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Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

by: Schmalleger, Frank

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

by: Schmalleger, Frank

ISBN 13:
9780131701540
ISBN 10:
0131701541
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2006
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

The best-selling brief introduction to criminal justice text, Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Sixth Edition, continues to offer instructors and students a trusted, authoritative and impeccably researched introduction to the criminal justice system in America. Book jacket.

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

About the Author

xxi

PART 1 CRIME IN AMERICA

(106)

What Is Criminal Justice?

(24)

Introduction

(1)

A Brief History of Crime in America

(4)

CJ News First Enron Executive Goes to Prison

(2)

The Theme of this Book

(3)

Social Justice

(1)

American Criminal Justice: System and Functions

(2)

The Consensus Model

(1)

The Conflict Model

(2)

American Criminal Justice: The Process

(4)

Investigation and Arrest

(1)

Pretrial Activities

(2)

Adjudication

(1)

Sentencing

(1)

Corrections

(1)

Due Process and Individual Rights

(2)

The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights

(1)

The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control through Due Process

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

(1)

The Role of Research in Criminal Justice

(1)

CJ Careers U.S. Federal Government 2004 General Schedule (GS) Pay

(1)

Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice

(2)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Quest

(1)

The Crime Picture

(44)

Introduction

(1)

Crime Data and Social Policy

(1)

The Collection of Crime Data

(1)

The Uniform Crime Reports

(20)

Development of the UCR Program

(2)

Historical Trends

(1)

UCR Terminology

(3)

Part 1 Offenses

(5)

CJ News Bank Robbers Loving NYC

(1)

Multiculturalism and Diversity Race and the Criminal Justice System

(4)

CJ Exhibit 2--1 Identity Theft: A New Kind of Larceny

(1)

Part II Offences

(1)

Nibrs: The New UCR

(3)

The National Crime Victimization Survey

(1)

Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS

(2)

Problems with the UCR and the NCVS

(2)

Special Categories of Crime

(16)

Crime against Women

(2)

Multiculturalism and Diversity Gender Issues in Criminal Justice

(1)

CJ Exhibit 2--2 Offline versus Online Stalking: A Comparison

(1)

Crime against the Elderly

(1)

Hate Crime

(2)

Corporate and White-Collar Crime

(1)

Organized Crime

(1)

Gun Crime

(1)

Drug Crime

(1)

CJ Exhibit 2--3 Gun Control

(2)

CJ Careers Drug Enforcement Administration

(1)

High-Technology and Computer Crime

(1)

Terrorism

(2)

CJ Exhibit 2--4 What is Terrorist Activity?

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

(1)

Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Quest

(1)

Criminal Law

(37)

Introduction

(1)

The Nature and Purpose of Law

(1)

The Rule of Law

(1)

Types of Law

(3)

Criminal Law

(1)

Civil Law

(1)

Administrative Law

(1)

Case Law

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

(1)

Procedural Law

(1)

General Categories of Crime

(3)

Felonies

(1)

Misdemeanors

(1)

Offenses

(1)

Treason and Espionage

(1)

Inchoate Offenses

(1)

General Features of Crime

(4)

The Criminal Act (Actus Reus)

(1)

A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)

(1)

Concurrence

(1)

Other Features of Crime

(2)

Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense

(4)

The Example of Murder

(2)

The Corpus Delicti of a Crime

(1)

Multiculturalism and Diversity Islamic Law

(1)

Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge

(16)

Alibi

(1)

Justifications

(1)

Self-Defense

(1)

Defense of Others

(2)

Excuses

(5)

CJ Careers U.S. Secret Service---Uniformed Division

(3)

CJ News Texas Woman Who Killed Kids Acquitted

(2)

Procedural Defenses

101

(3)

Summary

104

(1)

Discussion Questions

105

(1)

Web Quest

105

(2)

PART 2 POLICING

107

(120)

Policing: Purpose and Organization

108

(30)

Introduction

110

(1)

