Foundations of Macroeconomics

ISBN 13:
9780321178589
ISBN 10:
0321178580
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 03/01/2003
Publisher: Addison-Wesley
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Summary

Everyone agrees that they only way to learn economics is to do it. Rote memorization does not work. the keys to success in economics are active involvement and working problems. to help students succeed, the Bade/Parkin package is designed to encourage learning by doing. After all, practice makes perfect! Practice is the cornerstone of the innovative Bade/Parkin approach. Each chapter of Foundations of Economics concentrates on a manageable number of core concepts. A full page Checkpoint containing a Practice Problem with solution and a parallel Exercise immediately follows each main idea. Checkpoints serve as stopping points and encourage students to practice using a concept before moving on. Different learning styles need different learning tools, and eFoundations, Bade/Parkin's extensive web environment, puts students in the driver's seat and allows them to use technology in the way that suits them best.

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Getting Started

(34)

Chapter Checklist

(1)

Definitions and Questions

(6)

Microeconomics

(1)

Macroeconomics

(1)

Macroeconomic Questions

(4)

Checkpoint 1.1

(1)

Economics: A Social Science

(5)

Observing and Measuring

(1)

Model Building

(1)

Testing

(1)

Unscrambling Cause and Effect

(2)

Checkpoint 1.2

(1)

Macroeconomic Ideas

(5)

Rational Choice and Incentives

(2)

The Standard of Living and Productivity

(1)

The Cost of Living and the Quantity of Money

(1)

Expenditure and Productivity Fluctuations

(1)

Checkpoint 1.3

(1)

Why Economics Is Worth Studying

(17)

Understanding

(1)

Expanded Career Opportunities

(1)

The Costs of Studying Economics

(1)

Benefits Versus Costs

(1)

Checkpoint 1.4

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

(4)

Appendix: Making and Using Graphs

(1)

Appendix Checklist

(1)

Basic Idea

(1)

Interpreting Data Graphs

(2)

Interpreting Graphs Used in Economic Models

(3)

The Slope of a Relationship

(1)

Relationships Among More Than Two Variables

(2)

Appendix Checkpoint

Eye on the Past Adam Smith and the Birth of Economics as a Modern Social Science

(25)

The U.S. and Global Economies

(24)

Chapter Checklist

(1)

What, How, and For Whom?

(6)

What Do We Produce?

(1)

How Do We Produce?

(2)

For Whom Do We Produce?

(2)

Checkpoint 2.1

(1)

Circular Flows

(7)

Households and Firms

(1)

Markets

(1)

Real Flows and Money Flows

(2)

Governments

(1)

Governments in the Circular Flow

(1)

Federal Government Expenditures and Revenue

(1)

State and Local Government Expenditures and Revenue

(1)

Checkpoint 2.2

(1)

Macroeconomic Performance

(10)

Standard of Living

(3)

Cost of Living

(1)

Economic Fluctuations

(2)

Checkpoint 2.3

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

Eye on the Past Changes in Human Capital

(10)

Eye on the Global Economy Production and People in the World Today

(11)

The Economic Problem

(22)

Chapter Checklist

(1)

Production Possibilities

(6)

Production Possibilities Frontier

(5)

Checkpoint 3.1

(1)

Opportunity Cost

(4)

The Opportunity Cost of a Bottle of Water

(1)

The Opportunity Cost of a CD

(1)

Opportunity Cost Is a Ratio

(1)

Increasing Opportunity Cost

(1)

Increasing Opportunity Costs Are Everywhere

(1)

Checkpoint 3.2

(1)

Specialization and Trade

(4)

Comparative Advantage

(2)

Achieving the Gains from Trade

(1)

Absolute Advantage

(1)

Checkpoint 3.3

(1)

Expanding Production Possibilities

(7)

Economic Growth in an Industry

(1)

Checkpoint 3.4

(2)

Chapter Checkpoint

Eye on the Global Economy Economic Growth in the United States and Hong Kong

(5)

Demand and Supply

(30)

