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Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

by: Ward; Andy D.

Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

by: Ward; Andy D.

ISBN 13:
9781566706162
ISBN 10:
1566706165
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/18/2003
Publisher: CRC Press
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Summary

This edition builds upon the foundation of the bestselling first edition by providing a qualitative understanding of hydrolic parameters and processes.

The Hydrologic Cycle, Water Resources, and Society

(28)

Introduction

(3)

The Hydrologic Cycle

(2)

Precipitation

(1)

Evaporation

(1)

Transpiration

(1)

Evapotranspiration

(1)

Infiltration

(1)

Percolation and Groundwater Recharge

(1)

Runoff and Overland Flow

(1)

Interflow

(1)

Groundwater Flow

(1)

Water Supply

(4)

The Importance of Hydrology to Society

(1)

Data Analysis and Statistics

(12)

Plotting Data

(1)

Descriptive Statistics

(2)

Experimental Error

(1)

Standard Error

(1)

Confidence Intervals

(1)

Probabilities and Distributions

(1)

Normal Distribution

(1)

t Distribution

(1)

Properties of Statistical Procedures

(1)

Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing

(1)

Probability Values

(1)

Statistical Errors

(1)

Linear Regression

(3)

The Use and Misuse of Regression Equations

(1)

Data Transformations

(1)

Multiple Regression Analysis

(1)

Modeling the Hydrologic Cycle

(6)

Types of Models

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages

(1)

Typical Model Architecture

(1)

Problems

(3)

Precipitation

(26)

Introduction

(3)

Precipitation Data

(1)

Causes of Precipitation

(1)

Frontal Precipitation

(1)

Convection

(1)

Orographic

(1)

Precipitation Events

(3)

Geographical and Seasonal Variations

(1)

Historic Time Trends

(2)

Storm Area Patterns

(1)

Measurement of Precipitation

(5)

Measurement of Snowfall

(1)

Rain Gages

(2)

Storm Time Trends

(2)

Time Sequence Patterns

(1)

Average Precipitation over an Area

(2)

Rainfall Distributions for Short Time Periods

(1)

Rainfall Frequency Distributions

(5)

St. Louis Frequency Relationship Transferred to the Contiguous U.S.

(1)

Regional Frequency-Magnitude Relationships: Seattle, Santa Fe, Chicago, and New Orleans

(2)

Probability of an Event Occurring

(1)

Seasonality of Storm Probability

(1)

Probable Maximum Precipitation

(1)

Rainfall Erosivity

(5)

Problems

(4)

Infiltration and Soil Water Processes

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Soil Water Relationships

(3)

Infiltration and Soil Water Retention

(4)

Factors Affecting Water Movement into and through Soils

(8)

Soil Properties

(1)

Soil Condition

(4)

Soil Water Balance

(1)

Estimating Infiltration Rates

(2)

Horton Equation

(1)

Green-Ampt Equation

(1)

Physically Based Methods

(1)

A Perspective on Infiltration Methods

(1)

Measurement of Soil Properties

(10)

Particle Size Analysis

(1)

Particle Density

(1)

Bulk Density

(1)

Soil Hydraulic Properties

(1)

Soil Water Content

(2)

Soil Suction and Soil Water Release/Retention Characteristics

(1)

Infiltration

(1)

Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity

(1)

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

(1)

Problems

(3)

Evapotranspiration

(36)

Introduction

(1)

Evaporation Process

(3)

Fick's First Law of Diffusion

(1)

Potential Evapotranspiration vs. Actual Evapotranspiration

(1)

Evaporation from Open Water

(1)

Evaporation from Bare Soil

(1)

Evapotranspiration from Soil and Plants

(5)

Interception

(1)

Transpiration

(1)

Factors that Affect Transpiration Rates

(3)

Transpiration Ratio and Consumptive Use

(1)

Potential Evapotranspiration and Actual Evapotranspiration Concepts and Practices in Agriculture

(1)

Reference Crop Evapotranspiration

(1)

Measuring Evaporation or Evapotranspiration

(4)

Evaporation Pan

(1)

Etp Gages

(1)

Soil Water Depletion

(1)

Water Balance

(1)

Lysimeters

(1)

Energy Balance and Mass Transfer

(1)

Weather Data Sources and Preparation

(5)

Saturation Vapor Pressure

(1)

Actual Vapor Pressure

(1)

Vapor Pressure Deficit

(2)

