Crime Control in America : An Assessment of the Evidence

ISBN 13:
9780205418794
ISBN 10:
0205418791
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2008
Publisher: Allyn & Bacon
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Summary

Crime Control in America introduces readers to the many methods of crime control and reviews the research concerning the effectiveness of these methods.

Foreword

Todd R. Clear

Preface

xix

SECTION ONE Introduction

Identifying and Evaluating Crime Control

(26)

Crime Control and Prevention

(1)

The Crime Problem in America

(9)

Types of Crimes

(1)

The Ever-Expanding Criminal Law

(1)

Incidence of Crime

(1)

Costs of Crime and Criminals

(6)

Is Fear of Crime Worse Than Crime Itself?

(1)

Approaches, Not Just Policies

(3)

Laws

(1)

Official Policies, Written and Unwritten

(1)

Unofficial Approaches

(1)

Crime Control by Happenstance

(1)

On the Importance of Definitions

(2)

Defining the Crime Problem

(1)

Defining the Solution

(1)

Defining the Desired Outcome

(1)

Evaluating Success: An Impossible Task?

(3)

The Hard and Soft Sciences

(1)

The Elusive Criminal Justice Experiment

(1)

You Can Prove Anything with Statistics

(1)

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

(1)

Macro- and Micro-Level Crime Control

(1)

Can Crime Control Succeed without Research?

(1)

Displacement and Diffusion

(2)

Measuring Displacement and Diffusion

(1)

Buffer Zones and Catchment Areas

(1)

Summary

(1)

The Tentative Nature of Scientific Knowledge

(2)

The Measures Used

(1)

When New Data Become Available

(1)

Alternate Settings: The Generalization Problem

(1)

Other Concerns

(1)

How Resources Dictate Public Policy and Guide Research

(1)

Academic Crusaders and Bandwagon Science

(1)

How Crime Control Is Accomplished: A Preview

(1)

Guns and Drugs: The Real Attention Getters

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Effective Does Not Always Mean Best

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Crime Control Perspectives

(19)

Operational Perspectives

(5)

Due Process and Crime Control

(2)

System and Nonsystem

(1)

The Funnel Model of Justice

(2)

The Criminal Justice Wedding Cake

(1)

Political Perspectives

(5)

Liberals and Conservatives

(2)

Consensus and Conflict

(2)

Other Perspectives

(3)

Faith and Fact

(1)

Crime Control and Revenue Generation

(1)

Politics and Ivory Towers

(2)

Goals of Crime Control

(4)

Deterrence

(1)

Retribution

(1)

Incapacitation

(1)

Rehabilitation

(1)

Summary

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

SECTION TWO Law Enforcement Approaches

Traditional Policing

(21)

The Theory of Traditional Policing

(1)

Does Hiring More Cops Reduce Crime?

(7)

Reasons Why Hiring More Cops Might Not Reduce Crime

(2)

Lessons from Kansas City

(2)

The Post-Kansas City Intellectual Debate

(1)

The Violent Crime Control Act of 1994

(1)

What Happens When the Police Go on Strike?

(1)

A Very Thin Blue Line: Is There Really a Police Presence?

(1)

What Are They Doing on the Job?

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Freeing Up Resources

(1)

One- versus Two-Officer Patrols

(1)

311

(1)

Patrol Downtime Studies

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Removing Supposed Procedural Restraints

(4)

Abolish Miranda

(1)

Chuck the Exclusionary Rule

(2)

Does It Work?

(1)

The Problem with Being Reactive and Random

(3)

Reactive Policing

(1)

Rapid Response

(1)

Random Patrol

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Bring in the Detectives

(1)

The RAND Study

(1)

Recent Developments

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Other Traditional Approaches to Policing

(3)

Residency Requirements

(1)

College Degrees

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Proactive, Directed, and Creative Policing

(18)

Proactive Arrests

(2)

Proactive Arrests for High-Risk Repeat Offenders

(1)

Proactive Arrests for Specific Offenses

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Interrogations and Enhanced Supervision

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Directed Patrol

(3)

Classic Studies

(1)

Lawrence Sherman and the Hot Spots

(2)

Does It Work?

