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Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

by: Hagan, Frank E

Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

by: Hagan, Frank E

ISBN 13:
9780205388493
ISBN 10:
0205388493
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2005
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

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Summary

This paperback and lower-priced essentials version of the best-selling Hagan text, Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology 6/e (2003), teaches general research methods using standard and contemporary examples of both qualitative and quantitative research in criminal justice and criminology, while eliminating the chapters on Statistics and Evaluation Research. Students save more than $30.00 over competing texts.

Introduction to Criminal Justice Research Methods: Theory and Method

(32)

Scientific Research in Criminal Justice

(1)

Common Sense and Nonsense

(2)

Why Study Research Methods in Criminal Justice?

(1)

The Emergence of Science and Criminal Justice

(2)

The Probabilistic Nature of Science

(1)

Proper Conduct of Critical Inquiry

(1)

Approaches to Theory and Method in Criminal Justice

(4)

Exhibit 1.1 Merton's ``Matthew Effect'' in Science

(1)

Exhibit 1.2 The Paradigm Shift in Policing

(2)

Pure Versus Applied Research

(6)

Exhibit 1.3 The Project on Human Development

(2)

Exhibit 1.4 Crime Analysis: Applied Criminal Justice Research

(1)

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

(1)

Researchese: The Language of Research

(2)

Concepts

(1)

Operationalization

(1)

Variables

(1)

Dependent and Independent Variables

(1)

Theories/Hypotheses

(1)

Examples of the Research Process

(2)

Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders

(1)

General Steps in Empirical Research in Criminal Justice

(1)

Problem Formulation: Selection of Research Problem

(1)

Problem Formulation: Specification of Research Problem

(2)

Exhibit 1.5 Feminist Perspectives and Research Methods

(3)

Exhibit 1.6 The World Wide Web (WWW)

Summary

Key Concepts

(10)

Review Questions

(1)

Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

(27)

Ethical Horror Stories

(8)

Biomedical Examples

(1)

Social Science Examples

(3)

Exhibit 2.1 AIDS Research in Africa and Asia: Is It Ethical?

(3)

Researcher Fraud and Plagiarism

(1)

Exhibit 2.2 Legendary Research Scams

(1)

The Researcher's Role

(1)

Research Targets in Criminal Justice

(1)

Ethics and Professionalism

(1)

Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

(8)

History of Federal Regulation of Research

(2)

The Belmont Report

(1)

Institutional Review Boards

(1)

Research Activities Exempt from HHS Review

(2)

National Institute of Justice's Human Subject Protection Requirements

(1)

Confidentiality of Criminal Justice Research

(4)

Exhibit 2.3 Codes of Research Ethics of the ACJS and the ASC

(3)

Ethical Issues in Criminology/Criminal Justice Research

(4)

Avoid Research That May Harm Respondents

(1)

Honor Commitments to Respondents and Respect Reciprocity

(1)

Exercise Objectivity and Professional Integrity in Performing and Reporting Research

(1)

Protect Confidentiality and Privacy of Respondents

(1)

Ethical Problems

(10)

The Brajuha Case (Weinstein Decision)

(1)

The Of she Case

(1)

The Hutchinson Case

(2)

Additional Ethical Concerns

(1)

Avoiding Ethical Problems

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Concepts

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Research Design: The Experimental Model and Its Variations

(39)

The Experimental Model

(1)

Research Design in a Nutshell

(1)

Causality

(2)

Resolution of the Causality Problem

(2)

Rival Causal Factors

(1)

Validity

(1)

Internal Factors: Variables Related to Internal Validity

(4)

History

(1)

Maturation

(1)

Testing

(1)

Instrumentation

(1)

Statistical Regression

(1)

Selection Bias

(1)

Experimental Mortality

(1)

Selection---Maturation Interaction

(1)

External Factors: Variables Related to External Validity

(2)

Testing Effects

(1)

Selection Bias

(1)

Reactivity or Awareness of Being Studied

(1)

Multiple-Treatment Interferences

(1)

Related Rival Causal Factors

(1)

Hawthorne Effect

(1)

Halo Effect

(1)

Post Hoc Error

(1)

Placebo Effect

(1)

