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Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

by: MILLER/HESS

Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

by: MILLER/HESS

ISBN 13:
9780534628888
ISBN 10:
0534628885
Edition: 4th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/13/2004
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Section One: AN OVERVIEW. 1. The Evolution of Community Policing. 2. Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture. 3. Understanding and Involving the Community. 4. Problem Solving: Proactive Policing. 5. Implementing Community Policing. Section Two: GETTING THE JOB DONE. 6. Communicating Effectively--One on One. 7. Building Partnerships: Indispensable to Community Policing. 8. Forming Partnerships with the Media. Section Three: COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COORDINATED STRATEGIES. 9. Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies. 10. Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime. 11. Community Policing and Drugs. 12. Bringing Youths into Community Policing. 13. Community Policing and Gangs. 14. Understanding and Preventing Violence. 15. What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future. Epilogue. Glossary. Author Index. Subject Index.

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxii

Foreword

xxiii

About the Authors

xxiv

SECTION I AN OVERVIEW

(132)

The Evolution of Community Policing

(23)

Introduction

(1)

A Brief History of Policing

(1)

The Beginnings of ``Modern'' Police Forces

(1)

Policing in the United States

(2)

Policing in the Southern States

(1)

The Three Eras of Policing

(8)

The Political Era (1840 to 1930)

(1)

The Reform Era (1930 to 1980)

(6)

The Community Era (1980 to Present)

(1)

Community Policing Defined

(2)

Features of Community Policing

(1)

Four Essential Elements of Community Policing

(1)

The Philosophical Dimension

(1)

The Strategic Dimension

(1)

The Tactical Dimension

(1)

The Organizational Dimension

(1)

Other Views of the Elements of Community Policing

(1)

The Three Generations of Community Policing

(1)

First Generation: Innovation (1979 through 1986)

(1)

Second Generation: Diffusion (1987 through 1994)

(1)

Third Generation: Institutionalization (1995 to Present)

(1)

Summary

(3)

Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture

(23)

Introduction

(1)

The Police Mission

(4)

Fighting Crime versus Service to the Public

(2)

Neighborhood Cops or Special Ops?

(1)

Who Are the Police?

(1)

The Police Culture

(3)

The Police Image

(3)

Sources of the Police Image

(2)

Personal Contacts

(1)

Public Expectations

(1)

Police Discretion

(3)

Reasons for Police Discretion

(1)

Changes in Police Discretion

(1)

The Downside of Police Discretion

(1)

Discretion and the Police Image

(1)

Use of Force

(1)

Ethical Policing

(4)

Ethical Dilemmas

(1)

Police Corruption

(1)

Investigative Commissions

(1)

Summary

(3)

Understanding and Involving the Community

(27)

Introduction

(1)

Community Defined

(1)

Social Capital

(2)

Community Factors Affecting Social Capital

(1)

Lack of Community

(1)

Broken Windows

(1)

Communities and Crime

(1)

Community Demographics

(1)

A Rapidly Changing Population

(2)

Organizations and Institutions

(1)

The Public-Private Policing Interaction

(1)

The Power Structure

(1)

The Criminal Justice System

(3)

Controversial Issues

(1)

Restorative Justice

(1)

Citizen Involvement in the Law Enforcement Community

(8)

Civilian Review Boards

(3)

Citizen Patrol

(1)

Citizen Police Academies

(1)

Ride-Along Programs

(1)

Summary

(3)

Problem Solving: Proactive Policing

(27)

Introduction

(1)

From Incidents to Problems

(3)

Community Policing Compared to Problem-Oriented Policing

(1)

Being Efficient and Effective

(1)

Addressing Substantive Problems

(1)

The SARA Model: A Four-Stage Problem-Solving Process

(8)

Scanning and Analysis

(4)

Assessing Responses to Problems

(1)

The SARA Model in Action

(2)

Making Ethical Decisions

(1)

Mediation as a Problem-Solving Tool

(1)

Problem-Solving Policing and Crime-Specific Planning

(1)

Crime Analysis

(1)

Using Technology for Problem Solving

(4)

CompStat

(1)

Crime Mapping---Geographic Information Systems

(1)

Geographic Profiling

(2)

Common Mistakes in Problem Solving

(1)

Problem Solving and Creativity

(1)

Problem Solving at Work

(3)

Promising Practices from the Field

(1)

The International Association of Chiefs of Police's Community Policing Awards

(1)

2002 IACP Community Policing Award Winner, Category---Agency Serving a Population of 50,001 to 100,000 Residents: Gastonia, NC Police Department