(1)

The Broken Windows Law Enforcement Approach

(3)

Fear, Disorder, and Crime

(1)

Quality-of-Life Policing

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

Police-Corrections Partnerships

(2)

What Does the Research Show?

(1)

Does It Work?

(1)

More Partnering: Multijurisdictional Drug Task Forces

(2)

Does It Work?

(1)

Compstat

(3)

Does It Work?

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Community Involvement in Policing

(19)

Community Justice

(1)

Problem-Oriented Policing

(1)

Community Policing: Some History

(2)

Reasons for Community Policing

(1)

Community Policing: What Is It?

(1)

Community Policing: Is It Really Happening?

(2)

Structural Change

(1)

Attitudinal Change

(1)

Summary

(1)

The Definition Problem Rears Its Head

(1)

Macro- and Micro-Level Research

(1)

Summary

(1)

Research on Community Policing's Effectiveness

(10)

Moving the Police into the Community

(6)

Does It Work?

(1)

Bringing the Community to the Police

100

(1)

Does It Work?

101

(1)

Integrated Community Policing

101

(2)

Does It Work?

103

(1)

Conclusion

103

(1)

Prosecutors and Crime Prosecutors Control

104

(21)

Prosecutors

105

(2)

Who Are the Prosecutors?

105

(1)

Have Prosecutors Been Forgotten?

106

(1)

The Shift toward Strategic Prosecution

106

(1)

The Harder Side of Prosecution

107

(6)

No-Drop Prosecution Policies

107

(1)

Police-Prosecutor Partnerships

108

(1)

Federal-State Partnerships

109

(2)

Project Safe Neighborhoods

111

(2)

Does It Work?

113

(1)

The Softer Side of Prosecution

113

(6)

Victim Assistance

113

(1)

Community Prosecution

114

(3)

Deferred Prosecution

117

(1)

Deferred Sentencing

118

(1)

Does It Work?

119

(1)

A Plea Bargaining Pandemic?

119

(5)

Arguments for and against Plea Bargaining

120

(1)

Attempts to Limit Plea Bargaining

121

(1)

Ad Hoc Plea Bargaining

122

(2)

Does It Work?

124

(1)

Conclusion

124

(1)

SECTION THREE Courts, Corrections, and Legislative Approaches

Incapacitation and Legislative Approaches

125

(25)

Pretrial Incapacitation

126

(2)

Preventive Detention

126

(1)

Setting Bail at a High Level

127

(1)

Does It Work?

128

(1)

Posttrial Incapacitation

128

(5)

More Prisoners, Less Crime?

128

(2)

Selective Incapacitation

130

(2)

Involuntary Civil Commitment

132

(1)

Does It Work?

133

(1)

Fines, Fees, and Forfeiture

133

(4)

Traditional Fines

133

(2)

Day Fines

135

(1)

Fees

136

(1)

Forfeiture

136

(1)

Does It Work?

137

(1)

Legislative Bans

137

(8)

Where There's a Demand, There's a Supply

137

(1)

Historical Lessons

138

(1)

Bans and Their Enforcement

139

(1)

Gun Bans

139

(2)

Drug Bans

141

(4)

Does It Work?

145

(1)

Restrictions, Regulations, and Buy-Backs

145

(3)

Altering Gun Designs

145

(1)

Regulating Gun Transactions

146

(1)

Denying Gun Ownership to Dangerous People

146

(1)

Buybacks

147

(1)

The Right-to-Carry Controversy

147

(1)

Does It Work?

148

(1)

Conclusion

148

(2)

Tough Sentencing and Deterrence

150

(22)

Types of Sentences

151

(1)

Does Sentence Length Matter?

151

(4)

Thinking about Various Types of Offenders

154

(1)

Can Incarceration Cause Crime?

154

(1)

Sentence Length and Crime

154

(1)

Does It Work?

155

(1)

Determinate Sentencing

155

(1)

The Hydraulic Displacement of Discretion

155

(1)

Impact on Prison Populations

155

(1)

Impact on Crime

156

(1)

Does It Work?

156

(1)

Sentence Enhancements

156

(2)

Sentence Enhancements for Guns

156

(2)

Sentence Enhancements for Hate-Motivated Offenses

158

(1)

Does It Work?

158

(1)

Mandatory Sentencing

158

(7)

A Life of Their Own?

