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Introductory Digital Image Processing

by: Jensen, John R.

Introductory Digital Image Processing

by: Jensen, John R.

ISBN 13:
9780131453616
ISBN 10:
0131453610
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 04/30/2004
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

For junior/graduate-level courses in Remote Sensing in Geography, Geology, Forestry, and Biology.This revision of Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective continues to focus on digital image processing of aircraft- and satellite-derived, remotely sensed data for Earth resource management applications. Extensively illustrated, it explains how to extract biophysical information from remote sensor data for almost all multidisciplinary land-based environmental projects. Part of the Prentice Hall Series Geographic Information Science.

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvi

Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing

(34)

In Situ Data Collection

(2)

In Situ Data-Collection Error

(1)

Remote Sensing Data Collection

(3)

Observations about Remote Sensing

(1)

Remote Sensing Advantages and Limitations

(1)

The Remote Sensing Process

(22)

Statement of the Problem

(2)

Identification of In Situ and Remote Sensing Data Requirement

(3)

Remote Sensing Data Collection

(12)

Remote Sensing Data Analysis

(4)

Information Presentation

(1)

Earth Resource Analysis Perspective

(1)

Book Organization

(2)

References

(5)

Remote Sensing Data Collection

(72)

Analog (Hard-Copy) Image Digitization

(9)

Digital Image Terminology

(1)

Microdensitometer Digitization

(2)

Video Digitization

(1)

Linear and Area Array Charge-Coupled-Device Digitization

(2)

Digitized National Aerial Photography Program Data

(1)

Digitization Considerations

(3)

Digital Remote Sensor Data Collection

(3)

Multispectral Imaging Using Discrete Detectors and Scanning Mirrors

(27)

Earth Resource Technology Satellites and Landsat Sensor Systems

(15)

NOAA Multispectral Scanner Sensors

(6)

ORBIMAGE, Inc., and NASA Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor

(3)

Aircraft Multispectral Scanners

(3)

Multispectral Imaging Using Linear Arrays

(16)

SPOT Sensor Systems

(8)

Indian Remote Sensing Systems

(1)

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer

(2)

Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer

(1)

Very-High-Resolution Linear Array Remote Sensing Systems

(4)

Imaging Spectrometry Using Linear and Area Arrays

(5)

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

(1)

Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager 3

(1)

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer

(3)

Digital Frame Cameras

(3)

Digital Frame Camera Data Collection

(2)

Emerge, Inc., Digital Sensor System

(1)

Satellite Photographic Systems

(3)

Russian SPIN-2 TK-350 and KVR-1000 Cameras

(3)

U.S. Space Shuttle Photography

101

(1)

Digital Image Data Formats

101

(2)

Band Interleaved by Pixel Format

102

(1)

Band Interleaved by Line Format

102

(1)

Band Sequential Format

103

(1)

Summary

103

(1)

References

104

(3)

Digital Image Processing Hardware and Software Considerations

107

(20)

Digital Image Processing System Considerations

107

(1)

Central Processing Units, Personal Computers, Workstations, and Mainframes

108

(2)

Personal Computer

110

(1)

Computer Workstations

110

(1)

Mainframe Computers

110

(1)

Read-Only Memory, Random Access Memory, Serial and Parallel Processing, and Arithmetic Coprocessor

110

(3)

Read-Only Memory and Random Access Memory

113

(1)

Serial and Parallel Image Processing

113

(1)

Arithmetic Coprocessor

113

(1)

Mode of Operation and Interface

113

(2)

Mode of Operation

113

(1)

Graphical User Interface

114

(1)

Computer Operating System and Compiler(s)

115

(2)

Operating System

117

(1)

Compiler

117

(1)

Storage and Archiving Considerations

117

(1)

Rapid Access Mass Storage

117

(1)

Archiving Considerations: Longevity

118

(1)

Computer Display Spatial and Color Resolution

118

(2)

Computer Screen Display Resolution

118

(1)

Computer Screen Color Resolution

118

(2)

Important Image Processing Functions

120

(1)

Commercial and Public Digital Image Processing Systems

121

(1)

Digital Image Processing and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure

121

(2)

Sources of Digital Image Processing Systems

123

(1)

