9780130144256

The first developmental book written specifically for helping professionals, "The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals, Second Edition," provides an in-depth look at developmental theories and how they apply to the fields of counseling, social work and psychology. Using counseling applications, case studies, special topics boxes, and journal questions, the text introduces developmental theories and research within the context of clinical practice. This edition features a new chapter on well-being in adulthood, expanded counseling applications sections, current research on developmental psychopathology and prevention science, and a book-specific companion website.

Organizing Themes in Development

1

(38)

Introduction

1

(1)

Reflection and Action

1

(3)

The Gap Between Science and Practice

2

(2)

The Big Picture: Models and Metaphors

4

(14)

Stage Models

4

(9)

Incremental Models

13

(2)

Multidimensional Models

15

(3)

Applying Models and Metaphors

18

(1)

Major Issues in Development

19

(12)

Nature Versus Nurture

19

(9)

Critical Periods Versus Unlimited Plasticity

28

(1)

Continuity Versus Change

29

(1)

Activity Versus Passivity

30

(1)

Applications

31

(3)

Summary

34

(3)

Case Study

37

(2)

Heredity, Environment, and the Beginnings of Human Life

39

(35)

The Nature/Nurture Illusion

39

(1)

Mechanisms of Genetic Influence: How Do Genes Work?

39

(11)

Biological Inheritance

40

(3)

How Genes Influence Traits

43

(3)

The Inheritance of Sex

46

(2)

Hereditary Diseases

48

(2)

Focus on Genetics: Its Influence on Behavior

50

(4)

Molecular Genetics and Behavior

51

(1)

Behavior Genetics

51

(1)

Genetic Influences on Environments

52

(2)

Shifting Focus to the Interaction of Genetics and Environment

54

(5)

Criticisms of Behavior Genetics

54

(3)

Developmental Systems: A Multidimensional Perspective

57

(2)

Healthy Prenatal Development

59

(8)

Genetic Interventions

60

(1)

Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development

61

(6)

Applications

67

(2)

Summary

69

(3)

Case Study

72

(2)

Neural and Cognitive Developments in the Early Years

74

(46)

The Brain

75

(10)

Early Prenatal Brain Development

75

(3)

Structure and Function of Neurons

78

(3)

Later Prenatal Brain Development

81

(1)

Postnatal Brain Development

82

(1)

Sensory and Motor Development

83

(2)

Cognitive Development

85

(25)

Piaget's Constructivist Theory

86

(3)

Infant Cognition: The Sensorimotor Stage

89

(8)

Preschoolers' Cognition: The Preoperational Stage

97

(9)

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

106

(4)

Applications

110

(4)

Summary

114

(3)

Case Study

117

(3)

Emotional Development in the Early Years

120

(38)

Theories of Emotions: The State of the Art

121

(5)

Functions of Emotions

121

(1)

Basic Emotions: Do They Exist?

122

(1)

Theories and Sequence of Emotional Development

123

(3)

Early Caregiver-Infant Interactions and Emotional Development

126

(4)

Emotional Regulation

127

(2)

Infants of Depressed Mothers

129

(1)

Neurobiology of Early Social Bonding

129

(1)

Attachment: Early Social Relationships

130

(21)

Attachment Quality

135

(2)

Maternal Care and Attachment Quality: Linking Mother's Sensitivity to Infant Security

137

(2)

Beyond Maternal Caregiving: Other Influences on Relationship Quality

139

(5)

Variations in Attachment Relationships

144

(2)

The Importance of Early Attachments

146

(3)

Working Models of Attachment

149

(1)

Parenting Practices Versus Relationship Quality in Infant Development

150

(1)

Applications

151

(3)

Summary

154

(2)

Case Study

156

(2)

The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years

158

(33)

The Self-System: Traditional Conceptions

159

(2)

The Early Development of the Self-System

161

(7)

The Beginnings of the ``I'' and the ``Me''

161

(4)

Roots of Self-Control and Self-Regulation

165

(3)

Early Socialization: Parenting and the Development of the Self-System

168

(11)

The Dimensions of Parenting Style

169

(1)

Four Parenting Styles

170

(2)

Parenting Style and Child Outcomes

172

(1)

Parenting Practices: Methods of Control

172

(3)

Moderators of Parenting and Parenting Effectiveness

175

(4)

