Preface. INTRODUCTION. On Ethics and Environmental Concerns. What Is Ethics? Part One: THEORY. 1. Western Philosophy of Nature: The Roots of Our Ecological Situation. Introduction. 1. Genesis 1-3. 2. Lynn White: The Religious Roots of Our Ecological Crisis. 3. Lewis Moncrief: The Cultural Basis of Our Environmental Crisis. 4. Patrick Dobel: The Judeo-Christian Stewardship Attitudes to Nature. 5. Freya Mathews: The Ideological Implications of Greek Atomism. 2. Animal Rights. Introduction. 6. Immanuel Kant: Rational Beings Alone Have Moral Worth. 7. Peter Singer: A Utilitarian Defense of Animal Liberation. 8. Tom Regan: The Case for Animal Rights. 9. Mary Ann Warren: A Critique of Regan''s Rights Theory. 10. Dale Jamieson: Against Zoos. 3. Philosophical Theories of Nature: Biocentric and Ecocentric Ethics, and Deep Ecology. Introduction. Does Nature have Intrinsic Value? 11. Holmes Rolston III: Naturalizing Values: Organisms and Species. 12. Ned Hettinger: Comments on Rolston''s "Naturalizing Values". 13. John Stuart Mill: Nature. Biocentric Ethics. 14. Albert Schweitzer: Biocentrism: Reverence for Life. 15. Paul Taylor: Biocentric Egalitarianism. 16. Kenneth Goodpaster: On Being Morally Considerable. Ecocentric Ethics. 17. Aldo Leopold: Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic. 18. Baird Callicott: The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic. 19. Bill Throop and Ned Hettinger: Refocusing Ecocentrism: De-emphasizing Stability and Defending Wildness. 20. Michael Nelson: The Great New Wilderness Debate: An Overview. 21. Roger Paden: Two Kinds of Preservationist Ethics. Deep Ecology. 22. Arne Naess, The Shallow and the Deep Long-Range Ecological Movement. 23. Arne Naess, Ecosophy T: Deep versus Shallow Ecology. 24. Bill Devall and George Sessions: Deep Ecology. 25. Richard Watson: A Critique of Anti-Anthropocentic Ethics. 26. Murray Bookchin: Social Ecology versus Deep Ecology. 27. John Rodman: Ecological Sensibility. 28. James Sterba: Environmental Justice: Reconciling Anthropocentric and Nonanthropocentric Ethics. 4. Preservation of Species, Nature and Natural Objects. Introduction. 29. Donella Meadows: Biodiversity: The Key to Saving Life on Earth. 30. Lilly-Marlene Russow: Why Do Species Matter? 31. Stephen Jay Gould: The Golden RuleA Proper Scale of our Environmental Crisis. 32. Martin Krieger: What''s Wrong with Plastic Trees? 33. Robert Elliot: Faking Nature. 34. Christopher Stone: Should Trees Have Standing? 5. The Non-Western World and Environmental Theory. Introduction. 35. O. P. Dwivedi: Satyagraha for Conservation: A Hindu View. 36. Lily de Silva: The Buddhist Attitude Toward Nature. 37. Mawil Y. Izzi Deen: Islamic Environmental Ethics, Law, and Society. 38. Segun Ogungbemi: An African Perspective on the Environmental Crisis. 39. Ramachandra Guha: Radical Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third-World Critique. 6. Obligations to Future Generations. Introduction. 40. Robert Heilbroner: What Has Posterity Ever Done for Me? 41. Garrett Hardin: Who Cares for Posterity? 42. Martin Golding: Limited Obligations to Future Generations. 43. Derek Parfit: Energy Policy and the Further Future: The Identity Problem. Part Two: PRACTICE. Introduction. 7. Population: General Consideration. Introduction. 44. Bill McKibben: A Special Moment in History: The Challenge of Overpopulation and Overconsumption. 45. Garrett Hardin: The Tragedy of the Commons. 46. Jacqueline Kasun: The Unjust War against Population. 47. Jodi Jacobson: China''s Baby Budget. 48. Hugh LaFollette: Licensing Parents. 49. Clark Wolf: Population and the Environment. 8. Population and World Hunger. Introduction. 50. Garrett Hardin: Lifeboat Ethics. 51. William Murdoch and Allan Oaten: Population and Food: A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics. 52. Mylan Engel: Hunger, Duty and Ecology: What We Owe Starving Human Beings. 53. Jonathan Rauch: Can Frankenfood Save the Planet? 54. Tristram Coffin: The Damage Done by Cattle-Raising. 9. Pollution: General Considerations. Introduction. 55.