The Police Mission

110

(4)

Enforcing the Law

110

(1)

Apprehending Offenders

111

(1)

Preventing Crime

111

(2)

Preserving the Peace

113

(1)

Providing Services

114

(1)

American Policing: From the Federal to the Local Level

114

(8)

Federal Agencies

114

(4)

CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Investigation

118

(1)

State-Level Agencies

119

(1)

Local Agencies

120

(1)

CJ News Sheriff's Hunt for Serial Killer Was a Mission, Not Just a Job

121

(1)

Police Administration

122

(10)

Policing Styles

123

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

124

(1)

Police-Community Relations

124

(6)

Scientific Police Management

130

(2)

Discretion and the Individual Officer

132

(4)

Summary

136

(1)

Discussion Questions

136

(1)

Web Quest

137

(1)

Policing: Legal Aspects

138

(46)

Introduction

140

(1)

The Abuse of Police Power

140

(3)

A Changing Legal Climate

142

(1)

Individual Rights

143

(1)

Due Process Requirements

143

(1)

Search and Seizure

144

(10)

The Exclusionary Rule

144

(2)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

146

(1)

The Warren Court (1953--1969)

146

(3)

The Burger (1969--1986) and Rehnquist (1986--Present) Courts

149

(5)

CJ Exhibit 5--1 Plain-View Requirements

154

(1)

Arrest

154

(13)

CJ News Court Permits Speedy Drug Raid

155

(2)

Searches Incident to Arrest

157

(2)

Emergency Searches of Persons

159

(1)

CJ Careers Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement

160

(1)

Vehicle Searches

161

(3)

Suspicionless Searches

164

(2)

High-Technology Searches

166

(1)

The Intelligence Function

167

(15)

Informants

167

(1)

Police Interrogation

168

(2)

The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation

170

(1)

Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision

171

(1)

CJ Exhibit 5--2 The Miranda Warnings

172

(3)

CJ Exhibit 5--3 Miranda Update

175

(1)

Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence

176

(1)

Electronic Eavesdropping

177

(3)

CJ Exhibit 5--4 The USA Patriot Act of 2001

180

(2)

Summary

182

(1)

Discussion Questions

183

(1)

Web Quest

183

(1)

Policing: Issues and Challenges

184

(43)

Introduction

186

(1)

Police Personality and Culture

186

(2)

Multiculturalism and Diversity Policing a Multicultural Society

187

(1)

Corruption and Integrity

188

(6)

Money---The Root of Police Evil?

192

(1)

Building Police Integrity

192

(1)

Drug Testing of Police Employees

193

(1)

The Dangers of Police Work

194

(5)

Violence in the Line of Duty

195

(1)

Risk of Disease and Infected Evidence

195

(2)

Stress and Fatigue among Police Officers

197

(2)

Terrorism's Impact on American Policing

199

(2)

Police Civil Liability

201

(3)

Common Sources of Civil Suits

201

(1)

Federal Lawsuits

202

(2)

Racial Profiling and Biased Policing

204

(2)

Racially Biased Policing

206

(1)

Police Use of Force

206

(7)

Deadly Force

208

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

209

(1)

Less-Lethal Weapons

210

(1)

CJ Careers Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

211

(1)

CJ News As Shocks Replace Bullets, Deaths Fall

212

(1)

Professionalism and Ethics

213

(4)

CJ Exhibit 6--1 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

214

(1)

Education and Training

214

(2)

Multiculturalism and Diversity Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting

216

(1)

Recruitment and Selection

216

(1)

Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing

217

(4)

Women as Effective Police Officers

220

(1)

Increasing the Number of Minorities and Women in Police Work

221

(1)

Private Protective Services

221

(3)

Integrating Public and Private Security

223

(1)

Summary

224

(1)

Discussion Questions

224

(1)

Web Quest

225

(2)

PART 3 ADJUDICATION

227

(110)

The Courts

228

(26)

Introduction

230

(1)