Mean Temperature

(1)

Solar Radiation

(1)

Extrapolating Wind Speed

(1)

Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration

100

(9)

Evaporation from Open Water

100

(1)

Estimating Evapotranspiration

101

(2)

SCS Blaney-Criddle Method

103

(3)

Jensen-Haise Alfalfa-Reference Radiation Method

106

(1)

Thornthwaite Method

107

(1)

Penman's Method

108

(1)

Penman-Monteith Combination Method

109

(1)

Converting Potential or Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Using Crop Coefficients

109

(10)

Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Budgets in Space and Time

111

(3)

Evapotranspiration Management

114

(3)

Problems

117

(2)

Runoff and Subsurface Drainage

119

(42)

Introduction

119

(2)

Factors Affecting Runoff Processes

121

(4)

The Horton Overland Flow Model

122

(1)

The Variable Source Area Concept or Hewlett Model

122

(1)

Precipitation

123

(2)

Watershed Factors that Affect Runoff

125

(4)

Size

125

(1)

Topography

125

(1)

Shape

126

(1)

Orientation or Aspect

127

(1)

Geology

127

(1)

Soil

128

(1)

Interflow and Baseflow

128

(1)

Runoff Characteristics --- the Hydrograph

129

(3)

Predicting Volume of Stormflow and Total Runoff

132

(3)

Prediction of Peak Runoff Rate

135

(12)

Graphical Peak Discharge Method

135

(5)

The Rational Equation

140

(2)

USGS Empirical Regression Models

142

(5)

Stormwater Hydrographs

147

(5)

Unit Hydrograph Methods

147

(3)

Time-Area Method

150

(1)

The Kinematic Approach

151

(1)

Assessment of Flood Estimation Techniques

152

(1)

Agricultural Land Drainage Modifications

152

(4)

Surface Improvements

153

(1)

Subsurface Improvements

154

(1)

Perceptions

155

(1)

Determining Subsurface Drainage Flows

156

(1)

Flow Duration and Water Yield

157

(4)

Problems

159

(2)

Stream Processes

161

(46)

Introduction

161

(1)

Interaction of Streams with the Landscape

162

(3)

The Influence of Temporal and Spatial Scales on Geomorphology

162

(1)

Basic Terms and Geomorphic Work

163

(2)

Stream Orders

165

(2)

Stream Biota

167

(3)

Stream Characteristics

170

(7)

Channel Profile

170

(1)

Stream Channel Patterns

170

(2)

Stream Dimensions

172

(2)

Regional and Stream-Type Curves

174

(3)

Stream Stability and Sediment Transport

177

(3)

The Source of Sediment

177

(1)

Shear Stresses and Tractive Force

177

(1)

Sediment Transport

178

(1)

Bank Stability

178

(2)

Meander Migration, Floodplains, and Streamways

180

(2)

Stream Classification

182

(12)

Mountain Stream Morphology Classes

183

(4)

An Alternative Mountain Stream Classification System

187

(1)

Rosgen Stream Classification Method

187

(4)

Using Stream Classification Methods

191

(3)

Channel Evolution

194

(3)

Disturbance

194

(2)

Evolution Models

196

(1)

What to Measure and Why the Measurement Should Be Made

197

(10)

Site Selection and Reconnaissance at a Watershed Scale

198

(1)

Drainage Area Determination

199

(1)

Discharge and Sediment Data

199

(1)

Channel Properties

199

(2)

The Elusive Nature of Bankfull (Effective Discharge) Dimensions

201

(2)

Bed Material Characterization

203

(2)

Problems

205

(2)

Uniform Open Channel Flow

207

(20)

Introduction

207

(1)

Flow Velocity and Discharge

207

(7)

Continuity and Manning's Equation

207

(4)

Approximation and Estimation Errors

211

(1)

The Darcy-Weisbach Equation

212

(2)

Compound Channels

214

(2)

Channel Modifications

216

(2)

Grassed Waterways

218

(1)

Two-Stage Channel Design

218

(9)

Benefits and Costs of a Two-Stage Ditch

221

(1)

Sizing a Two-Stage Ditch

222

(1)

Other Applications

222

(2)

Problems

224

(3)

Hydraulic Control Structures

227

(28)

Introduction

227

(1)

Specific Energy and Critical Discharge

227

(2)

Weirs, Flumes, and Culverts

229

(6)

Bendway Weirs, Vanes, and Barbs

235

(1)

