

849

(9)

The Spell of Nationalism

849

(4)

Liberalism in Economics and Politics

853

(1)

Socialism and the Early Labor Movement

854

(3)

The New Historical Imagination

857

(1)

The Revolutions of 1848

858

(11)

The Hungry Forties

859

(1)

Another French Revolution

860

(2)

Nationalist Revolution in Italy

862

(1)

Revolt and Reaction in Central Europe

863

(3)

Aftermath to 1848

866

(3)

Conclusion

869

(1)

Suggested References

869

(2)

Chapter Review

871

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Statistics and the Standard of Living of the Working Class

836

(14)

Did You Know? Opium Addiction in Nineteenth-Century Britain

850

Individual Documents: A Romantic Poet Mourns the Fate of the Workers

841

(15)

Marx and Engels, the Communist Manifesto

856

(17)

Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, c. 1850--1870

873

(42)

The End of the Concert of Europe

875

(6)

Napoleon III and the Quest for French Glory

875

(2)

The Crimean War, 1853--1856: Turning Point in European Affairs

877

(2)

Spirit of Reform in Russia

879

(2)

War and Nation Building

881

(10)

Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Process of Italian Unification

881

(2)

Bismarck and the Realpolitik of German Unification

883

(4)

Francis Joseph and the Creation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

887

(1)

Political Stability through Gradual Reform in Great Britain

888

(1)

Civil War and Nation Building in the United States and Canada

889

(2)

Establishing Social Order

891

(8)

Bringing Order to the Cities

891

(2)

Expanding the Reach of Bureaucracy

893

(1)

Schooling and Professionalizing Society

894

(1)

Spreading Western Order beyond the West

895

(4)

The Culture of Social Order

899

(7)

The Arts Confront Social Reality

900

(3)

Religion and Secular Order

903

(2)

From Natural Science to Social Science

905

(1)

Contesting the Growing Power of the Nation-State

906

(5)

The Rise of Marxism

906

(2)

The Paris Commune versus the French State

908

(3)

Conclusion

911

(1)

Suggested References

911

(2)

Chapter Review

913

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Photographs and Their Messages

898

Individual Documents: Mrs. Seacole: The Other Florence Nightingale

879

(7)

Bismarck Tricks the Public to Get His War

886

(29)

Industry, Empire, and Everyday Life, 1870--1890

915

(44)

The Advance of Industry

917

(7)

Industrial Innovation

917

(3)

Facing Economic Crisis

920

(1)

Revolution in Business Practices

921

(3)

The New Imperialism

924

(9)

Taming the Mediterranean

924

(1)

Scramble for Africa

925

(3)

Acquiring Territory in Asia

928

(2)

Japan's Imperial Agenda

930

(1)

The Paradoxes of Imperialism

931

(2)

The Transformation of Culture and Society

933

(12)

The ``Best'' Circles and the Expanding Middle Class

933

(3)

Professional Sports and Organized Leisure

936

(1)

Working People's Strategies

937

(2)

Reform Efforts for Working-Class People

939

(3)

Artistic Responses to Industrial and Imperial Change

942

(3)

The Birth of Mass Politics

945

(9)

Workers, Politics, and Protest

945

(2)

Expanding Political Participation in Western Europe

947

(3)

Power Politics in Central and Eastern Europe

950

(4)

Conclusion

954

(2)

Suggested References

956

(1)

Chapter Review

957

(2)

Did You Know? Polo and Social Class

935

(5)

Contrasting Views: Experiences of Migration

940

Individual Documents: Imperialism's Popularity Among the People

929

(14)

Henrik Ibsen, a Doll's House

943

(16)

Modernity and the Road to War, c. 1890--1914

959

(44)

Private Life in the Modern Age

960

(10)

Population Pressure

961

(3)

Reforming Marriage

964

(1)

New Women, New Men, and the Politics of Sexual Identity

965

(1)

Sciences of the Modern Self

966

(4)

Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas

970

(5)

The Challenge to Positivism

970

(1)

Revolutionizing Science

971

(1)

Modern Art

972

(2)

