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Building Applications in the Cloud Concepts, Patterns, and Projects

by: Moyer, Christopher M.

Building Applications in the Cloud Concepts, Patterns, and Projects

by: Moyer, Christopher M.

ISBN 13:
9780321720207
ISBN 10:
0321720202
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 04/18/2011
Publisher: Addison-Wesley Professional

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Building Applications in the Cloud Concepts, Patterns, and Projects > ISBN13: 9780321720207

Summary

Putting your company's applications in the cloud will no doubt save your IT department time and money -- but it's very often a more challenging proposition than you might expect. With this book, blogger Chris Moyer (http://blog.coredumped.org) has created a handy reference of patterns and techniques to properly leverage the benefits the cloud can provide. Readers who have been handed a project and told to "make it scale" can flip through the patterns provided here to get ideas and see what fits the project at hand. Use this book to get a lay of the land and guide your cloud project to successful scalability. **This is an early version of the manuscript -- updates to the chapters currently accessible will be posted as soon as they are made available.

Author Biography

Chris Moyer is a recent graduate of RIT, the Rochester Institute of Technology, with a bachelor’s degree in Software Engineering. Chris has more than five years experience in programming with a main emphasis on cloud computing. Much of his time has been spent working on the popular boto client library, used for communicating with Amazon Web Services. Having studied under the creator of boto, Mitch Garnaat, Chris then went on to create two web frameworks based on this client library, known as Marajo and botoweb. He has also created large scaled applications based on those frameworks.

Chris is currently Vice President of Technology for Newstex, LLC, where he manages the technological development of migrating applications to the cloud, and he also manages his own department, which is actively maintaining and developing several applications. Chris lives with his wife, Lynn, in the New York area.