Chapter Checklist

(1)

Competitive Markets

(1)

Demand

(5)

The Law of Demand

(1)

Demand Schedule and Demand Curve

(2)

Changes in Demand

(2)

Checkpoint 4.1

(1)

Supply

(5)

The Law of Supply

(1)

Supply Schedule and Supply Curve

(2)

Changes in Supply

(2)

Checkpoint 4.2

(1)

Market Equilibrium

(8)

Price: A Market's Automatic Regulator

(1)

Effects of Changes in Demand

(1)

Effects of Changes in Supply

(2)

Changes in Both Demand and Supply

(2)

Checkpoint 4.3

100

(1)

Price Rigidities

101

(10)

Price Ceiling

101

(2)

Price Floor

103

(1)

Sticky Price

104

(2)

Checkpoint 4.4

106

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

107

Eye on the Global Economy A Change in the Demand for Roses

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy A Change in the Supply of Wheat

(8)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Federal Minimum Wage

105

(6)

PART 2 MONITORING THE MACROECONOMY

GDP and the Standard of Living

111

(24)

Chapter Checklist

111

(1)

GDP, Income, and Expenditure

112

(5)

GDP Defined

112

(1)

Circular Flows in the U.S. Economy

113

(1)

Expenditure Equals Income

114

(2)

Checkpoint 5.1

116

(1)

Measuring U.S. GDP

117

(6)

The Expenditure Approach

117

(1)

Expenditures Not in GDP

118

(1)

The Income Approach

119

(2)

Valuing the Output of Industries

121

(1)

Checkpoint 5.2

122

(1)

Nominal GDP Versus Real GDP

123

(4)

Calculating Real GDP

123

(2)

Calculating the GDP Deflator

125

(1)

Checkpoint 5.3

126

(1)

Real GDP and the Standard of Living

127

(8)

Goods and Services Omitted from GDP

127

(1)

Other Influences on the Standard of Living

128

(2)

Checkpoint 5.4

130

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

131

Eye on the U.S. Economy Is a Computer Program an Intermediate Good or a Final Good?

118

(7)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Deflating the GDP Balloon

125

(4)

Eye on the Global Economy The Human Development Index

129

(6)

Jobs and Unemployment

135

(24)

Chapter Checklist

135

(1)

Labor Market Indicators

136

(5)

Current Population Survey

136

(1)

Population Survey Criteria

136

(1)

Two Main Labor Market Indicators

137

(1)

Discouraged Workers

138

(1)

Part-Time Workers

138

(1)

Aggregate Hours

139

(1)

Checkpoint 6.1

140

(1)

Labor Market Trends and Fluctuations

141

(6)

Unemployment

141

(1)

The Participation Rate

142

(1)

Part-Time Workers

143

(1)

Aggregate and Average Hours

144

(2)

Checkpoint 6.2

146

(1)

The Sources and Types of Unemployment

147

(12)

Sources of Unemployment

147

(1)

How Unemployment Ends

148

(1)

Labor Market Flows: A Summary

148

(1)

Types of Unemployment

149

(2)

Duration and Demographics of Unemployment

151

(1)

Full Employment

152

(1)

Unemployment and Real GDP

152

(2)

Checkpoint 6.3

154

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

155

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Current Population Survey

139

(3)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Labor Market in the Great Depression

142

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy Unemployment Around the World

143

(2)

Eye on the Global Economy Women in the Labor Force

145

(14)

The CPI and the Cost of Living

159

(22)

Chapter Checklist

159

(1)

The Consumer Price Index

160

(6)

Reading the CPI Numbers

160

(1)

Constructing the CPI

160

(1)

The CPI Basket

160

(1)

The Monthly Price Survey

161

(1)

Calculating the CPI

162

(1)

Measuring Inflation

163

(2)

Checkpoint 7.1

165

(1)

The CPI and the Cost of Living

166

(5)

The Biased CPI

166

(1)

The Magnitude of the Bias

167

(1)

Two Consequences of the CPI Bias

167

(1)

The GDP Deflator: A Better Measure?

