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Learning and Behavior

by: Chance, Paul

Learning and Behavior

by: Chance, Paul

ISBN 13:
9780534598686
ISBN 10:
0534598684
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/15/2002
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Introduction: Learning To Change. 2. The Study Of Learning And Behavior. 3. Pavlovian Procedures. 4. Pavlovian Applications. 5. Operant Reinforcement. 6. Operant Punishment. 7. Operant Applications. 8. Vicarious Learning. 9. Generalization, Discrimination, And Stimulus Control. 10. Schedules Of Reinforcement. 11. Forgetting. 12. The Limits Of Learning. Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Introduction: Learning to Change

(33)

Natural Selection

(22)

BOX: The Face of Change

(5)

Reflexes

(4)

Fixed Action Patterns

(5)

General Behavior Traits

(5)

The Limits of Natural Selection

(2)

Learning: Evolved Modifiability

(2)

Nature and Nurture

(4)

BOX: The Superior Animal

(3)

Recommended Reading

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Practice Quiz

(1)

Query Answers

(1)

The Study of Learning and Behavior

(32)

Learning Defined

(5)

Learning Means Change

(1)

What Changes Is Behavior

(1)

BOX: Defining Operations

(2)

What Changes Behavior Is Experience

(1)

Measuring Learning

(6)

Research Designs

(9)

Anecdotal Evidence

(1)

Case Studies

(1)

Descriptive Studies

(1)

Experimental Studies

(4)

Limitations of Experimental Research

(2)

Animal Research and Human Learning

(5)

Reasons for Animal Research

(1)

Objections to Animal Research

(5)

Questions About Learning

(1)

Recommended Reading

(1)

Review Questions

(2)

Practice Quiz

(1)

Query Answers

(1)

Pavlovian Conditioning

(39)

BOX: Ivan Pavlov: An Experimenter from Head to Foot

(1)

Basic Procedures

(4)

BOX: What's What in Pavlovian Conditioning!

(1)

Higher-Order Conditioning

(2)

Measuring Pavlovian Learning

(2)

Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning

(13)

Pairing CS and US

(3)

BOX: Pavlovian Flowchart

(1)

CS-US Contingency

(1)

CS-US Contiguity

(1)

Stimulus Features

(3)

Prior Experience with CS and US

(2)

Number of CS-US Pairings

(1)

Intertrial Interval

(1)

Other Variables

(2)

Extinction of Conditional Responses

(4)

BOX: Edwin B. Twitmyer and What Might Have Been

(1)

Theories of Conditioning

(6)

Stimulus Substitution Theory

(1)

Preparatory Response Theory

(1)

BOX: Conditioning and Awareness

(3)

Recommended Reading

101

(1)

Review Questions

101

(2)

Practice Quiz

103

(1)

Query Answers

104

(1)

Pavlovian Applications

105

(28)

Fear

106

(6)

BOX: Thank You, Albert

108

(3)

BOX: What Rats Can Teach Us About Fear

111

(1)

Prejudice

112

(2)

Advertising

114

(4)

BOX: Bite Your Tongue!

117

(1)

The Paraphilias

118

(4)

Taste Aversions

122

(4)

BOX: Changing the Coyote's Menu

125

(1)

Immune Function

126

(3)

Recommended Reading

129

(1)

Review Questions

130

(1)

Practice Quiz

131

(1)

Query Answers

132

(1)

Operant Reinforcement

133

(55)

BOX: E. L. Thorndike: What the Occasion Demanded

140

(1)

Basic Procedures

141

(3)

BOX: B. F. Skinner: The Darwin of Behavior Science

144

(1)

Discrete Trial and Free Operant Procedures

144

(3)

Operant and Pavlovian Learning Compared

147

(2)

Primary and Secondary reinforcers

149

(2)

Shaping and Chaining

151

(8)

BOX: Tips for Shapers

154

(5)

Variables Affecting Reinforcement

159

(8)

Contingency

159

(1)