References

124

(3)

Image Quality Assessment and Statistical Evaluation

127

(24)

Image Processing Mathematical Notation

127

(1)

Sampling Theory

128

(1)

The Histogram and Its Significance to Digital Image Processing

128

(4)

Image Metadata

132

(1)

Viewing Individual Pixel Brightness Values at Specific Locations or within a Geographic Area

132

(3)

Cursor Evaluation of Individual Pixel Brightness Values

132

(1)

Two- and Three-dimensional Evaluation of Pixel Brightness Values within a Geographic Area

133

(2)

Univariate Descriptive Image Statistics

135

(2)

Measure of Central Tendency in Remote Sensor Data

135

(1)

Measures of Dispersion

135

(2)

Measures of Distribution (Histogram) Asymmetry and Peak Sharpness

137

(1)

Multivariate Image Statistics

137

(4)

Covariance in Multiple Bands of Remote Sensor Data

138

(1)

Correlation between Multiple Bands of Remotely Sensed Data

139

(2)

Feature Space Plots

141

(1)

Geostatistical Analysis

141

(7)

Relationships among Geostatistical Analysis, Autocorrelation, and Kriging

141

(2)

Calculating Average Semivariance

143

(1)

Empirical Semivariagram

144

(4)

References

148

(3)

Initial Display Alternatives and Scientific Visualization

151

(24)

Image Display Considerations

151

(3)

Black-and-White Hard-copy Image Display

154

(1)

Line Printer/Plotter Brightness Maps

154

(1)

Laser or Ink-jet Printer Brightness Maps

154

(1)

Temporary Video Image Display

154

(10)

Black-and-White and Color Brightness Maps

154

(1)

Bitmapped Graphics

154

(3)

RGB Color Coordinate System

157

(1)

Color Look-up Tables: 8-bit

158

(1)

Color Look-up Tables: 24-bit

159

(2)

Color Composites

161

(3)

Merging Remotely Sensed Data

164

(5)

Band Substitution

164

(1)

Color Space Transformation and Substitution

164

(4)

Principal Component Substitution

168

(1)

Pixel-by-Pixel Addition of High-Frequency Information

169

(1)

Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation Image Fusion

169

(1)

Distance, Area, and Shape Measurement

169

(3)

Distance Measurement

169

(2)

Area Measurement

171

(1)

Shape Measurement

172

(1)

References

172

(3)

Electromagnetic Radiation Principles and Radiometric Correction

175

(52)

Electromagnetic Energy Interactions

176

(1)

Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

176

(1)

Electromagnetic Radiation Models

176

(9)

Wave Model of Electromagnetic Energy

176

(5)

The Particle Model: Radiation from Atomic Structures

181

(4)

Atmospheric Energy--Matter Interactions

185

(6)

Refraction

185

(1)

Scattering

186

(2)

Absorption

188

(2)

Reflectance

190

(1)

Terrain Energy--Matter Interactions

191

(3)

Hemispherical Reflectance, Absorptance, and Transmittance

191

(1)

Radiant Flux Density

192

(2)

Energy--Matter Interactions in the Atmosphere Once Again

194

(1)

Energy--Matter Interactions at the Sensor System

194

(1)

Correcting Remote Sensing System Detector Error

194

(4)

Random Bad Pixels (Shot Noise)

195

(1)

Line or Column Drop-outs

195

(1)

Partial Line or Column Drop-outs

195

(2)

Line-start Problems

197

(1)

N-line Striping

198

(1)

Remote Sensing Atmospheric Correction

198

(22)

Unnecessary Atmospheric Correction

198

(4)

Necessary Atmospheric Correction

202

(1)

Types of Atmospheric Correction

202

(1)

Absolution Radiometric Correction of Atmospheric Attenuation

203

(10)

Relative Radiometric Correction of Atmospheric Attenuation

213

(7)

Correcting for Slope and Aspect Effects

220

(2)

The Cosine Correction

221

(1)

The Minnaert Correction

221

(1)

A Statistical--Empirical Correction

222

(1)

The C Correction

222

(1)

References

222

(5)

Geometric Correction

227

(28)

Internal and External Geometric Error

227

(7)