Other Rival Causal Factors in Criminal Justice Field Experiments

(2)

Diffusion of Treatment

(1)

Compensatory Equalization of Treatment

(1)

Local History

(1)

Experimental Designs

(2)

The Classic Experimental Design

(1)

Some Criminal Justice Examples of the Classic Experimental Design

(2)

Candid Camera

(1)

Scared Straight

(1)

Community Policing

(2)

Exhibit 3.1 The Kansas City Gun Experiment

Other Experimental Designs

(4)

Posttest-Only Control Group Design

(3)

Solomon Four-Group Design

(1)

Preexperimental Designs

(2)

One-Group Ex Post Facto Design

(1)

One-Group Before-After Design

(1)

Two-Group Ex Post Facto Design

(1)

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs

(2)

Exhibit 3.2 The Cycle of Violence and Victims of Child Abuse

(1)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

(3)

Time-Series Designs

(1)

Multiple Interrupted Time-Series Designs

(3)

Counterbalanced Designs

(1)

Some Other Criminal Justice Examples of Variations of the Experimental Model

(5)

The Provo and Silverlake Experiments

(2)

Exhibit 3.3 Evaluations of Shock Incarceration

101

(1)

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

102

(1)

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

103

(1)

The Experiment as a Data-Gathering Strategy

104

(2)

Advantages of Experiments

105

(1)

Disadvantages of Experiments

105

(1)

Summary

106

(1)

Key Concepts

107

(1)

Review Questions

108

(1)

An Introduction to Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies and the Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports

109

(23)

Alternative Data-Gathering Strategies

110

(1)

Social Surveys

111

(1)

Participant Observation

112

(1)

Life History and Case Studies

113

(1)

Unobtrusive Measures

113

(2)

Exhibit 4.1 Applied Research: Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

114

(1)

The Special Case of Uniform Crime Reports

115

(1)

The Crime Index

116

(1)

Crime Rate

117

(2)

Cautions in the Use of UCR Data

119

(2)

Factors Affecting the UCR

119

(2)

Related UCR Issues

121

(3)

Exhibit 4.2 The Crime Dip

122

(2)

UCR Redesign

124

(6)

National Incident-Based Reporting System

124

(1)

Exhibit 4.3 The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

125

(2)

NIBRS versus UCR

127

(3)

Summary

130

(1)

Key Concepts

130

(1)

Review Questions

131

(1)

Sampling and Survey Research: Questionnaires

132

(39)

Types of Sampling

133

(11)

Probability Samples

133

(5)

Nonprobability Samples

138

(4)

Exhibit 5.1 Crime Profiling

142

(2)

Sample Size

144

(1)

Survey Research

144

(2)

Some Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction

146

(5)

Questionnaire Wording

147

(4)

Pretest

151

(1)

Organization of the Questionnaire

151

(1)

Mail Surveys

152

(1)

Advantages of Mail Surveys

153

(1)

Disadvantages of Mail Surveys

154

(1)

Ways of Eliminating Disadvantages in Mail Surveys

154

(5)

Follow-up

155

(1)

Offering Remuneration

156

(1)

Attractive Format

156

(1)

Sponsorship and Endorsements

157

(1)

Personalization

157

(1)

Shortened Format

158

(1)

Good Timing

158

(1)

Self-Reported Measures of Crime

159

(3)

Some Problems with Self-Report Surveys

162

(1)

Strengths of Self-Report Surveys

163

(3)

Reliability

163

(1)

Validity

163

(1)

Use of Other Data

164

(1)

Use of Other Observers

164

(1)

Use of Polygraph

164

(1)

``Known Group'' Validation

164

(1)

Use of Lie Scales

165

(1)

Measures of Internal Consistency

166

(1)

Use of Interviews

166

(1)

Internet Surveys

166

(3)

Advantages of Internet Surveys

167

(1)

Disadvantages of Internet Surveys

167

(1)

Procedures in Internet Surveys

167

(2)

Summary

169

(1)

Key Concepts

170

(1)

Review Questions

170

(1)

Survey Research: Interviews and Telephone Surveys

171

(35)

Types of Interviews

172

(2)