Parenting and the Developing Self-System

179

(2)

Applications

181

(5)

Summary

186

(2)

Case Study

188

(3)

Realms of Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

191

(40)

Physical and Brain-Related Changes

192

(1)

Cognitive Development

193

(21)

Piaget's Stage of Concrete Operations

193

(5)

An Alternative Perspective: The Information Processing Approach

198

(1)

Achievements of the Concrete Operational Child

199

(15)

Social Cognition

214

(8)

Perspective Taking and Social Relationships

215

(1)

Perspective Taking and Friendship Development

216

(6)

Applications

222

(5)

Summary

227

(2)

Case Study

229

(2)

Self and Moral Development in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

231

(38)

Self-Concept

232

(8)

The Development of Self-Concept

232

(2)

The Structure of Self-Concept

234

(2)

Influences on the Development of Self-Concept

236

(2)

Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences

238

(2)

The Moral Self

240

(20)

Elements of Morality

241

(2)

Some Classic Theories of Moral Development

243

(7)

Children's Prosocial Behavior

250

(5)

Children's Antisocial Behavior

255

(5)

Applications

260

(4)

Summary

264

(2)

Case Study

266

(3)

Gender and Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood Through Early Adolescence

269

(42)

Sex Role Development

270

(18)

Gender Identity

271

(4)

Gender and Behavior

275

(13)

Peer Relationships

288

(16)

The Peer Group, Social Competence, and Social Skills

289

(5)

Analysis of the World of Peers

294

(1)

Measurements of Individuals Within the Peer Group

294

(1)

Individual Characteristics Related to Sociometric Status

295

(4)

Gender and Cultural Differences

299

(1)

Stability of Categories and Outcomes

299

(1)

Measurement of the Peer Group: Another Level of Analysis

300

(1)

Why Do Cliques Form?

301

(1)

Peer Groups' Influence on Behavior

302

(2)

Applications

304

(3)

Summary

307

(2)

Case Study

309

(2)

Physical, Cognitive, and Identity Development in Adolescence

311

(36)

Physical Development

312

(11)

Puberty: The Adolescent Metamorphosis

312

(10)

The Changing Brain

322

(1)

Cognitive Development

323

(7)

Formal Operational Thought

324

(1)

Scientific Problem Solving

325

(2)

Constructing Ideals

327

(1)

Advances in Metacognitive Skill: Thinking About Thought

328

(2)

Identity Development

330

(10)

Some Basic Considerations

330

(1)

Adolescent Identity Development

331

(1)

Identity Status

331

(2)

Assessment of Identity Domains

333

(1)

Developmental Sequence in Identity Formation

334

(1)

Identity Crisis: Truth or Fiction

335

(1)

Identity Development and Diverse Groups

335

(5)

Applications

340

(2)

Summary

342

(2)

Case Study

344

(3)

The Social World in Adolescence

347

(31)

Frameworklessness and Autonomy: Seltzer's Model of Adolescent Social Identity

348

(2)

The Peer Arena

349

(1)

The Structure of the Peer Network

350

(2)

The Role of Parents

352

(5)

Parents, Peers, and Ethnicity

356

(1)

The Role of School

357

(3)

Leisure and Work

360

(2)

Media and the Consumer Culture

362

(2)

Risky Behavior and Social Deviance

364

(5)

Setting the Stage for Risk Taking

366

(2)

Society's Role in Adolescent Problem Behavior: Then and Now

368

(1)

Applications

369

(5)

Summary

374

(2)

Case Study

376

(2)

Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood

378

(29)

Physical Development in Young Adulthood

381

(3)

Reaching Peak Physical Status

381

(3)

The Changing Brain

384

(1)

Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood

384

(16)

Logical Thinking: Is There Qualitative Change?

