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Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

by: Shuler, Michael L.; Kargi, Fikret

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

by: Shuler, Michael L.; Kargi, Fikret

ISBN 13:
9780134782157
ISBN 10:
0134782151
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Pearson College Div
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Summary

Textbook for junior and senior level majors in chemical engineering covering the field of biochemical engineering.

PREFACE

Part 1 Introduction

(9)

1 WHAT IS A BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEER?

(9)

1.1. Introductory Remarks

(1)

1.2. Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering

(1)

1.3. Biologists and Engineers Differ in Their Approach to Research

(1)

1.4. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers Work Together

(5)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Part 2 The Basics of Biology: An Engineer's Perspective

(222)

2 AN OVERVIEW OF BIOLOGICAL BASICS

(48)

2.1. Are All Cells the Same?

(15)

2.1.1. Microbial Diversity

(1)

2.1.2. Naming Cells

(2)

2.1.3. Viruses

(1)

2.1.4. Procaryotes

(4)

2.1.5. Eucaryotes

(7)

2.2. Cell Construction

(23)

2.2.1. Introduction

(2)

2.2.2. Amino Acids and Proteins

(8)

2.2.3. Carbohydrates: Mono- and Polysaccharides

(4)

2.2.4. Lipids, Fats, and Steroids

(2)

2.2.5. Nucleic Acids, RNA, and DNA

(7)

2.3. Cell Nutrients

(5)

2.3.1. Introduction

(2)

2.3.2. Macronutrients

(1)

2.3.3. Micronutrients

(2)

2.3.4. Growth Media

(1)

2.4. Summary

(3)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Problems

(2)

3 ENZYMES

(45)

3.1. Introduction

(1)

3.2. How Enzymes Work

(2)

3.3. Enzyme Kinetics

(17)

3.3.1. Introduction

(1)

3.3.2. Mechanistic Models for Simple Enzyme Kinetics

(3)

3.3.3. Experimentally Determining Rate Parameters for Michaelis-Menten Type Kinetics

(2)

3.3.4. Models for More Complex Enzyme Kinetics

(7)

3.3.5. Effects of pH and Temperature

(4)

3.4. Immobilized Enzyme Systems

(13)

3.4.1. Methods of Immobilization

(5)

3.4.2. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Enzyme Systems

(6)

3.4.3. Electrostatic and Steric Effects in Immobilized Enzyme Systems

(2)

3.5. Large-scale Production of Enzymes

(1)

3.6. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes

(6)

3.7. Summary

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(1)

Problems

(5)

4 HOW CELLS WORK

103

(25)

4.1. Introduction

103

(1)

4.2. The Central Dogma

104

(1)

4.3. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message

105

(2)

4.4. Transcription: Sending the Message

107

(4)

4.5. Translation: Message to Product

111

(3)

4.5.1. Genetic Code: Universal Message

111

(1)

4.5.2. Translation: How the Machinery Works

112

(1)

4.5.3. Posttranslational Processing: Making the Product Useful

113

(1)

4.6. Metabolic Regulation

114

(6)

4.6.1. Genetic-level Control: Which Proteins Are Synthesized?

115

(3)

4.6.2. Metabolic Pathways Control

118

(2)

4.7. How the Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment

120

(4)

4.7.1. Mechanisms to Transport Small Molecules across Cellular Membranes

120

(3)

4.7.2. Role of Cell Receptors in Metabolism and Cellular Differentiation

123

(1)

4.8. Summary

124

(2)

4.9. Appendix: Examples of Regulation of Complex Pathways

126

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

127

(1)

Problems

127

(1)

5 MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS

128

(20)

5.1. Introduction

128

(1)

5.2. Bioenergetics

129

(3)

5.3. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle

132

(4)

5.4. Respiration

136

(2)

5.5. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism

138

(1)

5.6. Overview of Biosynthesis

139

(2)

5.7. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism

141

(3)

5.8. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism

144

(2)

5.9. Summary

146

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

147

(1)

Problems

147

(1)

6. HOW CELLS GROW

148

(51)

6.1. Introduction

148

(1)

6.2. Batch Growth

149

(19)

6.2.1. Quantifying Cell Concentration

149

(5)

6.2.2. Growth Patterns and Kinetics in Batch Culture

154

(8)