168

(2)

Checkpoint 7.2

170

(1)

Nominal and Real Values

171

(10)

Dollars and Cents at Different Dates

171

(1)

Nominal and Real Values in Macroeconomics

171

(1)

Nominal and Real Wage Rates

172

(2)

Nominal and Real Interest Rates

174

(2)

Checkpoint 7.3

176

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

177

Eye on the Past 700 Years of Inflation and Deflation

164

(8)

Eye on the Past The Nominal and Real Price of a First-Class Letter

172

(2)

Eye on the Past The Nominal and Real Wage Rates of the Presidents of the United States

174

(7)

PART 3 THE REAL ECONOMY

181

(82)

AS-AD and Potential GDP

181

(28)

Chapter Checklist

181

(1)

Understanding Macroeconomic Performance

182

(1)

The AS-AD Model

183

(6)

Aggregate Supply

183

(1)

Aggregate Demand

184

(2)

Macroeconomic Equilibrium

186

(2)

Checkpoint 8.1

188

(1)

Potential GDP

189

(9)

The Production Function

190

(1)

The Labor Market

191

(5)

The Functional Distribution of Income

196

(1)

Checkpoint 8.2

197

(1)

The Natural Unemployment Rate

198

(11)

Job Search

199

(1)

Job Rationing

200

(4)

Checkpoint 8.3

204

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

205

Eye on the U.S. Economy Real GDP Growth, Inflation, and the Business Cycle

187

(2)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Potential GDP in the 1960s and 1990s

189

(7)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Explaining the Differences Between the 1960s and 1990s

196

(2)

Eye on the Past Average Unemployment Rates over Five Decades

198

(2)

Eye on the Global Economy Unemployment Benefits and the Natural Unemployment Rate

200

(3)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Unemployment and the Minimum Wage

203

(6)

Investment and Saving

209

(24)

Chapter Checklist

209

(1)

Capital, Investment, Wealth, and Saving

210

(5)

Capital and Investment

210

(2)

Wealth and Saving

212

(1)

Financial Markets

212

(1)

Global Financial Markets

212

(2)

Checkpoint 9.1

214

(1)

Investment, Saving, and Interest

215

(10)

Investment Demand

215

(3)

Saving Supply

218

(3)

Financial Market Equilibrium

221

(1)

Checkpoint 9.2

222

(3)

Government in the Financial Market

225

(8)

Government Budget and Government Saving

225

(1)

Effect of Government Saving

225

(1)

Government Deficit and Crowding Out

226

(2)

Checkpoint 9.3

228

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

229

Eye on the U.S. Economy Investment and Capital, 1971--2001

211

(13)

Eye on the Global Economy Saving, Investment, and the Real Interest Rate Roller Coaster---1973 to 2002

224

(9)

Economic Growth

233

(30)

Chapter Checklist

233

(1)

The Basics of Economic Growth

234

(4)

Calculating Growth Rates

234

(1)

The Magic of Sustained Growth

235

(2)

Checkpoint 10.1

237

(1)

The Sources of Economic Growth

238

(7)

Aggregate Hours

238

(1)

Labor Productivity

238

(2)

Sources of Growth: A Summary

240

(1)

The Productivity Curve

241

(3)

Checkpoint 10.2

244

(1)

Theories of Economic Growth

245

(10)

Classical Growth Theory

245

(2)

Neoclassical Growth Theory

247

(2)

New Growth Theory

249

(3)

Growth in the Global Economy

252

(2)

Checkpoint 10.3

254

(1)

Achieving Faster Growth

255

(8)

Preconditions for Economic Growth

255

(1)

Policies to Achieve Faster Growth

256

(1)

How Much Difference Can Policy Make?

257

(1)

Checkpoint 10.4

258

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

259

Eye on the Past How Fast Has Real GDP per Person Grown?

236

(6)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Labor Productivity and Economic Growth Since 1962

242

(10)

Eye on the U.S. Economy Labor Productivity and Capital per Hour: 1960--2001

252

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy Persistent Gaps or Convergence?