(1)

Summary

100

(3)

Implementing Community Policing

103

(30)

Introduction

104

(1)

Change

105

(1)

Needed Changes

106

(1)

Management Styles

107

(1)

Creating a Vision and Mission Statement

108

(1)

Assessing Needs

109

(3)

Analyzing the Department

109

(2)

Analyzing the Community

111

(1)

Strategic Planning

112

(2)

Developing Strategies

114

(1)

Hiring and Promoting

115

(1)

Training

116

(2)

An Example of Implementing Community Policing

118

(4)

Lessons Learned from Team Policing

121

(1)

Doing the Little Things---A Shift in Policy Focus

122

(1)

Benefits That Might Be Achieved

122

(1)

Resistance to Community Policing

123

(1)

Pitfalls to Avoid

123

(4)

Reconciling Expectations and Results

123

(1)

The Specialized Unit Approach

124

(1)

Community Empowerment

124

(2)

Taking Advantage of Your Position

126

(1)

Misrepresentation---Talking the Talk without Walking the Walk

126

(1)

Impediments to Overcome

127

(1)

Evaluating Progress

128

(1)

Giving COP Implementation a Boost

129

(1)

Summary

129

(4)

SECTION II BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS AND TRUST

133

(110)

Communicating Effectively---One on One

135

(38)

Introduction

136

(2)

Understanding One's Self

138

(1)

Prejudice, Bias, Stereotyping and Discrimination

138

(1)

Understanding Others

139

(1)

The Communication Process

139

(3)

Nonverbal Communication and Body Language

140

(1)

Barriers to Communication

141

(1)

Active Listening

142

(1)

Lessons from Business

142

(2)

Networking

142

(1)

A Service Orientation: The Citizen as Customer

143

(1)

Diversity: An Overview

144

(14)

Racism

146

(1)

Racial Disparity

146

(3)

Racial Profiling

149

(3)

Strategies to Overcome Barriers Based on Racial and Ethnic Diversity

152

(1)

Religious Diversity

153

(1)

Socioeconomic Diversity

154

(3)

The Powerful and Connected

157

(1)

Facing the Challenge

157

(1)

A Cultural Diversity Value Statement

158

(1)

Persons with Disabilities

158

(4)

Understanding Physical and Mental Disabilities

158

(4)

The Elderly

162

(2)

Our Nation's Youths

164

(2)

Youths with Special Needs and the Police

164

(2)

Victims and Witnesses

166

(3)

Results of Being Victimized

166

(1)

Nonreporting of Victimization

166

(1)

Assisting Victims

167

(2)

Agencies That Can Assist

169

(1)

The Direction of Victims' Rights and Services in the Twenty-First Century

169

(1)

Summary

169

(4)

Building Partnerships: The Glue of Community Policing

173

(36)

Introduction

174

(1)

Why Partnerships?

175

(1)

The Core Components of a Partnership or Collaboration

176

(8)

Stakeholders

176

(2)

Active Community Involvement

178

(1)

Building Trust

178

(3)

A Shared Vision and Common Goals

181

(2)

The Remaining Core Components of Successful Collaboration and Partnerships

183

(1)

Criticisms of Partnerships

184

(1)

Making Time for Partnering and Problem Solving: Call Management or Call Reduction

184

(4)

Calls for Service and Problem Solving

187

(1)

Citizen Police Academies

188

(2)

Some Key Collaborators

190

(11)

Prosecutors

190

(4)

Community Courts

194

(1)

Community Corrections

195

(1)

Other Government Agencies

196

(1)

Private Security Providers

196

(1)

Victims

197

(1)

The Elderly

198

(2)

Taxi Drivers

200

(1)

Building Partnerships in a Variety of Neighborhoods

201

(1)

Successful Partnerships in Action

202

(1)

Partnerships to Accommodate the Homeless

203

(1)

A More Complex Partnership

203

(2)

Communication/Networking

203

(1)

Cooperation

203

(1)

Coordination

203

(1)

Collaboration Forming

204

(1)

Successful Law Enforcement/Community Partnership in Action

204

(1)

IACP Community Policing Award-Winning Category---Agency Serving a Population of 100,001 to 250,000 Residents---Halton, Ontario, Regional Police Service

205

(1)

The Problem

205

(1)

The Solution

205

(1)

Evaluation

206

(1)

Summary

206

(3)

Forming Partnerships with the Media

209

(34)

Introduction

210

(1)

Mutual Reliance of the Police and the Media

211

(1)

The First Amendment and Freedom of the Press

212

(2)

