PART 1: Reading and Understanding Arguments

1. Understanding Arguments and Reading Them Critically
Everything Is an Argument
Reading Arguments Rhetorically and Critically
Listening to Arguments Rhetorically and Respectfully
Why We Make Arguments
Occasions for Argument
Kinds of Argument
STASIS QUESTIONS AT WORK
Appealing to Audiences
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Considering Whats Normal

2. Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos
Reading Critically for Pathos
Using Emotions to Build Bridges
Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument
Using Humor
Using Arguments Based on Emotion

3. Arguments Based on Character: Ethos
Thinking Critically about Arguments Based on Character
Establishing Trustworthiness and Credibility
Claiming Authority
Coming Clean about Motives
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Ethos

4. Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos
Spotting Fake News
Thinking Critically about Hard Evidence
Using Reason and Common Sense
Providing Logical Structures for Argument
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Logos

5. Fallacies of Argument
Fallacies of Emotional Argument
Fallacies of Ethical Argument
Fallacies of Logical Argument

6. Rhetorical Analysis
Composing a Rhetorical Analysis: Reading and Viewing Critically
Understanding the Purpose of Arguments You Are Analyzing
Understanding Who Makes an Argument
Identifying and Appealing to Audiences
Examining Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos
Examining Arguments Based on Character: Ethos
Examining Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos
Examining the Arrangement and Media of Arguments
Looking at Style
Examining a Rhetorical Analysis
*Kevin Garcia, Can You Lose a Language You Never Knew?
*Marielys Diaz, The Loss of a Language Kevin Garcia Never Knew: A Rhetorical Analysis
GUIDE TO WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS

PART 2: Writing Arguments

7. Structuring Arguments
The Classical Oration
Rogerian Argument
A Sample Rogerian Argument
*Pamela Paresky and Bradley Campbell, Safetyism Isn’t the Problem
Invitational Argument
Toulmin Argument
A Toulmin Analysis
Stephen L. Carter, Offensive Speech Is Free Speech. If Only We’d Listen.
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Organization

8. Arguments of Fact
Understanding Arguments of Fact
Characterizing Factual Arguments
Developing a Factual Argument
GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF FACT
Two Sample Factual Arguments
*Makiya Lineberger, A Change in Education: The Benefits of Online vs. In-Class Learning (student essay)
*Simón(e) D Sun, Stop Using Phony Science to Justify Transphobia

9. Arguments of Definition
Understanding Arguments of Definition
Kinds of Definition
Developing a Definitional Argument
GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF DEFINITION
Two Sample Definitional Arguments
Natasha Rodriguez, Who Are You Calling Underprivileged? (student essay)
Rob Jenkins, Defining the Relationship

10. Evaluations
Understanding Evaluations
Criteria of Evaluation
Characterizing Evaluation
Developing an Evaluative Argument
GUIDE TO WRITING AN EVALUATION
Two Sample Evaluations
Jenny Kim, The Toxicity in Learning (student essay)
*Christopher Orr, The Secret of Scooby-Doo’s Enduring Appeal

11. Causal Arguments
Understanding Causal Arguments
Characterizing Causal Arguments
Developing Causal Arguments
GUIDE TO WRITING A CAUSAL ARGUMENT
Two Sample Causal Arguments
Laura Tarrant, Forever Alone (and Perfectly Fine) (student essay)
Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, America’s Birthrate Is Now a National Emergency

12. Proposals
Understanding and Categorizing Proposals
Characterizing Proposals
Developing Proposals
GUIDE TO WRITING A PROPOSAL
Two Sample Proposals
Caleb Wong, Addiction to Social Media: How to Overcome It (student essay)
Associated Students of the University of California, Proposal to Make Election Day a Non-Instructional Day

PART 3: Style and Presentation in Arguments

13. Style in Arguments
Style and Word Choice
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Pronouns
Sentence Structure and Argument
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: “Standard,” “Formal,” and Other Conventions
Punctuation and Argument
Special Effects: Figurative Language

14. Visual Rhetoric
The Power of Visual Arguments
Using Visuals in Your Own Arguments

15. Presenting Arguments
Class and Public Discussions
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Speaking Up in Class
Preparing a Presentation
Poster Sessions: Oral Presentations in Academic Settings
Webcasts: Live Presentations on the Internet

16. New Media and Multimodal Arguments
Old Media Transformed by New Media
READING IN PRINT VS. ONLINE
New Content in New Media
New Audiences in New Media
Analyzing Arguments in New Media
Making New Media and Multimodal Arguments

