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Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

by: O'Grady; Archibald; Aronoff

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

by: O'Grady; Archibald; Aronoff

ISBN 13:
9780312419363
ISBN 10:
0312419368
Edition: 5th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 12/20/2004
Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's
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Summary

Contemporary Linguisticsis the gold standard of introductory linguistics textbooks. Meticulously prepared, it is one of the most comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date introductory resources on the market. The book's extensive examples and exercises help students master the course material, and its lucid writing style makes complex concepts easy to understand.

Preface

vii

Preface to the First Edition

List of Technical Abbreviations

xxv

Language: A Preview

(14)

Specialization for Language

(1)

A Creative System

(3)

Grammar and Linguistic Competence

(10)

Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar

(1)

Parity: All Grammars Are Equal

(1)

Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways

(1)

Mutability: Grammars Change over Time

(1)

Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious

(1)

Summing Up

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Recommended Reading

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Phonetics: The Sounds of Language

(42)

Phonetic Transcription

(2)

Units of Representation

(1)

Segments

(1)

The Sound-Producing System

(2)

Glottal States

(1)

Sound Classes

(1)

Vowels, Consonants, and Glides (Syllabic and Nonsyllabic Elements)

(1)

Consonant Articulation

(3)

The Tongue

(1)

Places of Articulation

(2)

Manners of Articulation

(8)

Oral versus Nasal Phones

(1)

Stops

(2)

Fricatives

(1)

Affricates

(1)

Voice Lag and Aspiration

(1)

Liquids

(1)

Syllabic Liquids and Nasals

(1)

Glides

(1)

Vowels

(3)

Simple Vowels and Diphthongs

(1)

Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels

(1)

Tense and Lax Vowels

(1)

Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels

(2)

Suprasegmentals

(6)

Pitch: Tone and Intonation

(4)

Length

(1)

Stress

(1)

Speech Production

(5)

Coarticulation

(1)

Articulatory Processes

(1)

Some Common Articulatory Processes

(4)

Other Vowels and Consonants

(9)

Summing Up

(1)

Key Terms

(2)

Recommended Reading

(1)

Exercises

(3)

For the Student Linguist: ``Don't Worry about Spelling''

(2)

Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds

(54)

Segments in Contrast

(3)

Minimal Pairs

(2)

Language-Specific Contrasts

(1)

Phonetically Conditioned Variation: Phonemes and Allophones

(7)

Complementary Distribution

(1)

Phonemes and Allophones

(1)

Classes and Generalization in Phonology

(1)

Canadian Raising

(2)

English Mid Vowels and Glides

(1)

Language-Specific Patterns

(1)

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription

(3)

Phonetic and Phonemic Inventories

(1)

Features

(11)

Why We Use Features

(4)

Feature Representations

(7)

Above the Segment: Syllables

(8)

Defining the Syllable

(2)

Onset Constraints and Phonotactics

(1)

Language-Specific Phonotactics

(1)

Setting Up Syllables

(2)

Syllabic Phonology

(2)

Derivations and Rules

(20)

The Form and Notation of Rules

(3)

Derivations

(1)

Rule Application

(1)

Processes and Rules: A Last Word

(1)

Summing Up

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Recommended Reading

(1)

Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems

(2)

Exercises

101

(7)

For the Student Linguist: ``The Feature Presentation''

108

(3)

Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure

111

(40)

Words and Word Structure

112

(6)

Morphemes

113

(1)

Analyzing Word Structure

114

(4)

Derivation

118

(5)

Some English Derivational Affixes

119

(3)

Two Classes of Derivational Affixes

122

(1)

Compounding

123

(4)

Properties of Compounds

124

(1)

Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds

125

(1)

Compounds in Other Languages

125

(2)

Inflection

127

(6)

Inflection in English

127

(1)

Inflection versus Derivation

128

(2)

How Inflection Is Marked

130

(3)

Other Inflectional Phenomena

133

(1)

Other Morphological Phenomena

133

(5)

Cliticization

134

(1)

Conversion

134

(1)

Clipping

135

(1)

Blends

135

(1)

Backformation

136

(1)

Acronyms

137

(1)

Onomatopoeia

137

(1)