385

(1)

Schaie's View of Adults Adjusting to Environmental Pressures

386

(3)

Postformal Thought

389

(11)

Applications

400

(4)

Summary

404

(1)

Case Study

405

(2)

Socioemotional and Vocational Development in Young Adulthood

407

(37)

``Lieben''---To Love

408

(13)

Adult Attachment Theory

408

(1)

Research Traditions in Adult Attachment

408

(5)

The Peer/Romantic Relationship Tradition

413

(8)

``Arbeiten''---To Work

421

(16)

Some Theories of the Career Development Process

422

(4)

The Realities of Career Development in Young Adulthood

426

(8)

Work and the Development of Self-Concept

434

(3)

Applications

437

(3)

Summary

440

(2)

Case Study

442

(2)

Cognitive, Personality, and Social Development in the Middle Years of Adulthood

444

(41)

Life Span Development Theory

445

(5)

Gains and Losses in Development: The Changing Architecture of Biology and Culture

446

(1)

Development as Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss

447

(1)

Defining Successful Development at Any Age

448

(2)

Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Stability

450

(2)

The Link to Temperament

451

(1)

Influences on Adult Development: Sources of Change

452

(11)

Age-Graded Changes

453

(9)

History-Graded Changes

462

(1)

Nonnormative Changes

463

(1)

Key Developmental Tasks of Midlife: The Continuing Pursuit of Intimacy and Generativity

463

(15)

Intimacy: Marriage and Other Primary Relationships

464

(9)

Generativity: Making a Mark at Midlife

473

(5)

Applications

478

(2)

Summary

480

(2)

Case Study

482

(3)

Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood

485

(37)

Aging Well

486

(14)

Challenge and Loss in Late Adulthood

486

(7)

Maintaining Well-Being in the Face of Loss: Successful Development

493

(7)

Experiencing Loss

500

(13)

Death and Dying

500

(6)

Bereavement

506

(7)

Applications

513

(5)

Integrity: The Life Cycle Completed

517

(1)

Summary

518

(2)

Case Study

520

(2)

References

522

(52)

Author Index

574

(13)

Subject Index

587

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THIS BOOK The study of human development over the life span reveals the fascinating story of human beings and how they change over time. The story is both universal and uniquely personal, because it speaks to us about ourselves and the people who are important to us in our lives. Besides being intrinsically interesting, knowledge about development has obvious relevance for professionals engaged in counseling, social work, and other helping fields. We believe that in order to understand our clients and the nature of their problems, we must see clients in context. One important context is clients' developmental history. As helping professionals, we must take into account the threads of continuity and change in people's lives that bring them to their present point in development. This text provides the background and the tools to enable professionals to view their clients from a developmental perspective. This text also reflects the contemporary view that life span development is a process deeply embedded within and inseparable from the context of family, social network, and culture. People do not progress through life in isolation; rather their developmental course influences and is influenced by other people and systems. Some of these influences are related to the cultural differences that exist in a world of increasing diversity. We recognize the importance of these factors in understanding human development and emphasize cultural and systemic influences on human growth and change throughout the book. Knowledge about development increases every day, making it exceptionally difficult to summarize this dynamic field. Presumably, every author needs to make some choices about what to include in a book of this nature. This particular text is configured to emphasize selected theories and research that have useful applications for helping professionals. The main purpose of this book is to provide students in the helping professions with information that can be translated into professional "best practice" applications. Throughout this text, we also emphasize the role of clinicians as reflective practitioners. Reflective practice involves "active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it leads" (Dewey, 1933/1998, p. 9). Our primary vehicle for accomplishing this goal is twofold: (1) encouraging the reader to reflect on personal experience and assumptions about development and (2) communicating the value of research-based knowledge as a means of understanding human development. Our particular orientation intentionally emphasizes the significance of developmental research to the work of the professional helper. We attempt to integrate various lines of developmental research into a useful whole that has practical value for helpers in applied settings. In so doing, this book bears witness to the enormous amount of work done by developmental researchers, particularly in the last several decades. Without their groundbreaking efforts, clinicians' own work to improve people's lives would be greatly impoverished. It has been a challenge and an honor to record their contributions in this book. COVERAGE AND ORGANIZATION The opening chapters establish the theme of the text and introduce broad issues in development. Chapter 1 begins with an examination of the role of developmental knowledge in reflective practice. Students are introduced to theoretical models and issues that appear and reappear throughout the text. They are encouraged to reflect on their own theoretical assumptions about development and on the impact those assumptions could have in clinical practice. Boxed features help students understand how developmental processes are studied scientifically and how scientifically established information can be useful in practice. Chapter 2 takes a close look at

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Life Span, The: Human Development for Helping Professionals

Life Span, The: Human Development for Helping Professionals

0130144258

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