158

(2)

Mandatory Sentences for Drug Offenders

160

(1)

Mandatory Sentences for Drunk Driving

161

(1)

Mandatory Sentences for Persistent Offenders

161

(1)

Three-Strikes Legislation

161

(4)

Mandatory Death Sentences?

165

(1)

Does It Work?

165

(1)

Capital Punishment

165

(2)

Our Stubborn Adherence to Capital Punishment

166

(1)

Does the Death Penalty Deter Crime?

167

(1)

Does It Work?

167

(1)

Deterring Sex Offenders

167

(3)

Megan's Laws

167

(2)

Chemical Castration

169

(1)

Does It Work?

170

(1)

Deterring Gang Violence with Injunctions

170

(1)

Does It Work?

171

(1)

Conclusion

171

(1)

Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions

172

(21)

The Organization and Administration of Probation and Parole

174

(1)

Probation

174

(1)

Parole

174

(1)

Common Probation and Parole Conditions

175

(1)

Probation and Parole Issues

175

(9)

To Serve or to Supervise

176

(3)

Caseload Concerns

179

(1)

Offender Characteristics over Time

180

(1)

Are Parolees Equipped to Reenter Society?

180

(3)

Consequences to Society of Prisoner Reentry

183

(1)

Is All Hope Lost? Improving Probation and Parole

183

(1)

Does It Work?

184

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

184

(8)

The Net Widening Problem

184

(1)

A Typology of Intermediate Sanctions

185

(1)

Community Restraints

185

(3)

Structure and Discipline

188

(1)

Hybrid Intermediate Sanctions

189

(1)

Does It Work?

190

(1)

Summary Thoughts

191

(1)

Conclusion

192

(1)

Rehabilitation, Treatment, and Job Training

193

(19)

A Movement toward the Left

194

(1)

Some Definitions

194

(1)

Criminals Are Not Created Equal

195

(1)

Risk

195

(1)

Needs

196

(1)

Responsivity

196

(1)

Rehabilitation

196

(6)

Targeting Cognitive Skills

196

(4)

Anger Management

200

(1)

Improving Victim Awareness

200

(1)

Life Skills Training

201

(1)

Does It Work?

202

(1)

Treatment

202

(4)

Treating Drug Addicts

202

(3)

Treating Sex Offenders

205

(1)

Does It Work?

206

(1)

Job Training

206

(4)

The Employment-Crime Connection

206

(1)

Job Training for Convicts

207

(2)

Job Training for the General Population

209

(1)

Housing Dispersal and Mobility Programs

209

(1)

Does It Work?

210

(1)

More Lessons from Meta-Analysis

210

(1)

Conclusion

211

(1)

Crime Control in the Courts and Beyond

212

(25)

Diversion

213

(2)

Examples of Programmatic Diversion

214

(1)

Diversion Evaluations

214

(1)

Does It Work?

215

(1)

Shaming

215

(5)

A Brief History of Shaming

216

(1)

Examples of Shaming Penalties

216

(1)

Criticisms of Shaming

217

(1)

Braithwaite's Reintegrative Shaming

218

(1)

Does Shaming Reduce Recidivism?

219

(1)

Does It Work?

219

(1)

Restorative Justice

220

(4)

Examples of Restorative Justice

222

(1)

What the Research Shows

222

(1)

Does It Work?

223

(1)

Problem-Solving Courts

224

(11)

Drug Courts

228

(1)

Domestic Violence Courts

229

(2)

Community Courts

231

(2)

Other Specialized Courts

233

(2)

Does It Work?

235

(1)

Conclusion

235

(2)

SECTION FOUR Approaches beyond the Criminal Justice System

Individual, Family, and Household Crime Control

237

(22)

Government May Still Be Involved

238

(1)

Individual Crime Control

238

(12)

Guns and Personal Defense

240

(6)

Risk-Avoidance Behaviors

246

(2)

Risk-Management Behaviors

248

(1)

Does It Work?

249

(1)

Household and Family Crime Control

250

(8)

The Aim of Crime Control in Households and Families

250

(1)

How Families Influence Delinquency and Youth Victimization

250

(2)

Varieties of Crime Control in Households and Families

252

(6)

Does It Work?