Preface xv

About the Author xx

Introduction 1

What Is Cloud Computing? 1

The Evolution of Cloud Computing 2

The Main Frame 3

The PC Revolution 4

The Fast Internet 5

The Cloud 6

HTML5 and Local Storage 7

The Dawn of Mobile Devices 9

Threading, Parallel Processing, and Parallel Computing 10

How Does Cloud-Based Development Differ from Other Application Development? 11

What to Avoid 13

Getting Started in the Cloud 14

Selecting a Cloud Pattern 16

Implementing a Cloud Pattern 17

PART I: CONCEPTS

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Cloud Services 21

Origins of Cloud Computing 21

What Is a Cloud Service? 23

Compute 24

Storage 24

Connectivity 24

The Legacy Pattern 25

Just Because It’s in the Cloud Doesn’t Mean It Scales 26

Failure as a Feature 27

Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance 28

Consistency 29

Availability 30

Partition Tolerance 30

Eventual Consistency 31

Summary 32

Chapter 2 Making Software a Service 33

Tools Used in This Book 34

Signing Up for Amazon Web Services 34

Installing boto 35

Setting Up the Environment 36

Testing It All 38

What Does Your Application Need? 39

Data Layer 40

Introducing the AWS Databases 41

Application Layer 47

Using Elastic Load Balancing 47

Adding Servers to the Load Balancer 49

Automatically Registering an Instance with a Load Balancer 51

HTTP and REST 53

The Header 53

The Body 57

Methods 58

Authorization Layer 62

Client Layer 64

Browser-Based Clients 65

Native Applications 66

Summary 67

Chapter 3 Cloud Service Providers 69

Amazon Web Services 69

Simple Storage Service (S3) 71

CloudFront 77

Simple Queue Service (SQS) 80

Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) 83

Elastic Block Storage (EBS) 88

Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) 91

SimpleDB 93

Relational Database Service (RDS) 95

Simple Notification Service (SNS) 102

Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) 106

Google Cloud 108

AppEngine 108

Google Storage 111

Rackspace Cloud 112

CloudFiles 112

CloudServers 113

CloudSites 113

Summary 114

PART II: PATTERNS

Chapter 4 Designing an Image 117

Prepackaged Images 119

Overview 119

Reasons for Usage 119

Description 120

Implementation 120

Example 122

Summary 125

Singleton Instances 127

Overview 127

Reasons for Usage 127

Description 128

Implementation 128

Example 128

Summary 130

Prototype Images 131

Overview 131

Reasons for Usage 131

Description 132

Implementation 132

Example 133

Summary 135

Chapter 5 Designing an Architecture 137

Adapters 139

Overview 139

Reasons for Usage 140

Description 140

Implementation 140

Example 141

Summary 146

Facades 147

Overview 147

Reasons for Usage 148

Description 148

Implementation 148

Example 149

Summary 152

Proxies and Balancers 153

Overview 153

Reasons for Usage 153

Description 154

Implementation 154

Example 155

Summary 158

Chapter 6 Executing Actions on Data 159

Queuing 161

Overview 161

Reasons for Usage 162

Description 162

Implementation 163

Example 163

Summary 170

Command 173

Overview 173

Reasons for Usage 173

Description 174

Implementation 174

Example 175

Summary 179

Iterator 181

Overview 181

Reasons for Usage 181

Description 182

Implementation 182

Example 183

Summary 185

Observer 187

Overview 187

Reasons for Usage 188

Description 188

Implementation 188

Example 189

Summary 191

Chapter 7 Clustering 193

The n-Tier Web Pattern 195

Overview 195

Reasons for Usage 196

Description 196

Implementation 197

Example 198

Summary 210

Semaphores and Locking 211

Overview 211

Reasons for Usage 211

Description 212

Implementation 212

Example 213

Summary 218

Map/Reduce 219

Overview 219

Reasons for Usage 220

Description 220

Implementation 220

Example 222

Summary 226

PART III: PROJECTS

Chapter 8 A Simple Weblog 229

Storage 229

Creating a Domain 231

The User Object 232

The Post Object 234

The Comment Object 237

Application 240

A Brief Introduction to WSGI 241

The DB Handler 243

The User, Post, and Comment Handlers 248

Spam Classification 249

Presentation 253

Setting Up the HTTP Proxy 254

Posts 255

Comments 266

Deploying 272

Starting the Base Instance 272

Installing the Software 273

Installing the Application 275

Installing Apache 276

Bundling the Image 277

Creating the Proxy 279

Summary 279

Chapter 9 A Weblog Using Marajo 281

Initializing the Environment 282

handlers 283

resources 283

static 283

templates 283

Creating the Resources 284

Creating the Handlers 286

Configuring the Application 287

Creating the Templates 288

Running the Application 289

Creating Custom Templates 289

The List Template 289

The Edit Template 292

Summary 296

Glossary 297

Index 307

Supplemental Materials

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Excerpts

Extreme Programming Installed Preface After a few months working as a developer in a small start-up company migrating existing services to the cloud, I started realizing that there was way too much work to be done just by myself. I started looking around for other developers like myself that could assist me, or replace me if I were to find a better and more exciting opportunity elsewhere. I quickly realized that there are so few people that actually fully comprehend the level of complexity it requires to develop a cloud-based application, and almost all these people were happy with their current companies. I began to create a series of blog posts about working with cloud-based platforms, now still available athttp://blog.coredumped.org"http://blog.coredumped.org, but soon realized that I could quite literally spend an entire year writing up everything there is to know. This documentation would be better placed in a reference book than simply scattered throughout several blog posts, so I decided to write this book. What Is the Purpose of This Book? This book isn't designed as a tutorial to be read through from cover-to-cover. It's not a guide for how to build an application for the cloud, but instead it's designed as a reference point for when you have specific questions. When your boss hands you a new project and tells you to make it scale, check the patterns discussed in this book to see what fits. When you work on a project and you find a specific problem that you don't know how to handle, pick this book up. If you're trying to start on a new project, and you have a perfect idea, but you don't know how to scale it, pick this book up. If you're trying to modify an existing project to scale in the cloud, pick this book up. If you don't know what kinds of applications you can build with cloud computing, pick this book up. This book doesn't invent many new patterns but simply shows you the tricks and new techniques that you need to consider while running them in the cloud. Although you can use any patterns discussed in this book in any sort of clustering environment, they're designed to take full advantage of the services provided by cloud computing. How Should This Book Be Used? This book is divided into three parts. Everyone should read Part I, "Concepts," for a basic understanding of cloud computing. In Part II, "Patterns," you can skip through to the patterns you're most interested in. If you've never developed any sort of cloud-based application, you may want to go over the example applications in Part III, "Projects," so that you can see exactly what kinds of applications are best suited for this type of system. Part I, "Concepts" Part I is designed to give you a general concept of how to develop in the cloud. It's designed to be read from start to finish and is broken into different key chapters important to development. Chapter 1, "Fundamentals of Cloud Services"Provides a basic set of fundamental ideals when working with cloud-based solutions. This is an absolute must read for any developer beginning with this book. Chapter 2, "Making Software a Service"Provides a basic set of instructions for providing Software as a Service (SaaS). It includes details on why this is a good idea and some basics as to how to properly construct your SaaS. Chapter 3, "Cloud Service Providers"Provides some specific examples of services offered by cloud providers. Part II, "Patterns" Part II functions more like a reference manual and provides you with a problem and the pattern that solves that problem. Chapter 4, "Designing an Image"Includes basic patterns for use in building your basic image that is the basis for the rest of your application. Chapter 5, "Designing an Architecture"Includes the patterns used for interacting with external systems, not systems offered by your cloud provider. Chapter 6, "Executing Actions on Data"Includes the patterns used to execute code segments against your data. Chapter 7, "Clustering"Includes the patterns used within a basic framework designed to take advantage of multiserver deployments. Part III, "Examples" Part III includes examples of real-world applications of the patterns provided throughout the book. These chapters all use the same overall hello world tutorial, but in two different ways. Chapter 8, "A Simple Weblog"Details how to build a simple weblog from scratch, not using any existing frameworks. Chapter 9, "A Weblog Using Marajo"Details how to build a weblog using the Marajo cloud-based Web framework. Conventions Used in This Book Throughout this book you occasionally see bolded words. These words represent a new term, followed by the definition. If you find a term in the book that you don't know, see the Glossary for a full listing of definitions. Words listed in italics highlight key important ideas to take away from the section. These are usually used to highlight important keywords in a topic, so if you're skimming over a section looking for something specific, this should help you find exactly what you need. Where to Begin The first question for most people now is, where do you start? How do you quickly begin developing applications? What if you don't want to go through and read about all these things you could do and simply want to get into the meat of how things work? By picking up this book, you're already on the right track. You already know that you can't simply go to a cloud provider and start launching servers and expect to get exactly what you want out of them. People who just pick up a cloud provider and don't do enough research beforehand typically end up with lots of problems, and usually end up blaming the cloud provider for those problems. This is like buying a stick-shift car without first knowing how to drive it and then complaining to the dealership for selling it to you. If you don't first do some research and preparation, you shouldn't be surprised when you have problems with the cloud. If you're not a developer, you probably would be better suited to using a third party to manage your cloud, but if you're reading this book, I'm going to assume that you're interested in more then just "let that guy handle it." Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.