Other Sources of New Words

137

(1)

Morphophonemics

138

(13)

Summing Up

139

(1)

Key Terms

139

(1)

Recommended Reading

140

(1)

Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages

140

(2)

Exercises

142

(5)

For the Student Linguist: ``Bambification''

147

(4)

Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure

151

(50)

Categories and Structure

152

(10)

Categories of Words

152

(3)

Phrase Structure

155

(5)

Sentences

160

(1)

Tests for Phrase Structure

161

(1)

Complement Options

162

(5)

Complement Options for Verbs

163

(1)

Complement Options for Other Categories

164

(1)

Complement Clauses

165

(2)

Move

167

(10)

Yes-No Questions

167

(4)

Deep Structure and Surface Structure

171

(1)

Do Insertion

172

(1)

Wh Movement

173

(4)

Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation

177

(5)

Verb Raising

178

(4)

Some Additional Structures

182

(19)

Coordination

182

(2)

Relative Clauses

184

(2)

Passives

186

(2)

Summing Up

188

(1)

Key Terms

188

(2)

Recommended Reading

190

(1)

Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures

190

(5)

Exercises

195

(3)

For the Student Linguist: ``Backwards''

198

(3)

Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning

201

(44)

The Nature of Meaning

202

(7)

Semantic Relations among Words

202

(2)

Semantic Relations Involving Sentences

204

(2)

What Is Meaning?

206

(3)

The Conceptual System

209

(8)

Fuzzy Concepts

210

(1)

Metaphor

211

(1)

The Lexicalization of Concepts

212

(4)

Grammaticization

216

(1)

Syntax and Sentence Interpretation

217

(11)

Constructional Meaning

217

(2)

Structural Ambiguity

219

(2)

Thematic Roles

221

(4)

The Interpretation of Pronouns

225

(3)

Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation

228

(17)

The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes

228

(1)

Setting

229

(1)

Discourse

230

(2)

Conversational Maxims

232

(2)

Summing Up

234

(1)

Key Terms

235

(1)

Recommended Reading

236

(1)

Exercises

236

(5)

For the Student Linguist: ``Elvis's Biggest Fan Cleans Out Bank--Accomplice Launders the Dough''

241

(4)

Historical Linguistics: The Study of Language Change

245

(46)

The Nature of Language Change

246

(3)

Systematicity of Language Change

247

(1)

Causes of Language Change

247

(2)

Sound Change

249

(11)

Sequential Change

249

(7)

Segmental Change

256

(1)

Auditorily Based Change

257

(1)

Phonetic versus Phonological Change

257

(3)

Morphological Change

260

(5)

Addition of Affixes

260

(1)

Loss of Affixes

261

(2)

From Synthetic to Analytic to Synthetic

263

(1)

Analogy

263

(1)

Reanalysis

264

(1)

Syntactic Change

265

(3)

Word Order

265

(2)

Inversion in the History of English

267

(1)

Lexical and Semantic Change

268

(4)

Addition of Lexical Items

268

(4)

Loss of Lexical Items

272

(1)

Language Reconstruction

272

(19)

Comparative Reconstruction

273

(1)

Techniques of Reconstruction

274

(5)

The Discovery of Indo-European

279

(3)

Summing Up

282

(1)

Key Terms

283

(1)

Recommended Reading

284

(1)

Exercises

284

(7)

The Classification of Languages

291

(34)

Some Preliminaries

291

(4)

Dialect and Language

292

(2)

Types of Classification

294

(1)

Typological Classification

295

(18)

Phonology

296

(7)

Morphology

303

(3)

Syntax

306

(4)

Explaining Universals

310

(3)

Genetic Classification

313

(12)

The Indo-European Family

314

(4)

Some Other Families

318

(3)

Language Phyla

321

(1)

Summing Up

321

(1)

Key Terms

321

(1)

Recommended Reading

322

(1)

Exercises

322

(3)

Indigenous Languages of North America

325

(18)

Origin and Classification

326

(3)

Ultimate Origins

326

(1)

Historical Relationships in North America

327

(2)

Phonetics and Phonology

329

(2)

Velar, Uvular, and Pharyngeal Articulations

329

(1)