Contiguity

160

(3)

Reinforcer Characteristics

163

(1)

Task Characteristics

164

(1)

Deprivation Level

165

(1)

BOX: Octopi Individuality

166

(1)

Other Variables

166

(1)

Extinction of Reinforced Behavior

167

(5)

Theories of Reinforcement

172

(6)

Hull's Drive-Reduction Theory

172

(2)

Relative Value Theory and the Premack Principle

174

(2)

Response Deprivation Theory

176

(2)

Theories of Avoidance

178

(5)

Two-Process Theory

179

(3)

One-Process Theory

182

(1)

Recommended Reading

183

(1)

Review Questions

184

(2)

Practice Quiz

186

(1)

Query Answers

186

(2)

Operant Punishment

188

(30)

Basic Procedures

190

(3)

BOX: Aversive Confusion: Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement Compared

192

(1)

Variables Affecting Punishment

193

(9)

Contigency

193

(2)

Contiguity

195

(2)

Punisher Intensity

197

(1)

Introductory Level of Punishment

198

(1)

Reinforcement of the Punished Behavior

199

(1)

Alternative Sources of Reinforcement

200

(1)

Deprivation Level

200

(2)

Other Variables

202

(1)

Theories of Punishment

202

(3)

Two-Process Theory

203

(1)

One-Process Theory

204

(1)

Problems with Punishment

205

(4)

Escape

206

(1)

Aggression

206

(1)

Apathy

207

(1)

Abuse

208

(1)

Imitation of the Punisher

208

(1)

Alternatives to Punishment

209

(5)

Response Prevention

209

(1)

Extinction

210

(1)

Differential Reinforcement

211

(2)

Noncontingent Reinforcement

213

(1)

Recommended Reading

214

(1)

Review Questions

215

(1)

Practice Quiz

216

(1)

Query Answers

217

(1)

Operant Applications

218

(46)

Animal Care and Training

219

(3)

BOX: Reinforcement Goes to the Dogs

221

(1)

Self-Awareness

222

(4)

BOX: The Shaping of Awareness

225

(1)

Self-Control

226

(3)

Verbal Behavior

229

(6)

BOX: Rewarding Lies

234

(1)

Insightful Problem Solving

235

(5)

Creativity

240

(4)

Superstition

244

(5)

BOX: Quick! Get Some Mud!

248

(1)

Learned Helplessness

249

(3)

Delusions and Hallucinations

252

(3)

Self-Injuries Behavior

255

(4)

Recommended Reading

259

(1)

Review Questions

260

(1)

Practice Quiz

261

(1)

Query Answers

262

(2)

Vicarious Learning

264

(38)

Basic Procedures

266

(13)

Vicarious Pavlovian Conditioning

267

(4)

Vicarious Operant Learning

271

(8)

Vicarious Learning Versus Imitation

279

(1)

Generalized Imitation

279

(2)

Variables Affecting Vicarious Learning

281

(6)

Consequences of the Model's Behavior

282

(1)

Consequences of the Observer's Behavior

282

(1)

Characteristics of the Model

283

(1)

BOX: Vicarious Learning and Human Nature

284

(1)

Observer's Age

285

(1)

Observer's Learning History

285

(1)

BOX: The Venus Effect or, How Can I Learn Anything When You Look at Me with Those Big Brown Eyes?

286

(1)

Other Variables

287

(1)

Theories of Vicarious Learning

287

(5)

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

287

(2)

Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory

289

(3)

Applications of Vicarious Learning

292

(6)

Foraging

292

(1)

Crime and Television

293

(2)

Therapy for Phobia

295

(3)

Recommended Reading

298

(1)

Review Questions

298

(1)

Practice Quiz

299

(1)

Query Answers

300

(2)

Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control

302

(44)

Generalization

304

(9)

Generalization Gradients

306

(2)

Semantic Generalization

308

(1)

BOX: Generalized Therapy

309

(3)

Generalization Following Extinction and Punishment

312

(1)