253

(10)

PART 4 THE MONEY ECONOMY

263

(78)

Money and the Monetary System

263

(26)

Chapter Checklist

263

(1)

What is Money?

264

(8)

Definition of Money

264

(1)

Medium of Exchange

265

(1)

Unit of Account

265

(1)

Store of Value

265

(1)

Money Today

266

(1)

Credit Cards, Debit Cards, E-Checks, and E-Cash

267

(2)

Official Measures of Money: M1 and M2

269

(2)

Checkpoint 11.1

271

(1)

The Monetary System

272

(7)

Commercial Banks

272

(2)

Thrift Institutions

274

(1)

Money Market Funds

274

(1)

Relative Size of Monetary Institutions

275

(1)

The Economic Functions of Monetary Institutions

276

(2)

Checkpoint 11.2

278

(1)

The Federal Reserve System

279

(10)

The Structure of the Federal Reserve

279

(2)

The Fed's Power Center

281

(1)

The Fed's Policy Tools

281

(1)

The Monetary Base

282

(1)

How the Fed's Policy Tools Work: A Quick First Look

283

(1)

Checkpoint 11.3

284

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

285

Eye on the Global Economy The U.S. Dollar Abroad

270

(7)

Eye on the Global Economy Big Banks

277

(12)

Money Creation and Control

289

(24)

Chapter Checklist

289

(1)

How Banks Create Money

290

(10)

Creating a Bank

290

(6)

The Limits to Money Creation

296

(2)

The Deposit Multiplier

298

(1)

Checkpoint 12.1

299

(1)

Influencing the Quantity of Money

300

(13)

How Required Reserve Ratios Work

300

(1)

How the Discount Rate Works

300

(1)

How an Open Market Operation Works

300

(3)

The Multiplier Effect of an Open Market Operation

303

(3)

The Money Multiplier

306

(2)

Checkpoint 12.2

308

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

309

Eye on the Past The ``Invention'' of Banking

291

(16)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Money Multiplier

307

(6)

Money, Interest, and Inflation

313

(28)

Chapter Checklist

313

(1)

Where We Are and Where We're Heading

314

(1)

The Real Economy

314

(1)

The Money Economy

314

(1)

Money and the Interest Rate

315

(8)

The Demand for Money

315

(2)

Changes in the Demand for Money

317

(1)

Shifts in the Demand for Money Curve

318

(1)

The Nominal Interest Rate

319

(2)

Changing the Interest Rate

321

(1)

Checkpoint 13.1

322

(1)

Money, the Price Level, and Inflation

323

(10)

The Money Market in the Long Run

323

(2)

A Change in the Quantity of Money

325

(2)

The Quantity Theory of Money

327

(2)

Inflation and the Quantity Theory of Money

329

(2)

Hyperinflation

331

(1)

Checkpoint 13.2

332

(1)

The Cost of Inflation

333

(8)

Tax Costs

333

(1)

Shoe-Leather Costs

334

(1)

Confusion Costs

334

(1)

Uncertainty Costs

335

(1)

How Big Is the Cost of Inflation?

336

(1)

Checkpoint 13.3

336

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

337

Eye on the U.S. Economy Money and Credit Cards

320

(10)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Quantity Theory of Money in Action

330

(1)

Eye on the Past Hyperinflation in Germany in the 1920s

331

(10)

PART 5 ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS

341

(132)

AS-AD and the Business Cycle

341

(28)

Chapter Checklist

341

(1)

Business-Cycle Definitions and Facts

342

(4)

Dating Business-Cycle Turning Points

342

(1)

U.S. Business-Cycle History

342

(1)

Recent Cycles

343

(2)

Checkpoint 14.1

345

(1)

Aggregate Supply

346

(6)

Aggregate Supply Basics

346

(1)

Aggregate Supply and Potential GDP

346

(3)

Changes in Aggregate Supply

349

(2)

Checkpoint 14.2

351

(1)

Aggregate Demand

352

(6)