Internal Geometric Error

227

(5)

External Geometric Error

232

(2)

Types of Geometric Correction

234

(16)

Image-to-Map Rectification

235

(1)

Image-to-Image Registration

236

(1)

Hybrid Approach to Image Rectification/Registration

236

(1)

Image-to-Map Geometric Rectification Logic

236

(8)

Example of Image-to-Map Rectification

244

(6)

Mosaicking

250

(2)

Mosaicking Rectified Images

250

(2)

References

252

(3)

Image Enhancement

255

(82)

Image Reduction and Magnification

255

(2)

Image Reduction

255

(1)

Image Magnification

256

(1)

Transects (Spatial Profiles)

257

(5)

Spectral Profiles

262

(4)

Contrast Enhancement

266

(8)

Linear Contrast Enhancement

266

(6)

Nonlinear Contrast Enhancement

272

(2)

Band Ratioing

274

(2)

Spatial Filtering

276

(20)

Spatial Convolution Filtering

276

(11)

The Fourier Transform

287

(9)

Principal Components Analysis

296

(5)

Vegetation Transformations (Indices)

301

(21)

Dominant Factors Controlling Leaf Reflectance

301

(9)

Vegetation Indices

310

(12)

Texture Transformations

322

(7)

First-order Statistics in the Spatial Domain

322

(2)

Second-order Statistics in the Spatial Domain

324

(2)

Texture Units as Elements of a Texture Spectrum

326

(1)

Fractal Dimension as a Measure of Spatial Complexity or Texture

327

(2)

Texture Statistics Based on the Semi-variogram

329

(1)

References

329

(8)

Thematic Information Extraction: Pattern Recognition

337

(70)

Supervised Classification

338

(41)

Land-use and Land-cover Classification Schemes

340

(10)

Training Site Selection and Statistics Extraction

350

(6)

Selecting the Optimum Bands for Image Classification: Feature Selection

356

(14)

Select the Appropriate Classification Algorithm

370

(9)

Unsupervised Classification

379

(10)

Unsupervised Classification Using the Chain Method

379

(4)

Unsupervised Classification Using the ISODATA Method

383

(2)

Unsupervised Cluster Busting

385

(4)

Fuzzy Classification

389

(4)

Classification Based on Object-oriented Image Segmentation

393

(6)

Object-oriented Image Segmentation and Classification

393

(6)

Object-oriented Considerations

399

(1)

Incorporating Ancillary Data in the Classification Process

399

(2)

Problems Associated with Ancillary Data

399

(1)

Approaches to Incorporating Ancillary Data to Improve Remote Sensing Classification Maps

399

(2)

References

401

(6)

Information Extraction Using Artificial Intelligence

407

(24)

Expert Systems

408

(13)

Expert System User Interface

408

(1)

Creating the Knowledge Base

408

(5)

Inference Engine

413

(1)

On-line Databases

413

(1)

Expert Systems Applied to Remote Sensor Data

413

(6)

Advantages of Expert Systems

419

(2)

Neural Networks

421

(6)

Components and Characteristics of a Typical Artificial Neural Network Used to Extract Information from Remotely Sensed Data

421

(4)

Advantages of Artificial Neural Networks

425

(1)

Limitations of Artificial Neural Networks

426

(1)

Neural Networks versus Expert Systems Developed Using Machine Learning

426

(1)

References

427

(4)

Thematic Information Extraction: Hyperspectral Image Analysis

431

(36)

Multispectral versus Hyperspectral Data Collection

431

(2)

Steps to Extract Information from Hyperspectral Data

433

(2)

NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

435

(1)

Subset Study Area from Flight Line(s)

435

(1)

Initial Image Quality Assessment

435

(3)

Visual Individual Band Examination

435

(2)

Visual Examination of Color Composite Images Consisting of Three Bands

437

(1)

Animation

437

(1)

Statistical Individual Band Examination

437

(1)

Radiometric Calibration

438

(5)

In Situ Data Collection

438

(1)

Radiosondes

438

(1)

Radiative Transfer-based Atmospheric Correction

438

(3)

Band-by-Band Spectral Polishing

441

(2)