Routing Flows through Channels and Rivers

236

(4)

Routing Flow through Reservoirs

240

(15)

Determination of Stage-Storage Relationships

242

(1)

Detention or Residence Time

242

(3)

Sediment Storage in Large Reservoirs

245

(1)

Estimating Sediment Storage in Management Ponds

246

(4)

Spillways

250

(3)

Problems

253

(2)

Soil Conservation and Sediment Budgets

255

(36)

Introduction

255

(1)

Factors Affecting Erosion by Water

255

(1)

Climate

255

(1)

Soil

256

(1)

Vegetation

256

(1)

Topography

256

(1)

Types of Erosion

256

(3)

Interrill Erosion

256

(1)

Rill Erosion

257

(1)

Gully Erosion

257

(1)

Stream Channel Erosion

258

(1)

Estimating Soil Losses

259

(1)

The Universal Soil Loss Equation

259

(9)

Rainfall Erosivity R

260

(1)

Soil Erodibility K

261

(1)

Topographic Factor LS

262

(1)

Cover Management Factor C

263

(3)

Erosion Control Practice P

266

(2)

Soil Loss Tolerance T

268

(1)

Applications of the Universal Soil Loss Equation

268

(1)

Downstream Sediment Yields

269

(1)

Single-Event Sediment Yields

270

(1)

Estimating Seasonal C Factors for Agricultural Crops

270

(2)

Sediment Budget Concepts

272

(19)

Introduction

272

(1)

Sediment Delivery from Slopes

273

(1)

Sediment in Streams

273

(1)

The Southern Piedmont

273

(3)

Hydraulic Mining in California

276

(2)

The Driftless Area of the Upper Midwest

278

(7)

Urban Streams

285

(4)

Problems

289

(2)

Hydrology of Forests, Wetlands, and Cold Climates

291

(30)

Introduction

291

(1)

How Are Forests Different?

292

(1)

Forest Climates --- Rain and Snow

293

(2)

Characteristics of Snow

294

(1)

Interception --- Rain, Snow, and Fog

295

(2)

Rain Interception

295

(1)

Snow Interception

296

(1)

Fog Drip

297

(1)

Energy Balance in Forests

297

(1)

Evapotranspiration

298

(1)

Snowmelt

299

(2)

Snowmelt Modeling over a Watershed

300

(1)

Snow Cover Distribution

300

(1)

Critical Temperature for Rain-Snow Transition

300

(1)

Infiltration

301

(1)

Subsurface Flow (Interflow)

301

(2)

Surface Runoff

303

(1)

Streamflow and Watershed Hydrology

304

(4)

Erosion --- Sediment Budget

308

(3)

Sheet-and-Rill Erosion

308

(1)

Gully Erosion

309

(1)

Channel Erosion

309

(1)

Mass Wasting

310

(1)

Deforestation, Fires, and Silviculture

311

(2)

Deforestation Associated with Agriculture

311

(1)

Deforestation Associated with Silviculture

312

(1)

Impacts of Deforestation

312

(1)

Wildfires

313

(1)

Rangelands and Grazing

313

(1)

Introduction

313

(1)

Upland Slopes

313

(1)

Stream Channels

313

(1)

Wetlands

314

(7)

Definitions and Importance

314

(1)

Identification of Wetlands

315

(2)

Problems

317

(4)

Hydrogeology

321

(18)

Introduction

321

(1)

Characterization of Groundwater Flow

321

(6)

Groundwater Flow Patterns and Stream Interaction

327

(4)

Flow to Wells

331

(3)

Capture Zones of Wells

334

(2)

Fracture Flow

336

(1)

Fracture Flow in Rock

336

(1)

Fracture Flow in Unconsolidated Materials

337

(1)

Groundwater Vulnerability

337

(2)

Problems

337

(2)

Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle: Prevention and Treatment Strategies

339

(34)

Introduction

339

(1)

Human Impacts on Stream Health

340

(2)

Biological Assessment Methods

340

(2)

Urban Impacts

342

(3)

Frequency Analysis

345

(4)

Flood Forecasting and Management

349

(5)

Flood Forecasts

349

(1)

Flood Zones

350

(1)

Flood Management

350

(1)

Channel Modification for Flood Mitigation

351

(3)

Reducing Runoff from Urban Areas

354

(4)

Detention and Retention Ponds

358

(6)

Using Detention/Retention Ponds to Improve Water Quality

359

(1)