Aggregate Demand Basics

352

(1)

Aggregate Demand and the AD Curve

352

(2)

Changes in Aggregate Demand

354

(3)

Checkpoint 14.3

357

(1)

Understanding the Business Cycle

358

(11)

Aggregate Demand Fluctuations

358

(2)

Aggregate Supply Fluctuations

360

(2)

Adjustment Toward Full Employment

362

(2)

Checkpoint 14.4

364

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

365

Eye on the Past Oil Price Cycles in the U.S. and Global Economies

361

(2)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The National Bureau Calls a Recession

363

(6)

Aggregate Expenditure

369

(28)

Chapter Checklist

369

(1)

A Quick Review and Preview

370

(1)

The Economy at Full Employment

370

(1)

Departures from Full Employment

370

(1)

Fixed Price Level

370

(1)

Expenditure Plans and Real GDP

371

(7)

Planned and Unplanned Expenditures

371

(1)

Autonomous Expenditure and Induced Expenditure

372

(1)

The Consumption Function

372

(4)

Imports and GDP

376

(1)

Checkpoint 15.1

377

(1)

Equilibrium Expenditure

378

(6)

Aggregate Planned Expenditure and Real GDP

378

(2)

Equilibrium Expenditure

380

(1)

Convergence to Equilibrium

381

(2)

Checkpoint 15.2

383

(1)

The Expenditure Multiplier

384

(6)

The Basic Idea of the Multiplier

384

(1)

The Size of the Multiplier

385

(1)

Why Is the Multiplier Greater Than 1?

386

(1)

The Multiplier and the MPC

386

(1)

Imports and Income Taxes

387

(1)

Business-Cycle Turning Points

388

(1)

Checkpoint 15.3

389

(1)

The AD Curve and Equilibrium Expenditure

390

(7)

Deriving the AD Curve from Equilibrium Expenditure

390

(2)

Checkpoint 15.4

392

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

393

Eye on the U.S. Economy The U.S. Consumption Function

376

(6)

Eye on the Past Say's Law and Keynes' Principle of Effective Demand

382

(15)

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Effects

397

(26)

Chapter Checklist

397

(1)

The Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy

398

(12)

The Federal Budget

398

(3)

Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Demand-Side Effects

401

(3)

Discretionary Fiscal Policy: Supply-Side Effects

404

(3)

Limitations of Discretionary Fiscal Policy

407

(1)

Automatic Fiscal Policy

408

(1)

Checkpoint 16.1

409

(1)

The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy

410

(13)

The Monetary Policy Process

410

(1)

Influencing the Interest Rate

411

(2)

The Ripple Effects of the Fed's Actions

413

(2)

Monetary Stabilization in the AS-AD Model

415

(2)

Limitations of Monetary Stabilization Policy

417

(1)

Checkpoint 16.2

418

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

419

Eye on the Past Federal Receipts and Expenditures

399

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy The U.S. Budget in Global Perspective

399

(8)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The 2003 Stimulus Package

407

(10)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Fed in Action

417

(6)

The Short-Run Policy Tradeoff

423

(24)

Chapter Checklist

423

(1)

The Short-Run Phillips Curve

424

(6)

Aggregate Supply and the Short-Run Phillips Curve

425

(3)

Why Bother with the Phillips Curve?

428

(1)

Checkpoint 17.1

429

(1)

Short-Run and Long-Run Phillips Curves

430

(9)

The Long-Run Phillips Curve

430

(1)

Long-Run Adjustment in the AS-AD Model

431

(1)

Expected Inflation

432

(1)

The Natural Rate Hypothesis

433

(1)

Changes in the Natural Unemployment Rate

434

(1)

Does the Natural Unemployment Rate Change?

435

(3)

Checkpoint 17.2

438

(1)

Expected Inflation

439

(8)

What Determines the Expected Inflation Rate?

439

(1)

How Responsive Is the Tradeoff to a Change in Expected Inflation?

440

(1)

What Can Policy Do to Lower Expected Inflation?