Advantages of Interviews

174

(1)

Disadvantages of Interviews

175

(1)

Interviewing Aids and Variations

175

(3)

Exhibit 6.1 Public Opinion Polls

176

(2)

General Procedures in Interviews

178

(1)

Training and Orientation Session

178

(1)

Arranging the Interview

178

(1)

Demeanor of Interviewer

179

(1)

Administration of the Structured Interview

179

(1)

Probing

180

(1)

The Exit

180

(1)

Recording the Interview

181

(1)

Telephone Surveys

182

(1)

Advantages and Prospects of Telephone Surveys

182

(1)

Disadvantages of Telephone Surveys

183

(1)

Computers in Survey Research

184

(1)

Random Digit Dialing

185

(1)

Techniques Employed in Telephone Surveys

186

(1)

Victim Surveys in Criminal Justice

187

(1)

National Crime Victimization Survey

188

(2)

Sampling

188

(1)

Panel Design

189

(1)

A Comparison of UCR, NCVS, and Self-Report Data

190

(2)

Some Problems in Victim Surveys

192

(4)

Cost of Large Samples

192

(1)

False Reports

192

(1)

Mistaken Reporting

193

(1)

Poor Memory

193

(1)

Telescoping

193

(1)

Sampling Bias

193

(1)

Overreporting and Underreporting

194

(1)

Interviewer Effects

194

(1)

Coding Unreliability and Mechanical Error

195

(1)

Problems Measuring Certain Crimes

195

(1)

Benefits of Victim Surveys

195

(1)

A Defense of Victim Surveys

196

(1)

Controlling for Error in Victim Surveys

196

(1)

Bounding

196

(1)

Reverse Record Checks

197

(1)

Victim Surveys: A Balanced View

197

(1)

Community Crime Victimization Survey Software

198

(1)

Redesign of the National Crime Victimization Survey

198

(5)

Exhibit 6.2 The Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey

199

(4)

Summary

203

(1)

Key Concepts

204

(1)

Review Questions

204

(2)

Participant Observation and Case Studies

206

(27)

A Critique of Experiments and Surveys

207

(2)

Verbal Reports versus Behavior

207

(2)

A Defense of Quantitative Research

209

(1)

Participant Observation

209

(2)

Types of Participant Observation

211

(1)

Characteristics of Participant Observation

212

(3)

Objectivity in Research

213

(1)

``Going Native''

214

(1)

General Procedures in Participant Observation

215

(2)

Field Notes

215

(1)

Mnemonics

216

(1)

Caution in Use of Other Recording Methods

216

(1)

Tips on Participant Observation

217

(5)

Gaining Access

217

(2)

Exhibit 7.1 American Skinheads

219

(1)

Gatekeepers

220

(1)

Announcement of Intentions

220

(1)

Sampling

220

(1)

Reciprocity and Protection of Identity

221

(1)

Concern for Accuracy

222

(1)

Examples of Participant Observation

222

(3)

Exhibit 7.2 Islands in the Streets

223

(2)

Exhibit 7.3 This Thing of Darkness: A Participant Observation Study of Idaho Christian Patriots

225

(1)

Advantages of Participant Observation

225

(1)

Disadvantages of Participant Observation

226

(1)

Case Studies

227

(1)

Life History/Oral History

227

(1)

Some Examples of Case Studies

228

(1)

Journalistic Field Studies

228

(1)

Single-Subject Designs

229

(2)

Summary

231

(1)

Key Concepts

232

(1)

Review Questions

232

(1)

Unobtrusive Measures, Secondary Analysis, and the Uses of Official Statistics

233

(38)

Major Types of Unobtrusive Methods

234

(1)

Physical Trace Analysis

235

(1)

Use of Available Data and Archives

236

(18)

Secondary Analysis

237

(1)

Personal Documents and Biographies

237

(3)

Examples of Secondary Analysis

240

(2)

Exhibit 8.1 Automated Pin Mapping: Applied Criminal Justice Research Using GIS for Crime Analysis

242

(2)

Exhibit 8.2 Street Gang Crime in Chicago

244

(2)

Limitations of Official Data

246

(1)