The Media and the Public's Fear of Crime

212

(1)

The Media's Impact on the Criminal Justice System

213

(1)

Freedom of Information Act

214

(1)

The Sixth Amendment, Suspects' Rights and Criminal Investigations

214

(1)

Leaks

214

(1)

Victim Privacy Rights

215

(2)

Conflict between the Media and the Police

217

(6)

Differing Perspectives

219

(1)

Sources of Conflict

220

(3)

Benefits of Conflict

223

(1)

General Policies and Protocol for Media Relations

223

(7)

Being Professional When Interviewed

224

(1)

Lying to the Media

225

(1)

Public Information Officers

226

(2)

Policies Regarding Photographing and Videotaping

228

(2)

Understanding and Improving Relations with the Media

230

(2)

Strategies for Developing Partnerships with the Media

232

(4)

Marketing Community Policing

236

(2)

Publicity as a Means to Prevent Crime

238

(1)

Summary

239

(4)

SECTION III COMMUNITY POLICING IN THE FIELD: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS

243

(245)

Early Experiments in Crime Prevention and the Evolution of Community Policing Strategies

245

(40)

Introduction

246

(1)

Traditional Approaches to Crime Prevention

247

(5)

Street Lighting Projects

248

(1)

Property Identification Projects

248

(1)

Crime Prevention Security Surveys

248

(1)

Citizen Patrol Projects

249

(1)

Citizen Crime Reporting, Neighborhood or Block Programs

249

(1)

Special Crime Watch Programs

250

(2)

Other Efforts to Enhance Crime Prevention

252

(3)

National Night Out

252

(1)

Organizations Focused on Crime Prevention

252

(2)

Using Volunteers

254

(1)

Traditional Programs for Youths

255

(2)

The McGruff ``Take a Bite Out of Crime'' Program

255

(1)

Police Athletic Leagues

255

(1)

Officer Friendly

255

(1)

Police Explorers

256

(1)

Police-School Liaison Programs

256

(1)

The DARE Program

257

(1)

Empirical Studies of Community Policing

257

(7)

Flint, Michigan

258

(1)

Newark 1

259

(1)

Newark 2

259

(1)

Oakland

260

(1)

San Diego

260

(1)

Houston

260

(1)

Boston

261

(1)

Baltimore County

261

(1)

Summary and Implications of the Experiments

261

(2)

Fear-Reduction Strategies Experiments Compared

263

(1)

Other Crime Prevention Program Studies in the 1980s

264

(3)

The Seattle Program

265

(1)

The Portland Program

266

(1)

The Hartford Experiment

266

(1)

The Portland Commercial Demonstration Project

267

(3)

Community Policing and the Criminal Justice System

270

(3)

Community Policing and the Courts

270

(1)

Community Policing and Corrections

271

(1)

Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council

272

(1)

Early Efforts Using the Media in Crime Prevention Efforts

273

(2)

The ``McGruff'' National Media Campaign

273

(1)

Police-Community Anticrime Newsletters

274

(1)

Lessons Learned

275

(1)

Qualitative Evaluations and Salient Program Features

275

(3)

Impediments to Community Policing Revisited

278

(1)

Cost versus Benefit

279

(1)

A Final Note: The Important Distinction between Programs and Community Policing

279

(1)

Summary

280

(5)

Safe Neighborhoods and Communities: From Traffic Problems to Crime

285

(32)

Introduction

286

(2)

Traffic Enforcement and Safety

288

(6)

Corridor Safety Programs

289

(1)

Speeding in Residential Areas

289

(1)

Street Racing

290

(1)

Red Light Running

290

(1)

Impaired Drivers

291

(1)

Nonuse of Seat Belts

292

(1)

Safe Communities

293

(1)

Addressing Disorder Concerns

294

(1)

Reducing the Fear of Crime

295

(1)

National Emphasis on Community Policing and Crime Prevention

296

(2)

The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services

296

(1)

The Community Policing Consortium

297

(1)

The Weed and Seed Program

297

(1)

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

298

(1)

The Importance of Place

299

(1)

The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm

300

(1)

Partnerships to Prevent or Reduce Crime and Disorder

301

(1)

Business Anticrime Groups

301

(1)

Local Government--Community Crime Prevention Coalitions

301

(1)

Community Coalitions

302

(1)

Cooperation with Grassroots Organizations

302

(1)

Working with Landlords and Residents of Public Housing

302

(1)

Using Advances in Technology to Fight Crime

302

(1)

Preventing Burglary of Single-Family Houses

303

(1)

