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INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

by: TURNS

INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

by: TURNS

ISBN 13:
9780072300963
ISBN 10:
0072300965
Edition: 2ND
Copyright: 01/01/2000
Publisher: MCG
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Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Introduction

(8)

Motivation to Study Combustion

(5)

A Definition of Combustion

(1)

Combustion Modes and Flame Types

(2)

Approach to Our Study

(1)

References

(1)

Combustion and Thermochemistry

(74)

Overview

(1)

Review of Property Relations

(7)

Extensive and Intensive Properties

(1)

Equation of State

(1)

Calorific Equations of State

(2)

Ideal-Gas Mixtures

(2)

Latent Heat of Vaporization

(1)

First Law of Thermodynamics

(2)

First Law---Fixed Mass

(1)

First Law---Control Volume

(1)

Reactant and Product Mixtures

(14)

Stoichiometry

(6)

Absolute (Or Standardized) Enthapy and Enthalpy of Formation

(3)

Enthalpy of Combustion and Heating Values

(5)

Adiabatic Flame Temperatures

(4)

Chemical Equilibrium

(9)

Second-Law Considerations

(2)

Gibbs Function

(6)

Complex Systems

(1)

Equilibrium Products of Combustion

(7)

Full Equilibrium

(2)

Water-Gas Equilibrium

(4)

Pressure Effects

(1)

Some Applications

(14)

Recuperation and Regeneration

(6)

Flue-(or Exhaust-) Gas Recirculation

(8)

Summary

(1)

Nomenclature

(2)

References

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Problems

(8)

Appendix 2A --- Some Fuel Chemistry

(5)

Introduction to Mass Transfer

(28)

Overview

(1)

Rudiments of Mass Transfer

(9)

Mass Transfer Rate Laws

(6)

Species Conservation

(2)

Some Applications of Mass Transfer

(13)

The Stefan Problem

(2)

Liquid-Vapor Interface Boundary Conditions

(4)

Droplet Evaporation

(7)

Summary

105

(1)

Nomenclature

105

(2)

References

107

(1)

Review Questions

107

(1)

Problems

108

(3)

Chemical Kinetics

111

(37)

Overview

112

(1)

Global versus Elementary Reactions

112

(1)

Elementary Reaction Rates

113

(6)

Bimolecular Reactions and Collision Theory

113

(5)

Other Elementary Reactions

118

(1)

Rates of Reaction for Multistep Mechanisms

119

(21)

Net Production Rates

119

(2)

Compact Notation

121

(1)

Relation between Rate Coefficients and Equilibrium Constants

122

(3)

Steady-State Approximation

125

(1)

The Mechanism for Unimolecular Reactions

126

(1)

Chain and Chain-Branching Reactions

127

(6)

Chemical Time Scales

133

(5)

Partial Equilibrium

138

(2)

Summary

140

(1)

Nomenclature

140

(1)

References

141

(2)

Questions and Problems

143

(5)

Some Important Chemical Mechanisms

148

(30)

Overview

148

(1)

The H2-O2 System

148

(4)

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation

152

(1)

Oxidation of Higher Paraffins

153

(5)

General Scheme

153

(3)

Global and Quasi-global Mechanism

156

(2)

Methane Combustion

158

(10)

Complex Mechanism

158

(1)

High-Temperature Reaction Pathway Analysis

158

(8)

Low-Temperature Reaction Pathway Analysis

166

(2)

Oxides of Nitrogen Formation

168

(3)

Summary

171

(1)

References

172

(2)

Questions and Problems

174

(4)

Coupling Chemical and Thermal Analyses of Reacting Systems

178

(37)

Overview

178

(1)

Constant-Pressure, Fixed-Mass Reactor

179

(3)

Application of Conservation Laws

179

(3)

Reactor Model Summary

182

(1)

Constant-Volume, Fixed-Mass Reactor

182

(7)

Application of Conservation Laws

182

(1)

Reactor Model Summary

183

(6)

Well-Stired Reactor

189

(11)

Application of Conservation Laws

190

(2)

Reactor Model Summary

192

(8)

Plug-Flow Reactor

200

(5)

Assumptions

200

(1)

Application of Conservation Laws

201

(4)

Applications to Combustion System Modeling

205

(1)

Summary

206

(1)

Nomenclature

206

(2)

References

208

(1)

Problems and Projects

209

(5)

Appendix 6A---Some Useful Relationships among Mass Fractions, Mole Fractions, Molar Concentrations, and Mixture Molecular Weights