258

(1)

Conclusion

258

(1)

Crime Control in the Community and in Schools

259

(26)

Community Crime Control

260

(16)

What Is Community?

260

(1)

The Social Ecology of Crime

261

(5)

Financial Assistance to Communities

266

(3)

Other Methods of Community Crime Control

269

(7)

Does It Work?

276

(1)

School-Based Crime Control

276

(8)

Crime in Schools

276

(1)

The Role of Schools in Crime Control

277

(1)

The Role of the Government in School-Based Crime Control

277

(1)

Targeting the School Environment

277

(3)

Targeting Students

280

(4)

Does It Work?

284

(1)

Conclusion

284

(1)

Reducing Criminal Opportunities Through Environmental Manipulation

285

(18)

Some Perspective

286

(1)

A Quick Return to Theory

287

(3)

Rational Offenders

287

(1)

Crime Pattern Theory

287

(1)

Territorial Functioning and Defensible Space

288

(1)

The Return of the Broken Windows Theory

288

(2)

How Environmental Manipulation Occurs

290

(1)

Access Control

290

(1)

Surveillance

290

(1)

Activity Support

290

(1)

Motivation Reinforcement

291

(1)

The Effectiveness of Environmental Manipulations

291

(11)

Residential Areas

291

(3)

Businesses

294

(2)

Transportation

296

(2)

Other Places

298

(2)

Does It Work?

300

(2)

Conclusion

302

(1)

SECTION FIVE Juvenile Crime Control

Juvenile Crime Control

303

(25)

Enter the Justice System

304

(1)

The Importance of Communities, Families, and Schools

304

(1)

Juvenile Crime

304

(4)

Sources of Data

304

(1)

Trends in Juvenile Crime

305

(1)

The Contagious Nature of Juvenile Crime

306

(2)

Differences between the Adult and Juvenile Justice Systems

308

(3)

Procedural Issues

310

(1)

Detention Centers

310

(1)

Heavy Reliance on Probation

310

(1)

Recent Reforms in Juvenile Justice

311

(3)

Juvenile Waivers

311

(1)

Sentencing

311

(1)

More Accountability

312

(1)

Less Privacy

313

(1)

Procedural Protections

313

(1)

Summary

313

(1)

Making Sense of Juvenile Crime Control

314

(1)

A Return to the Control/Prevention Distinction

314

(1)

Juvenile Crime Prevention

314

(5)

Concrete Evidence?

315

(1)

Proven Prevention

315

(3)

Promising Prevention

318

(1)

Does It Work?

319

(1)

Juvenile Crime Control

319

(8)

Diversion

319

(3)

Traditional Adjudication

322

(2)

Targeting Curfew Violators

324

(1)

Juvenile Waivers

325

(1)

Habitual Juvenile Offender Laws

325

(1)

Juvenile Death Penalty

325

(1)

Does It Work?

325

(2)

Conclusion

327

(1)

SECTION SIX Conclusion

Putting It All Together and Explaining Crime Trends

328

(17)

A Quick Review

328

(3)

Effective Crime Control

329

(1)

Failures

330

(1)

Uncertainties

330

(1)

Three Important Themes

331

(2)

Beyond the Justice System

331

(1)

Early Intervention Is Key to Success

332

(1)

More Research is Needed

332

(1)

Explaining Crime Trends

333

(10)

Liberal Explanations

334

(4)

Conservative Explanations

338

(2)

Other Explanations

340

(2)

Summary

342

(1)

Conclusion

343

(2)

Appendix A An Ultra-Brief Introduction to Criminal Justice in the United States

345

(8)

Sources of Crime Statistics

345

(1)

The Actors

346

(2)

Executive Branch

347

(1)

Legislative Branch

347

(1)

Judicial Branch

347

(1)

The Process

348

(5)

Pretrial

348

(3)

Adjudication

351

(1)

Beyond Convinction

351

(1)

A Note Concerning Sanctions

352

(1)

Notes

353

(62)

Name Index

415

(4)

Subject Index

419

Crime Control in America : An Assessment of the Evidence

9780205418794

0205418791

Summary

Table of Contents

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Crime Control in America : An Assessment of the Evidence

9780205418794

0205418791

Summary

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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