6.2.3. How Environmental Conditions Affect Growth Kinetics

162

(5)

6.2.4. Heat Generation by Microbial Growth

167

(1)

6.3. Quantifying Growth Kinetics

168

(15)

6.3.1. Introduction

163

(6)

6.3.2. Using Unstructured Nonsegregated Models to Predict Specific Growth Rate

169

(9)

6.3.3. Models for Transient Behavior

178

(5)

6.4. How Cells Grow in Continuous Culture

183

(10)

6.4.1. Introduction

183

(1)

6.4.2. Some Specific Devices for Continuous Culture

183

(2)

6.4.3. The Ideal Chemostat

185

(6)

6.4.4. The Chemostat as a Tool

191

(1)

6.4.5. Deviations from Ideality

192

(1)

6.5. Summary

193

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

194

(1)

Problems

194

(5)

7 STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCT FORMATION

199

(12)

7.1. Introduction

199

(1)

7.2. Some Other Definitions

199

(3)

7.3. Stoichiometric Calculations

202

(5)

7.3.1. Elemental Balances

202

(1)

7.3.2. Degree of Reduction

202

(5)

7.4. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients

207

(1)

7.5. Summary

208

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

209

Problems

8 HOW CELLULAR INFORMATION IS ALTERED

211

(21)

8.1. Introduction

211

(1)

8.2. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities through Mutation and Selection

211

(4)

8.2.1. How Mutations Occur

212

(1)

8.2.2. Selecting for Desirable Mutants

213

(2)

8.3. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement

215

(8)

8.3.1. Genetic Recombination

218

(1)

8.3.2. Transformation

218

(2)

8.3.3. Transduction

220

(1)

8.3.4. Episomes and Conjugation

220

(2)

8.3.5. Transposons: Internal Gene Transfer

222

(1)

8.4. Genetically Engineering Cells

223

(6)

8.4.1. Basic Elements of Genetic Engineering

224

(4)

8.4.2. Genetic Engineering of Higher Organisms

228

(1)

8.5. Summary

229

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

230

(1)

Problems

230

(2)

Part 3 Engineering Principles for Bioprocesses

232

(131)

9 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOREACTORS FOR SUSPENSION AND IMMOBILIZED CULTURES

232

(38)

9.1. Introduction

232

(1)

9.2. Choosing the Cultivation Method

233

(2)

9.3. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors

235

(13)

9.3.1. Chemostat with Recycle

235

(2)

9.3.2. Multistage Chemostat Systems

237

(6)

9.3.3. Fed-batch Operation

243

(5)

9.4. Immobilized Cell Systems

248

(14)

9.4.1. Introduction

248

(1)

9.4.2. Active Immobilization of Cells

249

(4)

9.4.3. Passive Immobilization: Biological Films

253

(1)

9.4.4. Diffusional Limitations in Immobilized Cell Systems

254

(5)

9.4.5. Bioreactor Considerations in Immobilized Cell Systems

259

(3)

9.5. Solid-state Fermentations

262

(3)

9.6. Summary

265

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

266

(1)

Problems

267

(3)

10 SELECTION, SCALE-UP, OPERATION, AND CONTROL OF BIOREACTORS

270

(41)

10.1. Introduction

270

(1)

10.2. Scale-up Difficulties

270

(19)

10.2.1. Introduction

270

(1)

10.2.2. Overview of Reactor Types

271

(6)

10.2.3. Considerations on Aeration, Agitation, and Heat Transfer

277

(4)

10.2.4. Scale-up

281

(4)

10.2.5. Scale-down

285

(4)

10.3. Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control

289

(8)

10.3.1. Introduction

289

(1)

10.3.2. Instrumentation for Measurements of Active Fermentation

289

(4)

10.3.3. Using the Information Obtained

293

(4)

10.4. Sterilizing Process Fluids

297

(9)

10.4.1. Introduction and the Kinetics of Death

297

(1)

10.4.2. Sterilization of Liquids

298

(6)

10.4.3. Sterilization of Gases

304

(2)

10.5. Summary

306

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

307

(1)

Problems

308

(3)

11 RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION OF PRODUCTS

311

(52)

11.1. Strategies to Recover and Purify Products

311

(2)

11.2. Separation of Insoluble Products

313

(10)