214

(1)

Simplified Conservation Equations for Reacting Flows

215

(38)

Overview

215

(1)

Overall Mass Conservation (Continuity)

216

(2)

Species Mass Conservation (Species Continuity)

218

(3)

Multicomponent Diffusion

221

(8)

General Formulations

222

(1)

Calculation of Multicomponent Diffusion Coefficients

223

(3)

Simplified Approach

226

(3)

Momentum Conservation

229

(5)

One-Dimensional Forms

229

(1)

Two-Dimensional Forms

230

(4)

Energy Conservation

234

(7)

General One-Dimensional Form

234

(2)

Shvab-Zeldovich Forms

236

(4)

Useful Form for Flame Calculations

240

(1)

The Concept of a Conserved Scalar

241

(6)

Definition of Mixture Fraction

241

(1)

Conservation of Mixture Fraction

242

(4)

Conserved Scalar Energy Equation

246

(1)

Summary

247

(1)

Nomenclature

248

(1)

References

249

(1)

Review Questions

250

(1)

Problems

251

(2)

Laminar Premixed Flames

253

(52)

Overview

253

(1)

Physical Description

254

(7)

Definition

254

(1)

Principal Characteristics

254

(2)

Typical Laboratory Flames

256

(5)

Simplified Analysis

261

(8)

Assumptions

262

(1)

Conservation Laws

262

(2)

Solution

264

(5)

Detailed Analysis

269

(5)

Governing Equations

269

(1)

Boundary Conditions

270

(1)

Structure of CH4-Air Flame

271

(3)

Factors Influencing Flame Velocity and Thickness

274

(4)

Temperature

274

(3)

Pressure

277

(1)

Equivalence Ratio

278

(1)

Fuel Type

278

(1)

Flame Speed Correlations for Selected Fuels

278

(5)

Quenching, Flammability, and Ignition

283

(11)

Quenching by a Cold Wall

284

(5)

Flammability Limits

289

(2)

Ignition

291

(3)

Flame Stabilization

294

(4)

Summary

298

(1)

Nomenclature

299

(1)

References

300

(2)

Review Questions

302

(1)

Problems

302

(3)

Laminar Diffusion Flames

305

(57)

Overview

305

(1)

Nonreacting Constant-Density Laminar Jet

306

(8)

Physical Description

306

(1)

Assumptions

307

(1)

Conservation Laws

308

(1)

Boundary Conditions

308

(1)

Solution

309

(5)

Jet Flame Physical Description

314

(3)

Simplified Theoretical Descriptions

317

(14)

Primary Assumptions

318

(1)

Basic Conservation Equations

318

(1)

Additional Relations

319

(1)

Conserved Scalar Approach

320

(7)

Various Solutions

327

(4)

Flame Lengths for Circular-Port and Slot Burners

331

(12)

Roper's Correlations

331

(5)

Flowrate and Geometry Effects

336

(1)

Factors Affecting Stoichiometry

336

(7)

Soot Formation and Destruction

343

(4)

Counterflow Flames

347

(7)

Mathematical Description

348

(2)

Structure of CH4-Air Flame

350

(4)

Summary

354

(1)

Nomenclature

354

(2)

References

356

(3)

Review Questions

359

(1)

Problems

359

(3)

Droplet Evaporation and Burning

362

(61)

Overview

362

(1)

Some Applications

362

(5)

Diesel Engines

363

(2)

Gas-Turbine Engines

365

(2)

Liquid-Rocket Engines

367

(1)

Simple Model of Droplet Evaporation

367

(11)

Assumptions

370

(2)

Gas-Phase Analysis

372

(3)

Droplet Lifetimes

375

(3)

Simple Model of Droplet Burning

378

(20)

Assumptions

379

(1)

Problem Statement

380

(1)

Mass Conservation

381

(1)

Species Conservation

381

(2)

Energy Conservation

383

(6)

Summary and Solution

389

(2)

Burning Rate Constant and Droplet Lifetimes

391

(4)

Extension to Convective Environments

395

(3)

Additional Factors

398

(1)

One-Dimensional Vaporization-Controlled Combustion

399

(11)

Physical Model

399

(2)

Assumptions

401

(1)

Mathematical Problem Statement

401

(1)

Analysis

402

(8)

Model Summary

410

(1)

Summary

410

(3)

Nomenclature

413

(2)

References

415

(3)

Problems

418

(2)

Projects

420

(1)