Preventing Burglary in Public Housing

303

(1)

Preventing Burglary of Retail Establishments

304

(1)

Preventing Shoplifting

304

(1)

Preventing Robberies at Automated Teller Machines

305

(1)

Preventing Assaults in and around Bars

305

(1)

Preventing Street Prostitution

306

(1)

Preventing Theft of and from Vehicles

307

(1)

Partnerships in Action Against Crime and Disorder

308

(2)

Gastonia (North Carolina) Police Department Award Winner

310

(2)

The Problem

310

(1)

The Solution

310

(1)

Evaluation

311

(1)

Summary

312

(5)

Community Policing and Drugs

317

(33)

Introduction

318

(1)

The ``War on Drugs''

319

(1)

The National Drug Control Strategy

320

(1)

Stopping Drug Use before It Starts

321

(2)

The DARE Program

321

(1)

A Reality-Based Approach to Drug Education

322

(1)

Strategies for Dealing with the Drug Problem

323

(5)

Available Grants to Assist in Implementing Selected Strategies

328

(1)

Weed and Seed Funding

328

(1)

Drug-Free Community Funding

328

(1)

Addressing Drug Dealing in Privately Owned Apartment Complexes

329

(2)

Conditions Making Apartment Complexes Susceptible to Drug Dealing

330

(1)

Enlisting Property Owners' Help in Closing a Drug Market

330

(1)

Collaborative Efforts to Combat the Drug Problem

331

(2)

Comprehensive, Coordinated Community Approaches

333

(4)

A Drug Problem in New York City

334

(3)

Getting Impaired Drivers Off the Street

337

(1)

Underage Alcohol Use

337

(7)

Hearings before the U.S. Senate on Governmental Affairs

338

(3)

Strategies to Combat Underage Drinking

341

(1)

Educating Students about the Effects of Alcohol

342

(1)

Rave Parties

343

(1)

Crime, Drugs and the American Dream

344

(1)

A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action---New Rochelle (New York) Police Department

345

(2)

The Problem

345

(1)

The Solution

345

(2)

Evaluation

347

(1)

Summary

347

(3)

Bringing Youths into Community Policing

350

(36)

Introduction

351

(1)

Youths and Community Policing

352

(1)

Building Personal Relationships

353

(4)

Connecting Youths and the Community

353

(1)

The Youth Development Approach

354

(1)

The Developmental Asset Approach

354

(1)

Recognizing Risk Factors

355

(1)

Youth-Focused Community Policing

355

(1)

The Five Promises

356

(1)

A Partnership to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency

356

(1)

Involving Youths in Violence Prevention

357

(1)

The Importance of Parental Involvement

357

(1)

The Importance of Schools

357

(3)

School Teams

358

(1)

The School Safety Pyramid

359

(1)

Crime in Our Schools

360

(1)

Bullying in Schools

361

(4)

Adult Responsibility

361

(1)

Strategies to Mediate Bullying

362

(1)

A Case Study

363

(2)

School Violence

365

(5)

Early Warning Signs of Impending Violent Behavior

366

(1)

School Shooters

366

(4)

After School Programs

370

(1)

Creating Safe Schools

370

(6)

School/Law Enforcement/Community Partnerships

371

(5)

Crisis Planning

376

(2)

Lockdowns

377

(1)

School Mock Disaster Exercises

377

(1)

Early Intervention

378

(2)

The 8% Problem/Solution

379

(1)

Problem-Solving Partnership in Action: School Impact Project---Dorchester High School by the Boston Police Department

380

(1)

Scanning

380

(1)

Analysis

380

(1)

Response

380

(1)

Assessment

381

(1)

Summary

381

(5)

The Challenge of Gangs: Controlling Their Destructive Force

386

(36)

Introduction

387

(1)

Understanding Gangs and Gang Members

388

(6)

Gangs Defined

389

(1)

Types of Gangs

390

(2)

Demographics---Profile of Gang Members

392

(1)

The Gang Subculture

393

(1)

Gang Activities

394

(1)

Why Youths Join Gangs

395

(1)

Preventing Gang Membership

396

(3)

Early Precursors of Gang Membership

396

(1)

Implications for Prevention

397

(1)

The GREAT Program

398

(1)

The GRIP Program

399

(1)

Recognizing the Presence of Gangs (or a Gang Problem)

399

(1)

Identifying Gang Members

400

(2)

The Police Response

402

(2)

Intelligence Gathering

402

(2)

Evolution of Strategies for Dealing with the Gang Problem

404

(2)