440

(2)

Checkpoint 17.3

442

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

443

Eye on the Past The U.S. Phillips Curve

427

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy Inflation and Unemployment

428

(6)

Eye on the Past A Live Test of the Natural Rate Hypothesis

434

(2)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Shifting Short-Run Tradeoff

436

(11)

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Debates

447

(26)

Chapter Checklist

447

(1)

Fiscal Policy Versus Monetary Policy

448

(6)

Policy Effects

448

(3)

Goal Conflicts

451

(1)

Timing and Flexibility

452

(1)

And the Winner Is?

452

(1)

Checkpoint 18.1

453

(1)

Rules Versus Discretion

454

(8)

Discretionary Policy

454

(1)

Fixed-Rule Policies

454

(1)

Feedback-Rule Policies

454

(1)

Stabilizing Aggregate Demand Shocks

455

(3)

Stabilizing Aggregate Supply Shocks

458

(3)

Checkpoint 18.2

461

(1)

Targeting Inflation

462

(11)

Real GDP Versus the Price Level

462

(4)

Zero Versus Positive Inflation

466

(2)

Checkpoint 18.3

468

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

469

Eye on the Past Price Level Targeting

465

(2)

Eye on the U.S. Economy The Fed's Targeting and the Taylor and McCallum Rules

467

(6)

PART 6 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

473

International Trade

473

(30)

Chapter Checklist

473

(1)

Trade Patterns and Trends

474

(4)

Trade in Goods

474

(1)

Trade in Services

474

(1)

Trends in the Volume of Trade

474

(1)

Trading Partners and Trading Blocs

475

(2)

Balance of Trade and International Borrowing

477

(1)

Checkpoint 19.1

477

(1)

The Gains from International Trade

478

(8)

Why the United States Exports Airplanes

478

(1)

Why the United States Imports T-Shirts

479

(2)

Gains From Trade and the PPF

481

(4)

Checkpoint 19.2

485

(1)

International Trade Restrictions

486

(5)

Tariffs

486

(2)

Nontariff Barriers

488

(2)

Checkpoint 19.3

490

(1)

The Case Against Protection

491

(12)

Three Arguments for Protection

491

(1)

Fatally Flawed Arguments for Protection

492

(3)

Why Is International Trade Restricted?

495

(3)

Checkpoint 19.4

498

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

499

Eye on the Global Economy The Major Items That We Trade with Other Nations

475

(1)

Eye on the Global Economy The Major U.S. Trading Partners and Volumes of Trade

476

(10)

Eye on the Past The History of the U.S Tariff

486

(11)

Eye on the Global Economy Competing with Low-Wage Nations

497

(6)

International Finance

503

Chapter Checklist

503

(1)

Financing International Trade

504

(7)

Balance of Payments Accounts

504

(2)

Borrowers and Lenders, Debtors and Creditors

506

(1)

Current Account Balance

507

(1)

Net Exports

507

(3)

Checkpoint 20.1

510

(1)

The Exchange Rate

511

Demand in the Foreign Exchange Market

512

(1)

The Law of Demand for Foreign Exchange

512

(1)

Changes in the Demand for Dollars

513

(2)

Supply in the Foreign Exchange Market

515

(1)

The Law of Supply of Foreign Exchange

515

(1)

Changes in the Supply of Dollars

516

(2)

Market Equilibrium

518

(1)

Changes in the Exchange Rate

519

(1)

Exchange Rate Expectations

520

(2)

The Fed in the Foreign Exchange Market

522

(2)

Checkpoint 20.2

524

(1)

Chapter Checkpoint

525

Eye on the Past The U.S. Balance of Payments

505

(4)

Eye on the Global Economy Current Account Balances Around the World

509

(2)

Eye on the Past The Dollar and the Yen Since 1982

511

(10)

Eye on the Global Economy Purchasing Power Parity

521

(2)

Eye on the Global Economy The Bouncing Euro

523

Glossary

(1)

Index

(1)

Credits

Foundations of Macroeconomics

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Summary

Table of Contents

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