Measuring Hidden Populations

246

(1)

Historical and Archival Data

247

(1)

Content Analysis

248

(3)

Content Analysis by Computer

251

(1)

Meta-Analysis

251

(2)

Exhibit 8.3 Applied Criminal Justice Research: Hotspot Analysis

253

(1)

Sources of Existing Data

254

(5)

Exhibit 8.4 X-Files at the Federal Bureau of Investigation

256

(2)

Exhibit 8.5 National Archive of Criminal Justice Data

258

(1)

Observation

259

(3)

Disguised Observation

262

(3)

Simulations

265

(2)

Advantages of Unobtrusive Measures

267

(1)

Disadvantages of Unobtrusive Measures

268

(1)

Summary

269

(1)

Key Concepts

270

(1)

Review Questions

270

(1)

Validity, Reliability, and Triangulated Strategies

271

(19)

Error in Research

271

(2)

Reasons for Lack of Validation Studies in Criminal Justice

273

(1)

Ways of Determining Validity

274

(6)

Face Validity

274

(1)

Content Validity

275

(1)

Construct Validity

276

(1)

Pragmatic Validity

276

(1)

Convergent-Discriminant Validation/Triangulation

277

(3)

Reliability

280

(2)

Test-Retest

281

(1)

Multiple Forms

281

(1)

Split-Half Technique

282

(1)

Mythical Numbers

282

(1)

Phantom Army of Addicts

282

(1)

Adam (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program)

283

(3)

Exhibit 9.1 Adam

284

(2)

Other Examples of Research Validation

286

(1)

Summary

287

(1)

Key Concepts

288

(1)

Review Questions

288

(2)

Scaling and Index Construction

290

(28)

Levels of Measurement

290

(4)

Exhibit 10.1 Score Yourself General Attitude/Knowledge Survey

293

(1)

Scaling Procedures

294

(1)

Arbitrary Scales

295

(1)

The Uniform Crime Report as an Arbitrary Scale

296

(1)

Attitude Scales

297

(8)

Thurstone Scales

297

(1)

Likert Scales

298

(3)

Guttman Scales

301

(4)

Other Scaling Procedures

305

(3)

Q Sort

305

(1)

Semantic Differential

305

(2)

Other Variations

307

(1)

Crime Seriousness Scales

308

(3)

Sellin-Wolfgang Index

309

(1)

Types of Crime Seriousness Scales

309

(2)

Prediction Scales

311

(4)

The Salient Factor Score

312

(1)

Greenwood's ``Rand Seven-Factor Index''

312

(2)

Career Criminal Programs

314

(1)

Advantages of Scales

315

(1)

Disadvantages of Scales

315

(1)

Summary

316

(1)

Key Concepts

317

(1)

Review Questions

317

(1)

Data Analysis: Coding, Tabulation, and Simple Data Presentation

318

(35)

Variables List

319

(1)

Computers

320

(1)

Data Management

321

(5)

Editing

321

(1)

Coding

322

(3)

Coder Monitoring

325

(1)

Keyboard Entry

326

(1)

Data Verification

326

(1)

Simple Data Presentation

326

(4)

Rates

328

(1)

Proportions

329

(1)

Percentages

329

(1)

Ratios

330

(1)

The Frequency Distribution

330

(1)

Graphic Presentations

331

(7)

Pie Charts

332

(1)

Bar Graphs

333

(1)

Frequency Polygons (Line Charts)

334

(1)

Crime Clocks

335

(3)

Table Reading

338

(1)

Why Bother with Tables?

338

(1)

What to Look for in a Table

338

(1)

Steps in Reading a Table

338

(4)

Summary of Table 11.3

339

(3)

How to Construct Tables

342

(1)

Presentation of Complex Data

342

(1)

General Rules for Percentaging a Table

342

(5)

Improper Percentaging

347

(1)

Elaboration

347

(2)

Lying with Statistics

349

(1)

Summary

350

(2)

Key Concepts

352

(1)

Review Questions

352

(1)

References

353

(34)

Glossary

387

(5)

Name Index

392

(4)

Subject Index

396

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

9780205388493

0205388493

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology

9780205388493

0205388493

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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