Suppression---The Traditional Response

404

(1)

Gang Units

405

(1)

A Collaborative Gang Initiative

406

(1)

Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the OJJDP

406

(1)

Community Policing and Gangs: Assistance from the National Youth Gang Center

407

(1)

Strategies to Address a Gang Problem and Gang Violence

408

(4)

Graffiti Removal Programs

409

(1)

Pulling Levers in Boston

410

(1)

Other Strategies Recommended by the National Crime Prevention Council

411

(1)

Task Forces

411

(1)

The Gang's Place within the Community

411

(1)

A Community Approach to a Gang Problem

412

(1)

Providing Alternatives to Gangs

413

(2)

Austin, Texas, Youth Options

413

(1)

Austin, Texas, Roving Leader Program

413

(1)

Dallas, Texas, Nuestro Centro, ``Our Center''

414

(1)

Pierce County, Washington, Safe Streets Campaign

414

(1)

A Five-Pronged Approach to Gang Reduction

415

(1)

Problem-Solving Partnership to Address a Gang Problem in Action

416

(2)

Summary

418

(4)

Understanding and Preventing Violence and Terrorism

422

(41)

Introduction

423

(1)

Causes of Violence

424

(2)

Those at Risk for Violence

426

(1)

Preventing Violence

426

(2)

Bias or Hate Crimes

428

(5)

Skinhead Groups

431

(1)

Addressing and Preventing Hate Crimes

432

(1)

Gun Violence

433

(3)

Strategies to Interrupt Sources of Illegal Guns

434

(1)

Strategies to Deter Illegal Gun Possession and Carrying

435

(1)

Strategies to Respond to Illegal Gun Use

436

(1)

Comprehensive Gun Violence Reduction Strategies

436

(3)

Reducing Access to Firearms

437

(1)

Teaching Gun-Safe Behavior

438

(1)

Right-to-Carry Laws

438

(1)

Domestic Violence

439

(1)

Partner Abuse and Stalking

439

(5)

Important Research Finding

439

(1)

Legislation to Prevent Stalking and Domestic Violence

440

(1)

Problem Solving and Domestic Violence: A Case Study

440

(2)

Corporate Partnership to Combat Domestic Violence

442

(1)

A Domestic Violence Reduction Unit

442

(1)

S*T*O*P Violence against Women

443

(1)

Domestic Violence Courts

443

(1)

Barriers to Multiagency Collaborations

444

(1)

Child Abuse

444

(4)

Children Exposed to Violence

445

(1)

Training Professionals to Recognize Child Victims

445

(1)

The Child Development--Community Policing (CD-CP) Model

446

(1)

Forming a Multidisciplinary Team to Investigate Child Abuse

447

(1)

Promising Service Developments for Children

447

(1)

Workplace Violence

448

(2)

Workplace Violence and Domestic Violence

449

(1)

Workplace Violence and Hospital Emergency Rooms

449

(1)

Preventing Workplace Violence

450

(1)

Terrorism: An Overview

450

(6)

Definitions of Terrorism

451

(1)

International Terrorism

452

(1)

Domestic Terrorism

452

(1)

The Police Response/Responsibility

453

(2)

Partnerships to Prevent Terrorism

455

(1)

A Problem-Solving Partnership in Action

456

(1)

The Problem

456

(1)

Analysis

456

(1)

Response

457

(1)

Assessment

457

(1)

Summary

457

(6)

What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future

463

(25)

Introduction

464

(1)

The Importance of Research

465

(5)

Experimental Design

465

(3)

Surveys

468

(1)

Case Studies

469

(1)

Research Findings on Community Policing Departments

470

(3)

The Structure of Successful Community Policing Departments

470

(1)

Community Policing Activities Engaged in

471

(1)

Patterns of Community Policing in the United States

471

(2)

Citizen Complaints

473

(1)

Community Policing, Evaluation and Crime Statistics

473

(3)

Community Policing and Strong Communities

476

(1)

Evaluation of the COPS Office

477

(1)

What Works, What Doesn't and What's Promising

477

(3)

What Works

478

(1)

What Doesn't Work

478

(1)

What's Promising

479

(1)

A Look toward the Future

480

(4)

Community Policing: Still a Philosophy or a Reality?

483

(1)

Summary

484

(4)

Epilogue

488

(5)

Glossary

493

(10)

Author Index

503

(4)

Subject Index

507

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Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

9780534628888

0534628885

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Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

Community Policing: Partnerships for Problem Solving with Infotrac

9780534628888

0534628885

Summary

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