History and Structure of the American Court System

230

(2)

The State Court System

232

(6)

The Development of State Courts

232

(1)

State Court Systems Today

233

(5)

The Federal Court System

238

(5)

U.S. District Courts

238

(1)

U.S. Courts of Appeals

239

(1)

The U.S. Supreme Court

240

(2)

Multiculturalism and Diversity The International Criminal Court

242

(1)

Pretrial Activities

243

(9)

The First Appearance

244

(2)

CJ Exhibit 7--1 Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions

246

(3)

The Grand Jury

249

(1)

The Preliminary Hearing

250

(1)

Arraignment and the Plea

251

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Discussion Questions

253

(1)

Web Quest

253

(1)

The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial

254

(42)

Introduction

256

(1)

The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors

256

(18)

The Judge

258

(1)

The Prosecuting Attorney

259

(3)

The Defense Counsel

262

(3)

CJ News How Good a Defense Should a Suspect Gel?

265

(3)

CJ Exhibit 8--1 Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense

268

(2)

CJ Exhibit 8--2 American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility

270

(1)

The Bailiff

271

(1)

CJ Careers U.S. Marshals Service

271

(1)

Local Court Administrators

271

(1)

The Court Reporter

272

(1)

The Clerks of Court

272

(1)

The Expert Witness

272

(2)

Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants

274

(4)

Lay Witnesses

274

(1)

Jurors

275

(1)

The Victim

276

(1)

The Defendant

276

(1)

The Press

277

(1)

The Criminal Trial

278

(2)

Nature and Purpose of the Criminal Trial

279

(1)

Stages in a Criminal Trial

280

(13)

Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act

280

(1)

Jury Selection

281

(3)

CJ Exhibit 8--3 Peremptory Challenges and Race

284

(1)

Opening Statements

285

(1)

CJ Exhibit 8--4 Pretrial and Posttrial Motions

286

(1)

The Presentation of Evidence

287

(3)

Closing Arguments

290

(1)

The Judge's Charge to the Jury

290

(1)

Jury Deliberations and the Verdict

290

(2)

Multiculturalism and Diversity the Bilingual Courtroom

292

(1)

Improving the Adjudication Process

293

(1)

Summary

294

(1)

Discussion Questions

294

(1)

Web Quest

295

(1)

Sentencing

296

(41)

Introduction

298

(1)

The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing

298

(4)

Retribution

299

(1)

Incapacitation

299

(1)

Deterrence

300

(1)

Rehabilitation

300

(1)

Restoration

301

(1)

Indeterminate Sentencing

302

(2)

Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing

303

(1)

Structured Sentencing

304

(6)

Critiques of Structured Sentencing

305

(1)

CJ Exhibit 9--1 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances

306

(1)

Mandatory Sentencing

307

(1)

CJ Exhibit 9--2 Three Strikes and You're Out: A Brief History of the ``Get Tough on Crime'' Movement

308

(2)

Truth in Sentencing

310

(1)

Federal Sentencing Guidelines

310

(3)

Federal Guideline Provisions

310

(1)

Plea Bargaining under the Guidelines

311

(1)

CJ News: Sentencing Decision's Research Is Far and Wide: The Impact of Blakely v. Washington

312

(1)

Innovations in Sentencing

313

(2)

Questions about Alternative Sanctions

315

(1)

The Presentence Investigation

315

(1)

The Victim---Forgotten No Longer

316

(3)

CJ Exhibit 9--3 President Bush Calls for Victims' Rights Amendment

318

(1)

Victim-Impact Statements

319

(1)

Modern Sentencing Options

319

(3)

Fines

321

(1)

Death: The Ultimate Sanction

322

(12)

Habeas Corpus Review

324

(11)

Opposition to Capital Punishment

335

Justifications for Capital Punishment

328

(1)

CJ News Massachusetts Governor Names Panel to Draft New Death Penalty Bill

329

(1)

The Courts and the Death Penalty

329

(4)

The Future of the Death Penalty

333

(1)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

334

(1)

Summary

334

(1)

Discussion Questions

335

(1)

Web Quest

335

(2)

PART 4 CORRECTIONS

337

Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

338

(22)

Introduction

340

(1)

What Is Probation?