Sizing Detention Ponds to Improve Water Quality

360

(3)

Detention Ponds for Channel Stability

363

(1)

Wetlands as Water Treatment Systems

364

(4)

Hydraulic and Treatment Characteristics

366

(1)

Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Livestock Wastewater

367

(1)

Landfills

368

(5)

Introduction

368

(1)

Landfill Processes

369

(1)

Surface Water Management in Landfills

369

(1)

Leachate Management in Landfills

370

(1)

Landfill Water Balance

371

(1)

Hydrology and Landfills

372

(1)

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Hydrologic Applications

373

(16)

Introduction

373

(3)

What Are Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems?

373

(1)

Mapping Science and Engineering Technologies

373

(1)

Geographic Information Systems

373

(1)

Remote Sensing

374

(1)

Photointerpretation

374

(1)

Photogrammetry

375

(1)

Surveying

376

(1)

Products

376

(1)

Photographs and Images

376

(1)

Maps

377

(1)

Digital Images

377

(1)

Parts of the Spectrum and Radiation Characteristics

377

(6)

Visible, Infrared, and Thermal Infrared

378

(1)

Radar

378

(1)

Radiation

378

(1)

Lambert's Law

379

(1)

Projected Source Area

380

(1)

Isotropic Source

381

(1)

Solid Angle

381

(1)

Radiance

382

(1)

Spectral Relative Units

382

(1)

Data Types and Databases

383

(2)

Data Types

383

(1)

Raster

384

(1)

Vector

384

(1)

Attributes

384

(1)

Databases

384

(1)

Aerial Photo Databases

384

(1)

Digitial Elevation Model

384

(1)

Digital Terrain Model, Digital Line Graph, and Other Data

384

(1)

North American Landscape Characterization

385

(1)

Remote Sensing Characteristics of Water

385

(1)

Applications

385

(4)

General Characteristics of Applications

385

(1)

Planning

385

(1)

Site Determination

386

(1)

Management

386

(1)

Best Management Practices

386

(1)

Water Resource Applications

386

(1)

Quantity

386

(1)

Quality and Nonpoint Sources

387

(1)

Erosion Studies and Wetlands

387

(1)

Hazardous Waste

387

(2)

Practical Exercises on Conducting and Reporting Hydrologic Studies

389

(24)

Introduction

389

(1)

Conducting a Hydrologic Study

389

(1)

Define the Question

389

(1)

Conduct a Preliminary Investigation

389

(1)

Undertaking Detailed Planning

390

(1)

Conducting the Detailed Study

390

(1)

Reporting a Hydrologic Study

390

(1)

Report Contents

391

(2)

General Guidelines for Preparing Exercise Reports

393

(1)

Precipitation (see theory in Chapter 2)

394

(2)

Introduction

394

(1)

Time Trends

394

(1)

Frequency and Magnitude

394

(1)

Spatial Distribution

395

(1)

Evaporation (see theory in Chapter 4)

396

(1)

Annual Lake Evaporation (Surrogate for Potential Evapotranspiration)

396

(1)

Daily and Monthly Lake Evaporation

396

(1)

Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration Rates

397

(1)

Runoff (see theory in Chapter 5)

397

(3)

Introduction

397

(3)

Flow Duration (see theory in Chapter 5)

400

(2)

Introduction

400

(2)

Storm Runoff, Totals, and Peaks (see theory in Chapter 5)

402

(3)

Erosion and Elementary Sediment Routing (see theory in Chapter 6)

405

(2)

Streamflow Measurement in the Field (see theory in Chapter 7)

407

(1)

Gaging Streamflow by Instrument

407

(1)

Gaging Streamflow by the Float Method

407

(1)

Stream Gaging Exercise

407

(1)

Watershed or Drainage Basin Morphology (see theory in Chapter 7)

407

(4)

Introduction

407

(4)

The Practical Use of Soil Surveys for Environmental Management

411

(2)

Introduction

411

(1)

The Practical Use of Soils Maps for Management

411

(2)

References

413

(16)

Appendix A Unit Conversion Factors

429

(2)

Appendix B Glossary

431

(14)

Appendix C Precipitation Frequency-Magnitude Information for the United States

445

(8)

Appendix D Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State:

453

(8)

Appendix E Sources of Data and Images

461

(4)

Index

465

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

9781566706162

1566706165

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition

9781566706162

1566706165

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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