Discrimination

313

(9)

Discrimination Training

313

(2)

BOX: Worlds Apart: Punks and Skinheads

315

(2)

BOX: Lessons from Lepers

317

(1)

Successive, Simultaneous, and MTS Procedures

318

(1)

Errorless Discrimination Training

319

(1)

Differential Outcomes Effect

320

(2)

Stimulus Control

322

(4)

BOX: Stimulus Control and Adaptation

324

(2)

Theories of Generalization and Discrimination

326

(6)

Pavlov's Theory

326

(1)

Spence's Theory

326

(3)

The Lashley-Wade Theory

329

(3)

Applications of Generalization and Discrimination

332

(9)

Concept Formation

332

(3)

Mental Rotation

335

(2)

Smoking Relapse

337

(2)

Experimental Neuroses

339

(2)

Recommended Reading

341

(1)

Review Questions

342

(1)

Practice Quiz

343

(1)

Query Answers

344

(2)

Schedules of Reinforcement

346

(42)

Simple Schedules

349

(12)

Continuous Reinforcement

349

(1)

Fixed Ratio Schedules

349

(2)

Variable Ratio Schedules

351

(1)

BOX: VR Harassment

352

(1)

Fixed Internal Schedules

353

(1)

Variable Interval Schedules

354

(1)

Other Simple Schedules

355

(4)

Stretching the Ratio

359

(1)

Extinction

360

(1)

Intermittent Reinforcement and the PRE

361

(6)

Discrimination Hypothesis

362

(1)

Frustration Hypothesis

363

(1)

Sequential Hypothesis

364

(1)

Response Unit Hypothesis

365

(2)

Complex Schedules

367

(3)

Choice and the Matching Law

370

(5)

BOX: Ghetto Choice

374

(1)

Applications of Schedules

375

(5)

Compulsive Gambling

375

(2)

Experimental Economics

377

(1)

Malingering

378

(2)

The Importance of Schedules Research

380

(3)

Recommended Reading

383

(1)

Review Questions

384

(2)

Practice Quiz

386

(1)

Query Answers

386

(2)

Forgetting

388

(37)

Defining Forgetting

390

(2)

Measuring Forgetting

392

(4)

BOX: The Myth of Permanent Memory

394

(2)

Variables in Forgetting

396

(12)

Degree of Learning

398

(2)

Prior Learning

400

(3)

Subsequent Learning

403

(2)

Context

405

(1)

BOX: Reminiscence and the State of Learning

406

(2)

Applied Research on Forgetting

408

(4)

Foraging

408

(1)

Eyewitness Testimony

409

(3)

Learning to Remember

412

(8)

BOX: Say All Fast Minute Each Day Shuffle

413

(1)

Overlearn

413

(1)

Use Mnemonics

414

(1)

Try a Mnemonic System

415

(1)

Use Context Cues

416

(1)

Use Prompts

417

(2)

BOX: The Man Who Couldn't Forget

419

(1)

A Final Word on Forgetting

420

(1)

Recommended Reading

420

(1)

Review Questions

421

(2)

Practice Quiz

423

(1)

Query Answers

424

(1)

The Limits of Learning

425

(23)

Physical Characteristics

426

(2)

Nonheritability of Learned Behavior

428

(2)

Heredity and Learning Ability

430

(2)

Neurological Damage and Learning

432

(2)

BOX: Recipe for Genius

433

(1)

Critical Periods

434

(2)

Preparedness and Learning

436

(6)

BOX: Learning and Humanity

441

(1)

Conclusion

442

(2)

Recommended Reading

444

(1)

Review Questions

444

(2)

Practice Quiz

446

(1)

Query Answers

446

(2)

Glossary

448

(9)

References

457

(32)

Author Index

489

(9)

Subject Index

498

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Learning and Behavior

Learning and Behavior

9780534598686

0534598684

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Learning and Behavior

Learning and Behavior

9780534598686

0534598684

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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