Musical Iconoclasm

974

(1)

Growing Tensions in Mass Politics

975

(10)

Labor's Expanding Power

976

(1)

Rights for Women and the Battle for Suffrage

977

(2)

Liberalism Modified

979

(1)

Anti-Semitism, Nationalism, and Zionism in Mass Politics

980

(5)

European Imperialism Contested

985

(7)

The Trials of Empire

985

(3)

The Russian Empire Threatened

988

(2)

Growing Resistance to Colonial Domination

990

(2)

Roads to War

992

(7)

Competing Alliances and Clashing Ambitions

993

(1)

The Race to Arms

994

(3)

1914: War Erupts

997

(2)

Conclusion

999

(1)

Suggested References

999

(2)

Chapter Review

1001

(2)

Terms of History: Modern

962

(6)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Psychohistory and its Lessons

968

(16)

Individual Documents: Leon Pinsker Calls for a Jewish State

984

(12)

A Historian Promotes Militant Nationalism

996

(7)

War, Revolution, and Reconstruction, 1914--1929

1003

(46)

The Great War, 1914--1918

1004

(10)

Blueprints for War

1004

(2)

The Battlefronts

1006

(5)

The Home Front

1011

(3)

Protest, Revolution, and War's End, 1917--1918

1014

(6)

War Protest

1014

(1)

Revolution in Russia

1014

(5)

Civil War in Russia

1019

(1)

Ending the War, 1918

1019

(1)

The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution

1020

(8)

Europe in Turmoil

1021

(1)

The Paris Peace Conference, 1919--1920

1021

(5)

Economic and Diplomatic Consequences of the Peace

1026

(2)

A Decade of Recovery: Europe in the 1920s

1028

(6)

Changes in the Political Landscape

1028

(3)

Reconstructing the Economy

1031

(1)

Restoring Society

1032

(2)

Mass Culture and the Rise of Modern Dictators

1034

(9)

Culture for the Masses

1034

(1)

Cultural Debates over the Future

1035

(4)

The Communist Utopia

1039

(2)

Fascism on the March in Italy

1041

(2)

Conclusion

1043

(2)

Suggested References

1045

(2)

Chapter Review

1047

(2)

Contrasting Views: Arguing with the Victors

1024

Individual Documents: Outbreak of the Russian Revolution

1018

(20)

Virginia Woolf's Orlando (1928)

1038

(11)

An Age of Catastrophes, 1929--1945

1049

(48)

The Great Depression

1050

(5)

Economic Disaster Strikes

1050

(1)

Social Effects of the Depression

1051

(2)

The Great Depression beyond the West

1053

(2)

Totalitarian Triumph

1055

(9)

The Rise of Stalinism

1055

(5)

Hitler's Rise to Power

1060

(2)

The Nazification of German Politics

1062

(1)

Nazi Racism

1063

(1)

Democracies on the Defensive

1064

(5)

Confronting the Economic Crisis

1065

(3)

Cultural Visions in Hard Times

1068

(1)

The Road to Global War

1069

(8)

A Surge in Global Imperialism

1070

(3)

The Spanish Civil War, 1936--1939

1073

(2)

Hitler's Conquest of Central Europe, 1938--1939

1075

(2)

World War II, 1939--1945

1077

(14)

The German Onslaught

1077

(1)

War Expands: The Pacific and Beyond

1078

(1)

The War against Civilians

1079

(3)

Societies at War

1082

(3)

From Resistance to Allied Victory

1085

(5)

An Uneasy Postwar Settlement

1090

(1)

Conclusion

1091

(2)

Suggested References

1093

(2)

Chapter Review

1095

(2)

Terms of History: Totalitarianism

1056

(26)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Museums and Memory

1082

Individual Documents: The War on Kulaks

1058

(14)

The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

1072

(25)

Remaking Europe in the Shadow of Cold War, c. 1945--1965

1097

(42)

World Politics Transformed

1098

(10)

Europe Prostrate

1099

(2)

New Superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union

1101

(1)

Origins of the Cold War

1102

(4)

The Division of Germany

1106

(2)