Appendix 10A---Sir Harry R. Ricardo's Description of Combustion in Diesel Engines

421

(2)

Introduction to Turbulent Flows

423

(27)

Overview

423

(1)

Definition of Turbulence

424

(3)

Length Scales in Turbulent Flows

427

(7)

Four Length Scales

427

(3)

Turbulence Reynolds Numbers

430

(4)

Analyzing Turbulent Flows

434

(7)

Reynolds Averaging and Turbulent Stresses

435

(2)

The Closure Problem

437

(4)

Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet

441

(3)

Beyond the Simplest Model

444

(1)

Summary

445

(1)

Nomenclature

446

(1)

References

447

(2)

Questions and Problems

449

(1)

Turbulent Premixed Flames

450

(31)

Overview

450

(1)

Some Applications

450

(4)

Spark-Ignition Engines

450

(1)

Gas-Turbine Engines

451

(1)

Industrial Gas Burners

452

(2)

Definition of Turbulent Flame Speed

454

(2)

Structure of Turbulent Premixed Flames

456

(6)

Experimental Observations

456

(1)

Three Flame Regimes

457

(5)

Wrinkled Laminar-Flame Regime

462

(4)

Distributed-Reaction Regime

466

(2)

Flamelets-in-Eddies Regime

468

(2)

Flame Stabilization

470

(4)

Bypass Ports

470

(1)

Burner Tiles

471

(1)

Bluff Bodies

471

(2)

Swirl or Jet-Induced Recirculating Flows

473

(1)

Summary

474

(1)

Nomenclature

475

(1)

References

476

(2)

Problems

478

(3)

Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames

481

(38)

Overview

481

(3)

Jet Flames

484

(25)

General Observations

484

(5)

Simplified Analysis

489

(6)

Flame Length

495

(6)

Flame Radiation

501

(3)

Liftoff and Blowout

504

(5)

Other Configurations

509

(3)

Summary

512

(1)

Nomenclature

513

(1)

References

514

(3)

Review Questions

517

(1)

Problems

517

(2)

Burning of Solids

519

(31)

Overview

519

(1)

Coal-Fired Boilers

520

(1)

Heterogeneous Reactions

520

(2)

Burning of Carbon

522

(22)

Overview

523

(1)

One-Film Model

524

(12)

Two-Film Model

536

(6)

Particle Burning Times

542

(2)

Coal Combustion

544

(1)

Other Solids

545

(1)

Summary

545

(1)

Nomenclature

546

(1)

References

547

(1)

Questions and Problems

548

(2)

Pollutant Emissions

550

(48)

Overview

550

(1)

Effects of Pollutants

551

(2)

Quantification of Emissions

553

(6)

Emission Indices

553

(2)

Corrected Concentrations

555

(3)

Various Specific Emission Measures

558

(1)

Emissions from Premixed Combustion

559

(13)

Oxides of Nitrogen

559

(8)

Carbon Monoxide

567

(1)

Unburned Hydrocarbons

568

(1)

Catalytic Aftertreatment

569

(2)

Particulate Matter

571

(1)

Emissions from Nonpremixed Combustion

572

(15)

Oxides of Nitrogen

573

(11)

Unburned Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide

584

(2)

Particulate Matter

586

(1)

Oxides of Sulfur

586

(1)

Summary

587

(1)

Nomenclature

588

(1)

References

589

(5)

Questions and Problems

594

(4)

Detonations

598

(23)

Overview

598

(1)

Physical Description

598

(2)

Definition

598

(1)

Principal Characteristics

599

(1)

One-Dimensional Analysis

600

(9)

Assumptions

600

(1)

Conservation Laws

601

(1)

Combined Relations

602

(7)

Detonation Velocities

609

(4)

Structure of Detonation Waves

613

(4)

Summary

617

(1)

Nomenclature

618

(1)

References

619

(1)

Problems

620

(1)

Appendix A Selected Thermodynamic Properties of Gases Comprising C-H-O-N System

621

(27)

Appendix B Fuel Properties

648

(5)

Appendix C Selected Properties of Air, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

653

(3)

Appendix D Binary Diffusion Coefficients and Methodology for their Estimation

656

(3)

Appendix E Generalized Newton's Method for the Solution of Nonlinear Equations

659

(3)

Appendix F Computer Codes for Equilibrium Products of Hydrocarbon-Air Combustion

662

(3)

Index

665

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INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

9780072300963

0072300965

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INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

INTRO TO COMBUSTION(TEXT ONLY)

9780072300963

0072300965

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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