Lateral Fricatives

329

(1)

Glottalized Stops and Affricates (Ejectives)

330

(1)

Vowels and Suprasegmental Features

330

(1)

Sounds Not Frequently Found

331

(1)

Morphology and Syntax

331

(9)

The Structure of Words

331

(3)

Grammatical Categories

334

(3)

Noun Classification

337

(3)

The Future of Indigenous North American Languages

340

(3)

Summing Up

341

(1)

Key Terms

341

(1)

Recommended Reading

342

(1)

Natural Sign Languages

343

(18)

Phonology

344

(4)

Formational Elements

345

(1)

Combining Formational Elements

346

(1)

Prosody

346

(2)

Morphology

348

(5)

Word Formation

348

(1)

Verb Agreement

349

(1)

Classified Constructions

350

(3)

Syntax

353

(5)

Recursion

353

(3)

Word Order

356

(1)

Sign Language and Universal Grammar

357

(1)

Language as an Art Form: Sign Language Poetry

358

(3)

Summing Up

359

(1)

Key Terms

359

(1)

Recommended Reading

360

(1)

First Language Acquisition

361

(38)

The Study of Language Acquisition

362

(2)

Methods

362

(2)

Phonological Development

364

(5)

Babbling

365

(1)

The Developmental Order

365

(1)

Early Phonetic Processes

366

(3)

Vocabulary Development

369

(6)

Strategies for Acquiring Word Meaning

370

(1)

Meaning Errors

371

(4)

Morphological Development

375

(3)

Overgeneralization

375

(1)

A Developmental Sequence

376

(1)

Word-Formation Processes

377

(1)

Syntactic Development

378

(7)

The One-Word Stage

378

(1)

The Two-Word Stage

379

(1)

The Telegraphic Stage

380

(1)

Later Development

381

(2)

The Interpretation of Sentence Structure

383

(2)

What Makes Language Acquisition Possible?

385

(14)

The Role of Adult Speech

386

(1)

The Role of Feedback

387

(2)

The Role of Cognitive Development

389

(1)

The Role of Inborn Knowledge

390

(2)

Is There a Critical Period?

392

(1)

Summing Up

393

(1)

Key Terms

393

(1)

Recommended Reading

394

(1)

Exercises

394

(5)

Second Language Acquisition

399

(36)

The Study of Second Language Acquisition

400

(5)

The Role of the First Language

400

(1)

The Nature of an Interlanguage

401

(1)

The Final State

402

(2)

Variation in Performance

404

(1)

Interlanguage Grammars

405

(15)

L2 Phonology

406

(6)

L2 Syntax

412

(3)

L2 Morphology

415

(3)

Morphology and Syntax

418

(2)

Factors Affecting SLA

420

(4)

Age

420

(1)

Individual Differences

421

(3)

The L2 Classroom

424

(11)

Modified Input

425

(1)

Modified Interaction

425

(1)

Focus on Form

425

(2)

Education in a Bilingual Environment

427

(4)

Summing Up

431

(1)

Key Terms

431

(1)

Recommended Reading

432

(1)

Exercises

433

(2)

Psycholinguistics: The Study of Language Processing

435

(28)

Methods of Psycholinguistic Research

436

(9)

Slips of the Tongue

436

(2)

Experimental Methods: Words in the Mind

438

(3)

Experimental Methods: Sentence Processing

441

(2)

Brain Activity: Event-Related Potentials

443

(2)

Language Processing and Linguistics

445

(9)

Phonetics and Phonology

445

(3)

Morphological Processing

448

(3)

Syntax

451

(3)

Putting It All Together: Psycholinguistic Modeling

454

(9)

The Use of Metaphors in Psycholinguistic Modeling

456

(3)

Which Model Is Right?