Political and Economic Recovery in Europe

1108

(10)

Dealing with the Nazi Past

1108

(1)

Rebirth of the West

1109

(4)

The Welfare State: Common Ground East and West

1113

(3)

Recovery in the East

1116

(2)

Decolonization in a Cold War Climate

1118

(7)

The End of Empire in Asia

1119

(1)

The Struggle for Identity in the Middle East

1120

(2)

New Nations in Africa

1122

(1)

The Arrival of New Europeans

1123

(2)

Cultural Life on the Brink of Nuclear War

1125

(10)

Restoring ``Western'' Values

1125

(2)

Rising Consumerism and Shifting Gender Norms

1127

(3)

The Culture of Cold War

1130

(3)

Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Atomic Brink

1133

(2)

Conclusion

1135

(1)

Suggested References

1135

(2)

Chapter Review

1137

(2)

New Sources, New Perspectives: Government Archives and the Truth About the Cold War

1104

(10)

Individual Documents: The Schuman Plan on European Unity (1950)

1114

(15)

Consumerism, Youth, and the Birth of the Generation Gap

1129

(10)

Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1965--1989

1139

(46)

The Revolution in Technology

1140

(6)

The Information Age: Television and Computers

1140

(3)

The Space Age

1143

(1)

Revolutions in Biology, Reproductive Technology, and Sexual Behavior

1144

(2)

Postindustrial Society and Culture

1146

(9)

Multinational Corporations

1146

(2)

The New Worker

1148

(2)

The Boom in Education and Research

1150

(1)

A Redefined Family and a Generation Gap

1151

(1)

Art, Ideas, and Religion in a Technocratic Society

1152

(3)

Protesting Cold War Conditions

1155

(11)

Cracks in the Cold War Order

1155

(3)

The Explosion of Civic Activism

1158

(5)

1968: Year of Crisis

1163

(3)

The Erosion of Superpower Mastery Ends the Cold War

1166

(13)

The West, the World, and the Politics of Energy

1166

(2)

The Western Bloc Meets Challenges with Reform

1168

(5)

Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Bloc

1173

(6)

Conclusion

1179

(2)

Suggested References

1181

(2)

Chapter Review

1183

(2)

Terms of History: Postindustrial

1147

(13)

Contrasting Views: Feminist Debates

1160

(12)

Individual Documents: Margaret Thatcher's Economic Vision

1172

(3)

Mikhail Gorbachev on Reform in the USSR

1175

(10)

The New Globalism: Opportunities and Dilemmas, 1989 to the Present

1185

Soviet Collapse Releases Global Forces

1187

(9)

The Breakup of Yugoslavia

1188

(2)

The Soviet Union Comes Apart

1190

(3)

An Elusive Market Economy

1193

(1)

Chechnya and Central Asian States: The Quest for Independence and Influence

1194

(2)

Global Opportunities Transcend the Nation-State

1196

(6)

Europe Looks beyond the Nation-State

1196

(4)

Globalizing Cities and Fragmenting Nations

1200

(1)

Global Organizations

1201

(1)

Global Challenges and Discontents

1202

(9)

Pollution and Population

1202

(2)

Population and Disease

1204

(2)

North versus South?

1206

(1)

Islam Confronts the West

1207

(2)

The Rise of the Pacific Economy

1209

(2)

Global Culture and Society in the New Millennium

1211

(9)

Redefining the West: The Impact of Global Migration

1211

(3)

Global Networks and the Economy

1214

(2)

The Global Diffusion of Culture

1216

(4)

Conclusion: The Making of the West Continues

1220

(2)

Suggested References

1222

(2)

Chapter Review

1224

Contrasting Views: The Debate Over Globalization

1212

Individual Documents: Vaclav Havel, ``Czechoslovakia is Returning to Europe''

1199

(4)

Petra Kelly, Activist for the Green Party

1203

Appendix: Useful Facts and Figures

(1)

Glossary of Key Terms

(1)

Index

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Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

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Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

Making of the West Vols. 1&2 : Peoples and Cultures

9780312409593

0312409591

Summary

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