11.2.1. Filtration

314

(5)

11.2.2. Centrifugation

319

(3)

11.2.3. Coagulation and Flocculation

322

(1)

11.3. Cell Disruption

323

(2)

11.3.1. Mechanical Methods

323

(1)

11.3.2. Nonmechanical Methods

324

(1)

11.4. Separation of Soluble Products

325

(31)

11.4.1. Liquid-Liquid Extraction

325

(5)

11.4.2. Aqueous Two-phase Extraction

330

(2)

11.4.3. Precipitation

332

(1)

11.4.4. Adsorption

333

(5)

11.4.5. Dialysis

338

(1)

11.4.6. Reverse Osmosis

339

(1)

11.4.7. Ultrafiltration

340

(2)

11.4.8. Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration

342

(5)

11.4.9. Chromatography

347

(7)

11.4.10. Electrophoresis

354

(1)

11.4.11. Electrodialysis

354

(2)

11.5. Finishing Steps for Purification

356

(2)

11.5.1. Crystallization

356

(1)

11.5.2. Drying

357

(1)

11.6. Integration of Reaction and Separation

358

(1)

11.7. Summary

359

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

360

(1)

Problems

361

(2)

Part 4 Applications to Nonconventional Biological Systems

363

(106)

12 MIXED CULTURES

363

(32)

12.1. Introduction

363

(1)

12.2. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures

364

(3)

12.3. Simple Models Describing Mixed-culture Interactions

367

(6)

12.4. Mixed Cultures in Nature

373

(2)

12.5. Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures

375

(2)

12.6. Biological Waste Treatment: An Example of the Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures

377

(14)

12.7. Summary

391

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

391

(1)

Problems

392

(3)

13 UTILIZING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS

395

(36)

13.1. Introduction

395

(1)

13.2. How the Product Influences Process Decisions

395

(3)

13.3. Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems

398

(6)

13.3.1. Overview

398

(1)

13.3.2. Escherichia Coli

398

(3)

13.3.3. Gram-positive Bacteria

401

(1)

13.3.4. Lower Eucaryotic Cells

401

(1)

13.3.5. Animal Cells

402

(2)

13.4. Process Constraints: Genetic Instability

404

(4)

13.4.1. Segregational Instability

405

(1)

13.4.2. Plasmid Structural Instability

406

(1)

13.4.3. Host Cell Mutations

407

(1)

13.4.4. Growth-rate-dominated Instability

407

(1)

13.5. Considerations in Vector Design to Avoid Process Problems

408

(4)

13.6. Predicting Host-Vector Interactions and Genetic Instability

412

(8)

13.7. Regulatory Constraints on Processes

420

(2)

13.8. Metabolic Engineering

422

(3)

13.9. Protein Engineering

425

(2)

13.10. Summary

427

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

428

(1)

Problems

429

(2)

14 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING PLANT CELL CULTURES

431

(15)

14.1. Why Plant Cell Culture?

431

(2)

14.2. Plant Cells in Culture Compared to Microbes

433

(4)

14.3. Bioreactor Considerations

437

(6)

14.3.1. Bioreactors for Suspension Cultures

437

(2)

14.3.2. Reactors Using Cell Immobilization

439

(3)

14.3.3. Bioreactors for Organized Tissues

442

(1)

14.4. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures

443

(2)

14.5. Summary

445

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

445

(1)

Problems

445

(1)

15 BIOPROCESS CONSIDERATIONS IN USING ANIMAL CELL CULTURES

446

(21)

15.1. Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells

446

(2)

15.2. Methods Used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells

448

(9)

15.3. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal Cell Culture

457

(5)

15.4. Products of Animal Cell Cultures

462

(2)

15.4.1. Monoclonal Antibodies

463

(1)

15.4.2. Immunobiological Regulators

463

(1)

15.4.3. Virus Vaccines

463

(1)

15.4.4. Hormones

464

(1)

15.4.5. Enzymes

464

(1)

15.4.6. Insecticides

464

(1)

15.4.7. Whole Cells and Tissue Culture

464

(1)

15.5. Summary

464

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

465

(1)

Problems

466

(1)

16 EPILOGUE

467

(2)

INDEX

469

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

9780134782157

0134782151

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts

9780134782157

0134782151

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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