340

(2)

The Extent of Probation

340

(2)

Probation Conditions

342

(1)

What is Parole?

342

(2)

The Extent of Parole

342

(1)

Parole Conditions

343

(1)

Federal Parole

343

(1)

Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses

344

(2)

Advantages of Probation and Parole

344

(1)

Disadvantages of Probation and Parole

344

(1)

CJ News Florida Eyes Tougher Probation Laws

344

(2)

The Legal Environment

346

(2)

The Federal Probation System

348

(1)

The Job of Probation and Parole Officers

348

(3)

CJ Careers U.S. Probation Officer

349

(1)

The Challenges of the Job

350

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

351

(5)

Split Sentencing

352

(1)

Shock Probation and Shock Parole

352

(1)

Shock Incarceration

352

(2)

Mixed Sentencing and Community Service

354

(1)

Intensive Supervision

354

(1)

Home Confinement and Remote Location Monitoring

354

(2)

The Future of Probation and Parole

356

(2)

Summary

358

(1)

Discussion Questions

358

(1)

Web Quest

358

(2)

Prisons and Jails

360

(22)

Introduction

362

(1)

Prisons

362

(9)

The Philosophy of Imprisonment

364

(2)

Overcrowding

366

(2)

Security Levels

368

(1)

The Federal Prison System

369

(2)

Recent Improvements

371

(1)

Jails

371

(7)

CJ Careers Federal Bureau of Prisons

372

(1)

Women and Jail

373

(1)

The Growth of Jails

374

(2)

Direct-Supervision Jails

376

(1)

Jails and the Future

377

(1)

CJ Exhibit 11--1 American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers

378

(1)

Private Prisons

378

(3)

CJ Exhibit 11--2 Arguments for and Against the Privatization of Prisons

380

(1)

Summary

381

(1)

Discussion Questions

381

(1)

Web Quest

381

(1)

Prison Life

382

Introduction

384

(1)

Research on Prison Life: Total Institutions

384

(1)

The Male Inmate's World

384

(7)

CJ Exhibit 12--1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement

386

(1)

The Evolution of Prison Subcultures

386

(1)

The Functions of Prison Subcultures

387

(1)

Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types

387

(3)

Homosexually in Prison

390

(1)

The Female Inmate's World

391

(6)

CJ News Child Sleepovers at Prison Reviewed

394

(1)

Social Structure in Women's Prisons

395

(1)

Types of Female Inmates

396

(1)

Violence in Women's Prisons

396

(1)

The Staff World

397

(3)

Freedom or Safety? You Decide

398

(1)

CJ Exhibit 12--2 American Correctional Association Code of Ethics

399

(1)

The Professionalization of Correctional Officers

399

(1)

Prison Riots

400

(2)

Causes of Riots

400

(2)

Stages in Riots and Riot Control

402

(1)

Prisoners' Rights

402

(13)

The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights

403

(1)

Precedents in Prisoners's Rights

404

(5)

CJ Exhibit 12--3 Federal Oversight of the Texas Prison System: A Timeline

409

(2)

A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?

411

(3)

CJ Careers U.S. Customs and Border Protection

414

(1)

Issues Facing Prisons Today

415

(4)

Aids

415

(1)

Geriatric Offenders

416

(1)

Mentally Ill Inmates

417

(1)

Terrorism

418

(1)

Summary

419

(1)

Discussion Questions

419

(1)

Web Quest

420

Appendix A Bill of Rights

(2)

Appendix B List of Acronyms

Notes

(1)

Index

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

9780131701540

0131701541

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

Criminal Justice : A Brief Introduction

9780131701540

0131701541

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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