Empirical Line Calibration Atmospheric Correction

443

(1)

Geometric Correction of Hyperspectral Remote Sensor Data

443

(1)

Reducing the Dimensionality of Hyperspectral Data

443

(2)

Minimum Noise Fraction Transformation

444

(1)

Endmember Determination: Locating the Spectrally Purest Pixels

445

(5)

Pixel Purity Index Mapping

445

(2)

n-dimensional Endmember Visualization

447

(3)

Mapping and Matching Using Hyperspectral Data

450

(7)

Spectral Angle Mapper

450

(3)

Subpixel Classification (Linear Spectral Unmixing)

453

(3)

Spectroscopic Library Matching Techniques

456

(1)

Indices Developed for Hyperspectral Data

457

(4)

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index --- NDVI

457

(2)

Narrow-band Derivative-based Vegetation Indices

459

(1)

Yellowness Index --- YI

459

(1)

Physiological Reflectance Index --- PRI

460

(1)

Normalized Difference Water Index --- NDWI

460

(1)

Red-edge Position Determination --- REP

460

(1)

Crop Chlorophyll Content Prediction

461

(1)

Derivative Spectroscopy

461

(1)

References

462

(5)

Digital Change Detection

467

(28)

Steps Required to Perform Change Detection

467

(7)

Change Detection Geographic Region of Interest

467

(1)

Change Detection Time Period

467

(1)

Select an Appropriate Land-use/Land-cover Classification System

468

(1)

Hard and Fuzzy Change Detection Logic

468

(1)

Per-pixel or Object-oriented Change Detection

468

(1)

Remote Sensing System Considerations

468

(3)

Environmental Considerations of Importance When Performing Change Detection

471

(3)

Selection of a Change Detection Algorithm

474

(17)

Change Detection Using Write Function Memory Insertion

475

(1)

Multidate Composite Image Change Detection

475

(3)

Image Algebra Change Detection

478

(4)

Post-classification Comparison Change Detection

482

(1)

Change Detection Using a Binary Change Mask Applied to Date 2

483

(1)

Change Detection Using an Ancillary Data Source as Date 1

483

(1)

Spectral Change Vector Analysis

484

(2)

Chi-square Transformation Change Detection

486

(1)

Cross-correlation Change Detection

486

(1)

Knowledge-based Vision Systems for Detecting Change

487

(1)

Visual On-screen Change Detection and Digitization

487

(4)

Atmospheric Correction for Change Detection

491

(1)

When Atmospheric Correction Is Necessary

491

(1)

When Atmospheric Correction Is Unnecessary

492

(1)

Summary

492

(1)

References

492

(3)

Thematic Map Accuracy Assessment

495

(22)

Land-use and Land-cover Map Accuracy Assessment

495

(1)

Sources of Error in Remote Sensing--derived Thematic Products

496

(3)

The Error Matrix

499

(1)

Training versus Ground Reference Test Information

500

(1)

Sample Size

501

(1)

Sample Size Based on Binomial Probability Theory

501

(1)

Sample Size Based on Multinomial Distribution

501

(1)

Sampling Design (Scheme)

502

(3)

Simple Random Sampling

504

(1)

Systematic Sampling

504

(1)

Stratified Random Sampling

504

(1)

Stratified Systematic Unaligned Sampling

504

(1)

Cluster Sampling

505

(1)

Obtaining Ground Reference Information at Locations Using a Response Design

505

(1)

Evaluation of Error Matrices

505

(7)

Descriptive Evaluation of Error Matrices

505

(1)

Discrete Multivariate Analytical Techniques Applied to the Error Matrix

506

(2)

Fuzzification of the Error Matrix

508

(4)

Geostatistical Analysis to Assess the Accuracy of Remote Sensing--derived Information

512

(1)

Image Metadata and Lineage Information for Remote Sensing--derived Products

512

(1)

Individual Image Metadata

513

(1)

Lineage of Remote Sensing--derived Products

513

(1)

References

513

(4)

Index

517

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Introductory Digital Image Processing

Introductory Digital Image Processing

9780131453616

0131453610

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Introductory Digital Image Processing

Introductory Digital Image Processing

9780131453616

0131453610

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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