PART 4: Research and Arguments

17. Academic Arguments
Understanding What Academic Argument Is
Conventions in Academic Argument Are Not Static
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Considering English(es)
Developing an Academic Argument
Two Sample Academic Arguments
Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner, Where the Wild Things Should Be: Healing Nature Deficit Disorder through the Schoolyard (student essay)
Sidra Montgomery, The Emotion Work of “Thank You for Your Service”

18. Finding Evidence
Considering the Rhetorical Situation
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: The Rhetorical Situation
Searching Effectively
SEARCHING ONLINE OR IN DATABASES
Collecting Data on Your Own
Draw Upon Narratives as Evidence

19. Evaluating Sources
Identifying Bias
Assessing Sources
Practicing Crap Detection
CASE STUDY: Lateral Reading
Assessing Field Research

20. Using Sources
Practicing Infotention
Building a Critical Mass
Synthesizing Information

21. Maintaining Academic Integrity and Crediting Sources
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Intellectual Property and Remix Culture
Crediting Sources
WHAT COPYRIGHT DOESN’T PROTECT
Getting Permission for and Using Copyrighted Internet Sources
Acknowledging Your Sources Accurately and Appropriately
Crediting Collaborators

22. Documenting Sources
MLA Style
APA Style

PART 5: Arguments

23. How Does Popular Culture Stereotype You?
D.K., Shooting Guns: It’s Rather Fun, Actually
Making a Visual Argument
Sonny Assu, Breakfast Series
Nicole Pasulka, How a Bible-Belt Evangelical Church Embraced Gay Rights
*Abeer Yusuf, Finally, There’s a Bechdel Test for Muslim Representation
*Ella Houston, Featuring Disabled Women in Advertisements: The Commodification of Diversity?
*Grace S. Yang, Bryan Gibson, Adam K. Lueke, L. Rowell Huesmann, and Brad J. Bushman, Effects of Avatar Race in Violent Video Games on Racial Attitudes and Aggression

24. How Does the Internet Change Our Behavior?
*Elizabeth Heath, Why Funny Animal Videos Are Good for You
Making a Visual Argument: Humor Online
*@rajaravivarmamemes, Raja Ravi Varma Memes
*Nicole Tersigni, from Men to Avoid in Art and Life
*Jennifer Liu, What Happens When Toxic Office Behavior Moves Online While Working from Home
*Robin Lake and Alvin Makori, The Digital Divide among Students during COVID-19: Who Has Access? Who Doesn’t?
*Ross Douthat, 10 Theses about Cancel Culture
*danah boyd, Hacking the Attention Economy

25. How Does Language Influence Our World?
Japanese American Citizens League, from The Power of Words
*Katy Steinmetz, Why “They” Is Here to Stay
Roxane Gay, The Careless Language of Sexual Violence
Making a Visual Argument
*U.S. Census Bureau, English and Other Languages in the United States
John McWhorter, Thick of Tongue
*Jason Sarkozi-Forfinski, Speak English or Else You’ll Be Put on Dish Duty!

26. How Free Should Campus Speech Be?
John Palfrey, Safe Spaces, Brave Spaces
*Poll Gallup/Knight Foundation, The First Amendment on Campus 2020 Report: College Students’ Views of Free Expression
Making a Visual Argument
*Jason Jiang, But I Didn’t Mean It Like That
Scott O. Lilienfeld, Why a Moratorium on Microaggressions Is Needed
*Judy Gold, Say That Again, and I’ll Wash Your Mouth Out with Soap
*Ulrich Baer, A Slippery Slope, or Who Is to Draw the Line?

27. How Do Symbols Function in Times of Division?
*Carolina A. Miranda, The Capitol, “Symbol of Democracy,” Has a Troubled History
*Elliot Ackerman, The Confederate Monuments We Shouldn’t Tear Down
*Olga Khazan, Why People Loot
*Steven Reidbord, Antisocial Masking Disorder
Making a Visual Argument: Op-Ed Cartoons and the Use of Symbols
*Jeff Koterba, Remote Learning and the Internet
*Patrick Chappatte, Back to Normal?
*Felipe Galindo, Corona on the US Flag
*Dario Castillejos, Monument to Racism
*Viet Thanh Nguyen, Asian Americans Are Still Caught in the Trap of the “Model Minority” Stereotype. And It Creates Inequality for All.

Glossary
Index

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