9780201566116

This book is designed for use as an undergraduate text on engineering electromagnetics. Electromagnetics is one of the most fundamental subjects in an electrical engineering curriculum. Knowledge of the laws governing electric and magnetic fields is essential to the understanding of the principle of operation of electric and magnetic instruments and machines, and mastery of the basic theory of electromagnetic waves is indispensible to explaining action-at-a-distance electromagnetic phenomena and systems.

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The Electromagnetic Model

2

(10)

Overview

2

(2)

The Electromagnetic Model

4

(4)

SI Units and Universal Constants

8

(4)

Summary

10

(2)

Vector Analysis

12

(60)

Overview

12

(2)

Vector Addition and Subtraction

14

(2)

Vector Multiplication

16

(5)

Scalar or Dot Product

16

(2)

Vector or Cross Product

18

(1)

Products of Three Vectors

19

(2)

Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

21

(18)

Cartesian Coordinates

22

(6)

Cylindrical Coordinates

28

(5)

Spherical Coordinates

33

(6)

Gradient of a Scalar Field

39

(4)

Divergence of a Vector Field

43

(5)

Divergence Theorem

48

(4)

Curl of a Vector Field

52

(7)

Stokes's Theorem

59

(3)

Two Null Identities

62

(2)

Identity I

62

(1)

Identity II

63

(1)

Field Classification and Helmholtz's Theorem

64

(8)

Summary

66

(1)

Problems

67

(5)

Static Electric Fields

72

(78)

Overview

72

(2)

Fundamental Postulates of Electrostatics in Free Space

74

(2)

Coulomb's Law

76

(9)

Electric Field due to a System of Discrete Charges

81

(1)

Electric Field due to a Continuous Distribution of Charge

81

(4)

Gauss's Law and Applications

85

(5)

Electric Potential

90

(7)

Electric Potential due to a Charge Distribution

92

(5)

Material Media in Static Electric Field

97

(8)

Conductors in Static Electric Field

98

(4)

Dielectrics in Static Electric Field

102

(3)

Electric Flux Density and Dielectric Constant

105

(6)

Dielectric Strength

108

(3)

Boundary Conditions for Electrostatic Fields

111

(5)

Capacitances and Capacitors

116

(4)

Electrostatic Energy and Forces

120

(8)

Electrostatic Energy in Terms of Field Quantities

123

(3)

Electrostatic Forces

126

(2)

Solution of Electrostatic Boundary-Value Problems

128

(22)

Poisson's and Laplace's Equations

129

(1)

Boundary-Value Problems in Cartesian Coordinates

130

(2)

Boundary-Value Problems in Cylindrical Coordinates

132

(2)

Boundary-Value Problems in Spherical Coordinates

134

(2)

Method of Images

136

(7)

Summary

143

(1)

Problems

143

(7)

Steady Electric Currents

150

(20)

Overview

150

(1)

Current Density and Ohm's Law

151

(6)

Equation of Continuity and Kirchhoff's Current Law

157

(2)

Power Dissipation and Joule's Law

159

(1)

Governing Equations for Steady Current Density

160

(2)

Resistance Calculations

162

(8)

Summary

166

(1)

Problems

167

(3)

Static Magnetic Fields

170

(58)

Overview

170

(2)

Fundamental Postulates of Magnetostatics in Free Space

172

(6)

Vector Magnetic Potential

178

(2)

The Biot-Savart Law and Applications

180

(6)

The Magnetic Dipole

186

(4)

Magnetization and Equivalent Current Densities

190

(4)

Magnetic Field Intensity and Relative Permeability

194

(2)

Behavior of Magnetic Materials

196

(3)

Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatic Fields

199

(2)

Inductances and Inductors

201

(9)

Magnetic Energy

210

(4)

Magnetic Energy in Terms of Field Quantities

211

(3)

Magnetic Forces and Torques

214

(14)

Forces and Torques on Current-Carrying Conductors

214

(5)

Direct-Current Motors

219

(1)

Forces and Torques in Terms of Stored Magnetic Energy

220

(3)

Summary

223

(1)

Problems

223

(5)

Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations

228

(44)

Overview

228

(2)

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

230

(13)

A Stationary Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

231

(1)

Transformers

232

(3)

A Moving Conductor in a Magnetic Field

235

(4)

A Moving Circuit in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field

239

(4)

Maxwell's Equations

243

(8)

Integral Form of Maxwell's Equations

245

(3)

Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions

248

(3)

Potential Functions

251

(4)

Solution of Wave Equations

253

(2)

Time-Harmonic Fields

255

(17)

The Use of Phasors---A Review

255

(4)

Time-Harmonic Electromagnetics

259

(4)

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

263

(4)

Summary

267

(1)

Problems

268

(4)

Plane Electromagnetic Waves

272

(64)

Overview

272

(1)

Plane Waves in Lossless Media

273

(14)

Doppler Effect

279

(2)

Transverse Electromagnetic Waves

281

(2)

Polarization of Plane Waves

283

(4)

Plane Waves in Lossy Media

287

(9)

Low-Loss Dielectrics

290

(1)

Good Conductors

291

(5)

Group Velocity

296

(2)

Flow of Electromagnetic Power and the Poynting Vector

298

(6)

Instantaneous and Average Power Densities

301

(3)

Normal Incidence of Plane Waves at Plane Boundaries

304

(9)

Normal Incidence on a Good Conductor

309

(4)

Oblique Incidence of Plane Waves at Plane Boundaries

313

(23)

Total Reflection

315

(4)

The Ionosphere

319

(2)

Perpendicular Polarization

321

(4)

Parallel Polarization

325

(2)

