Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentials

ISBN 13:
9780205484935
ISBN 10:
020548493X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 05/06/2010
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
Newer Edition

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentialsis a concise, uncomplicated introduction to statistics for the social sciences. Written to be understandable to a broad range of readers, particularly those without a strong background in mathematics,Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentialsprovides clear, logical explanations for the rationale and use of statistical methods in social research. Detailed step-by-step illustrations of statistical procedures are located at important points throughout the book.Anyone interested in learning the basics of statistics for social science, but doesn't need the depth of detail of a 500-600 page book.

Preface

1 Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics

(18)

The Nature of Social Research

(1)

Why Test Hypotheses?

(2)

The Stages of Social Research

(1)

Using Series of Numbers To Do Social Research

(5)

The Functions of Statistics

(4)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(223)

LOOKING AT THE LARGER PICTURE

A Student Survey

(3)

PART ONE Description

(66)

2 Organizing the Data

(32)

Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data

(1)

Comparing Distributions

(1)

Proportions and Percentages

(1)

Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

(2)

Cumulative Distributions

(2)

Dealing with Decimal Data

(2)

Flexible Class Intervals

(2)

Cross-Tabulations

(6)

Graphic Presentations

(6)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(8)

3 Measures of Central Tendency

(14)

The Mode

(1)

The Median

(1)

The Mean

(2)

Taking One Step at a Time

(1)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Mode, Median, and Mean

(1)

Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean

(4)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(4)

4 Measures of Variability

(20)

The Range

(1)

The Variance and the Standard Deviation

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Standard Deviation

(1)

The Raw-Score Formula fir Variance and Standard Deviation

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Variance and Standard Deviation Using Raw Scores

(1)

The Meaning oldie Standard Deviation

(3)

Comparing Measures of Variability

(1)

Summary

(1)

Questions and Problems

(3)

LOOKING AT THE LARGER PICTURE

Describing Data

(5)

PART TWO From Description to Decision Making

(58)

5 Probability and the Normal Curve

(25)

Probability

(1)

Probability Distributions

(4)

The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution

(1)

Characteristics of the Normal Curve

(1)

The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve

(1)

The Area under the Normal Curve

(6)

Standard Scores and the Normal Curve

100

(4)

Finding Probability under the Normal Curve

104

(4)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Probability under the Normal Curve

104

(4)

Summary

108

(1)

Questions and Problems

109

(3)

6 Samples and Populations

112

(33)

Random Sampling

113

(1)

Sampling Error

114

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Means

115

(7)

Standard Error of the Mean

122

(1)

Confidence Intervals

123

(3)

The t Distribution

126

(8)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Confidence Interval Using t

131

(3)

Estimating Proportions

134

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Confidence Interval for Proportions

135

(1)

Summary

136

(1)

Questions and Problems

136

(9)

LOOKING AT THE LARGER PICTURE

Generalizing from Samples to Populations

140

(3)

PART THREE Decision Making

143

(94)

7 Testing Differences between Means

145

(38)

The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means

147

(1)

The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means

148

(1)

Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means

148

(4)

Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means

152

(3)

Levels of Significance

155

(5)

Standard Error of the Difference between Means

160

(1)

Testing the Difference between Means

161

(4)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Test of Difference between Means

162

(3)

Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice

165

(3)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Test of Difference between Means for Same Sample Measured Twice

166

(2)

Two-Sample Test of Proportions

168

(3)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Test of Difference between Proportions

169

(2)

Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means

171

(1)

Summary

172

(1)

Questions and Problems

172

(11)

8 Analysis of Variance

183

(24)

The Logic of Analysis of Variance

184

(2)

The Sum of Squares

186

(6)

Mean Square

192

(1)

The F Ratio

193

(3)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Analysis of Variance

196

(4)

Requirements for Using the F Ratio

200

(1)

Summary

200

(1)

Questions and Problems

201

(6)

9 Nonparametric Tests of Significance

207

(30)

The Chi-Square Test

208

(16)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Off-Square Test of Significance

213

(4)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Chi-Square Test for Several Groups

217

(7)

The Median Test

224

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Median Test

224

(2)

Summary

226

(1)

Questions and Problems

227

(12)

LOOKING AT THE LARGER PICTURE

Testing Differences

234

(3)

PART FOUR From Decision Making to Association

237

(66)

10 Correlation

239

(19)

Strength of Correlation

239

(1)

Direction of Correlation

240

(1)

Curvilinear Correlation

241

(1)

The Correlation Coefficient

241

(2)

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

243

(6)

A Simplified Method for Testing the Significance of r

249

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient

249

(2)

Summary

251

(1)

Questions and Problems

252

(6)

11 Regression Analysis

258

(17)

The Regression Model

259

(5)

Interpreting the Regression Line

264

(2)

Regression and Pearson's Correlation

266

(2)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Regression Analysis

267

(1)

Summary

268

(1)

Questions and Problems

269

(6)

12 Nonparametric Measures of Correlation

275

(28)

Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

275

(8)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Spearman 's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient

279

(4)

Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

283

(5)

STEP-BY-STEP ILLUSTRATION

Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma

284

(4)

Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 x 2 Table

288

(2)

Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2 x 2 Tables

290

(3)

Summary

293

(1)

Questions and Problems

293

(7)

LOOKING AT THE LARGER PICTURE

Measuring Association

300

(3)

PART FIVE Applying Statistics

303

(26)

13 Applying Statistical Procedures to Research Problems

305

(24)

Research Situations

309

(12)

Research Solutions

321

(8)

APPENDIXES

329

(22)

APPENDIX A A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics

330

(5)

Working with Decimals

330

(2)

Dealing with Negative Numbers

332

(1)

The Summation Sign

333

(2)

APPENDIX B Tables

335

(12)

APPENDIX C List of Formulas

347

(4)

Answers to Selected Problems

351

(6)

Index

357

Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentials

9780205484935

020548493X

Summary

Table of Contents

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Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentials

9780205484935

020548493X

Summary

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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