459

(1)

Summing Up

460

(1)

Key Terms

460

(1)

Recommended Reading

461

(1)

Exercises

461

(2)

Brain and Language

463

(22)

The Human Brain

464

(4)

The Cerebral Cortex

464

(1)

The Cerebral Hemispheres

464

(3)

The Lobes of the Cortex

467

(1)

Investigating the Brain

468

(4)

Autopsy Studies

468

(1)

Images of the Living Brain

469

(2)

Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections

471

(1)

Aphasia

472

(4)

Nonfluent Aphasia

473

(2)

Fluent Aphasia

475

(1)

Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia

476

(2)

Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia

476

(1)

Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit

477

(1)

Linguistic Theory and Aphasia

478

(7)

Features, Rules, and Underlying Forms

478

(1)

Agrammatism

479

(1)

Function Words

479

(1)

The Loss of Syntactic Competence

480

(1)

Agrammatism in Other Languages

480

(1)

Where Is Language?

481

(1)

Summing Up

481

(1)

Key Terms

482

(1)

Recommended Reading

483

(1)

Exercises

483

(2)

Language in Social Contexts

485

(46)

Sociolinguistics of Language

486

(13)

Discourse Analysis

486

(6)

Solidarity and Power

492

(7)

Sociolinguistics of Society

499

(32)

Sociolinguistic Norms

499

(6)

Social Influence on Variation

505

(13)

Languages in Contact

518

(6)

Summing Up

524

(1)

Key Terms

525

(1)

Recommended Reading

526

(1)

Exercises

527

(1)

For the Student Linguist: ``When Language Goes Bad''

527

(4)

Writing and Language

531

(24)

Types of Writing

532

(1)

Logographic Writing

532

(1)

Phonographic Writing

532

(1)

The Early History of Writing

533

(2)

Prewriting

533

(1)

Pictograms

534

(1)

The Development of Writing

535

(6)

Rebuses

536

(1)

Toward Syllabic Writing

536

(1)

Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphs

537

(1)

The Emergence of Alphabets

538

(3)

Some Non-European Writing Systems

541

(5)

Chinese Writing

541

(2)

Japanese Writing

543

(2)

Korean Writing

545

(1)

Cherokee Writing

546

(1)

English Orthography

546

(4)

Irregularities

547

(2)

Obstacles to Reform

549

(1)

Writing and Reading

550

(5)

Summing Up

551

(1)

Key Terms

551

(1)

Recommended Reading

552

(1)

Exercises

552

(3)

Animal Communication

555

(32)

Nonvocal Communication

556

(1)

Communication Structure: The Study of Signs

556

(4)

Signs

557

(1)

Types of Signs

558

(1)

Sign Structure

559

(1)

A View of Animal Communication

559

(1)

The Bees

560

(3)

The System

561

(1)

Bees and Humans

562

(1)

The Birds

563

(4)

Bird Vocalization

563

(2)

Birds and Humans

565

(2)

Nonhuman Primates

567

(6)

Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication

568

(1)

Prosimian Communication

568

(1)

Monkeys

569

(2)

Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees

571

(2)

Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability

573

(7)

Some Experiments

573

(1)

Nonsigning Experiments

574

(1)

The Clever Hans Controversy

575

(1)

The Great Ape Debate

576

(3)

Implications

579

(1)

Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features

580

(7)

The Features

580

(3)

Summing Up

583

(1)

Key Terms

584

(1)

Recommended Reading

585

(1)

Exercises

585

(2)

Computational Linguistics

587

(40)

Computational Phonetics and Phonology

589

(5)

The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis

589

(4)

Speech Recognition

593

(1)

Computational Morphology

594

(4)

Morphological Processes

594

(3)

Some Problems in Computational Morphology

597

(1)

Computational Syntax

598

(8)

Natural Language Analysis

598

(6)

Natural Language Generation

604

(2)

Computational Lexicography

606

(4)

Computational Semantics

610

(3)

Pragmatics

613

(2)

Reference Resolution

613

(1)

Discourse Markers

614

(1)

Spoken Dialogue

615

(1)

Applications of Computational Linguistics

615

(12)

Indexing and Concordances

616

(1)

Information Accessing and Retrieval

617

(2)

Automatic Summarization

619

(1)

Machine Translation

619

(2)

Spoken-Dialogue Systems

621

(1)

Summing Up

622

(1)

Key Terms

623

(1)

Recommended Web Sites

624

(1)

Recommended Reading

624

(1)

Exercises

625

(2)

Glossary

627

(38)

Language Index

665

(6)

Index

671

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

9780312419363

0312419368

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

9780312419363

0312419368

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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