Brewster Angle of No Reflection

327

(3)

Summary

330

(1)

Problems

330

(6)

Transmission Lines

336

(50)

Overview

336

(2)

General Transmission-Line Equations

338

(3)

Transmission-Line Parameters

341

(6)

Microstrip Lines

346

(1)

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite Transmission Line

347

(6)

Attenuation Constant from Power Relations

351

(2)

Wave Characteristics on Finite Transmission Lines

353

(13)

Open-Circuited and Short-Circuited Lines

356

(1)

Characteristic Impedance and Propagation Constant from Input Measurements

357

(9)

Reflection Coefficient and Standing-Wave Ratio

366

(1)

The Smith Chart

366

(11)

Admittances on Smith Chart

374

(3)

Transmission-Line Impedance Matching

377

(9)

Summary

381

(1)

Problems

382

(4)

Waveguides and Cavity Resonators

386

(40)

Overview

386

(1)

General Wave Behaviors along Uniform Guiding Structures

387

(13)

Transverse Electromagnetic Waves

390

(1)

Transverse Magnetic Waves

391

(3)

Transverse Electric Waves

394

(6)

Rectangular Waveguides

400

(13)

TM Waves in Rectangular Waveguides

400

(4)

TE Waves in Rectangular Waveguides

404

(5)

Attenuation in Rectangular Waveguides

409

(4)

Other Waveguide Types

413

(1)

Cavity Resonators

414

(12)

Rectangular Cavity Resonators

415

(4)

Quality Factor of Cavity Resonators

419

(3)

Summary

422

(1)

Problems

423

(3)

Antennas and Antenna Arrays

426

(1)

Overview

426

(2)

The Elemental Electric Dipole

428

(2)

Antenna Patterns and Directivity

430

(6)

Thin Linear Antennas

436

(3)

The Half-Wave Dipole

439

(3)

Antenna Arrays

442

(1)

Two-Element Arrays

442

(4)

General Uniform Linear Arrays

446

(5)

Effective Area and Backscatter Cross Section

451

(1)

Effective Area

452

(2)

Backscatter Cross Section

454

(1)

Friis Transmission Formula and Radar Equation

455

(5)

Summary

460

(1)

Problems

460

(1)

APPENDIXES A Symbols and Units

A-1 Fundamental SI (Rationalized MKSA) Units

465

A-2 Derived Quantities

446

(22)

A-3 Multiples and Submultiples of Units

468

(1)

B Some Useful Material Constants

B-1 Constants of Free Space

469

(1)

B-2 Physical Constants of Electron and Proton

469

(1)

B-3 Relative Permittivities (Dielectric Constants)

470

(1)

B-4 Conductivities

470

(1)

B-5 Relative Permeabilities

471

Bibliography

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Index

What is included with this book?

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

This book is designed for use as an undergraduate text on engineering electromagnetics. Electromagnetics is one of the most fundamental subjects in an electrical engineering curriculum. Knowledge of the laws governing electric and magnetic fields is essential to the understanding of the principle of operation of electric and magnetic instruments and machines, and mastery of the basic theory of electromagnetic waves is indispensable to explaining action-at-a-distance electromagnetic phenomena and systems. Because most electromagnetic variables are functions of three-dimensional space coordinates as well as of time, the subject matter is inherently more involved than electric circuit theory, and an adequate coverage normally requires a sequence of two semester-courses, or three courses in a quarter system. However, some electrical engineering curricula do not schedule that much time for electromagnetics. The purpose of this book is to meet the demand for a textbook that not only presents the fundamentals of electromagnetism in a concise and logical manner, but also includes important engineering application topics such as electric motors, transmission lines, waveguides, antennas, antenna arrays, and radar systems. I feel that one of the basic difficulties that students have in learning electromagenetics is their failure to grasp the concept of an electromagnetic model. The traditional inductive approach of starting with experimental laws and gradually synthesizing them into Maxwell's equations tends to be fragmented and incohesive; and the introduction of gradient, divergence e, and curl operations appears to be ad hoc and arbitrary. On the other hand, the extreme of starting with the entire set of Maxwell's equations, which are of considerable complexity, as fundamental postulates is likely to cause consternation and resistance in students at the outset. The question of the necessity and sufficiency of these general equations is not addressed, and the concept of the electromagnetic model is left vague. This book builds the electromagnetic model using an axiomatic approach in steps--first for static electric fields, then for static magnetic fields, and finally for time-varying fields leading to Maxwell's equations. The mathematical basis for each step is Helmholtz's theorem, which states that a vector field is determined to within an additive constant if both its divergence and its curl are specified everywhere. A physical justification of this theorem may be based on the fact that the divergence of a vector field is a measure of the strength of its flow source and the curl of the field is a measure of strength of its vortex source. When the strengths of both the flow source and the vortex source are specified, the vector field is determined. For the development of the electrostatic model in free space, it is only necessary to define a single vector (namely, the electric field intensity E) by specifying its divergence and its curl as postulates. All other relations in electrostatics for free space, including Coulomb's law and Gauss's law, can be derived from the two rather simple postulates. Relations in material media can be developed through the concept of equivalent charge distributions of polarized dielectrics. Similarly, for the magnetostatic model in free space it is necessary to define only a single magnetic flux density vector B by specifying its divergence and its curl as postulates; all other formulas can be derived from these two postulates. Relations in material media can be developed through the concept of equivalent current densities. Of course, the validity of the postulates lies in their ability to yield results that conform with experimental evidence. For time-varying fields, the electric and magnetic field intensities are coupled. The curl E postulate for the electrostatic model must be modified to

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Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics

Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics

0201566117

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