Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures

ISBN 13:
9780534536008
ISBN 10:
053453600X
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 08/04/2003
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Newer Edition

Note: Not guaranteed to come with supplemental materials (access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.)

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Summary

Part I: INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION. 1. Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change. 2. Observing and Recording Behavior. 3. Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change. Part II: BASIC PRINCIPLES. 4. Reinforcements. 5. Extinction. 6. Punishment. 7. Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization. 8. Respondent Conditioning. Part III. PROCEDURES TO ESTABLISH NEW BEHAVIORS. 9. Shaping. 10. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control. 11. Chaining. 12. Behavioral Skills Training Procedures. Part IV: PROCEDURES TO INCREASE DESIRABLE BEHAVIORS AND DECREASE UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIORS. 13. Understanding Problem Behavior Through Functional Assessment. 14. Extinction. 15. Differential Reinforcement. 16. Antecedent Manipulations. 17. Using Punishment: Time Out and Response Cost. 18. Other Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Using Punishment. 19. Promoting Generalization. Part V: OTHER BEHAVIOR CHANGE PROCEDURES. 20. Self-Management. 21. Habit Reversal Procedures. 22. The Token Economy. 23. Behavioral Contracts. 24. Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures. 25. Cognitive Behavior Modification.

Introduction to Behavior Modification

(19)

Defining Human Behavior

(2)

Examples of Behavior

(1)

Defining Behavior Modification

(1)

Characteristics of Behavior Modification

(3)

Historical Roots of Behavior Modification

(2)

Major Figures

(1)

Early Behavior Modification Researchers

(1)

Major Publications and Events

(1)

Areas of Application

(4)

Developmental Disabilities

(1)

Mental Illness

(1)

Education and Special Education

(1)

Rehabilitation

(1)

Community Psychology

(1)

Clinical Psychology

(1)

Business, Industry, and Human Services

(1)

Self-Management

(1)

Child Management

(1)

Prevention

(1)

Sports Psychology

(1)

Health-Related Behaviors

(1)

Gerontology

(1)

The Structure of this Textbook

(2)

Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change

(1)

Basic Principles of Behavior

(1)

Procedures to Establish New Behavior

(1)

Procedures to Decrease Undesirable Behaviors and Increase Desirable Behaviors

(1)

Other Behavior Change Procedures

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Practice Test

(1)

Chapter Quizzes

(2)

PART 1 Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change

Observing and Recording Behavior

(24)

Defining the Target Behavior

(1)

The Logistics of Recording

(2)

The Observer

(1)

When and Where to Record

(1)

Choosing a Recording Method

(6)

Continuous Recording

(4)

Product Recording

(1)

Interval Recording

(1)

Time Sample Recording

(1)

Choosing a Recording Instrument

(3)

Reactivity

(1)

Interobserver Reliability

(2)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Practice Test

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

(4)

Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change

(26)

Components of a Graph

(3)

Graphing Behavioral Data

(3)

Graphing Different Dimensions of Behavior

(1)

Research Designs

(9)

A-B Design

(1)

A-B-A-B Reversal Design

(1)

Multiple-Baseline Design

(4)

Alternating-Treatments Design

(2)

Changing-Criterion Design

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Practice Test

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

(3)

Chapter Quizzes

(4)

PART 2 Basic Principles

Reinforcement

(26)

Defining Reinforcement

(4)

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

(2)

Escape and Avoidance Behaviors

(1)

Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers

(1)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Reinforcement

(3)

Immediacy

(1)

Contingency

(1)

Establishing Operations

(1)

Individual Differences

(1)

Magnitude

(1)

Schedules of Reinforcement

(5)

Fixed Ratio

(1)

Variable Ratio

(1)

Fixed Interval

(1)

Variable Interval

(1)

Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior

(1)

Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Practice Test

(1)

Appendix A

(1)

Appendix B

(1)

Chapter Quizzes

(4)

Extinction

(16)

Defining Extinction

(2)

Extinction Burst

(2)

Spontaneous Recovery

100

(1)

Procedural Variations of Extinction

100

(3)

A Common Misconception About Extinction

103

(1)

Factors Influencing Extinction

103

(2)

Chapter Summary

105

(1)

Practice Test

106

Appendix A

100

(7)

Chapter Quizzes

107

(4)

Punishment

111

(22)

Defining Punishment

111

(3)

A Common Misconception About Punishment

114

(1)

Positive and Negative Punishment

114

(5)

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers

119

(1)

Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment

120

(2)

Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Punishment

122

(2)

Immediacy

122

(1)

Contingency

123

(1)

Establishing Operations

123

(1)

Individual Differences and Magnitude of the Punisher

124

(1)

Problems with Punishment

124

(3)

Emotional Reactions to Punishment

125

(1)

Escape and Avoidance

125

(1)

Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment

125

(1)

Punishment and Modeling

126

(1)

Ethical Issues

126

(1)

Chapter Summary

127

(1)

Practice Test

127

(1)

Appendix A

128

(1)

Chapter Quizzes

129

(4)

Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization

133

(20)

Examples of Stimulus Control

133

(1)

Defining Stimulus Control

134

(2)

Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus Discrimination Training

136

(3)

Discrimination Training in the Laboratory

136

(2)

Developing Reading and Spelling with Discrimination Training

138

(1)

Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment

138

(1)

The Three-Term Contingency

139

(1)

Stimulus Control Research

140

(1)

Generalization

140

(2)

Examples of Generalization

142

(4)

Chapter Summary

146

(1)

Practice Test

146

(1)

Appendix A

147

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

149

(4)

Respondent Conditioning

153

(20)

Examples of Respondent Conditioning

153

(1)

Defining Respondent Conditioning

154

(3)

Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and US

157

(1)

Higher-Order Conditioning

158

(1)

Conditioned Emotional Responses

159

(2)

Extinction of Conditioned Responses

161

(1)

Spontaneous Recovery

161

(1)

Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent Behavior

162

(1)

Factors that Influence Respondent Conditioning

162

(2)

The Nature of the US and CS

163

(1)

The Temporal Relationship between the CS and US

163

(1)

Contingency between the CS and US

163

(1)

The Number of Pairings

163

(1)

Previous Exposure to the CS

164

(1)

Distinguishing Between Operant and Respondent Conditioning

164

(3)

Respondent Conditioning and Behavior Modification

167

(1)

Chapter Summary

167

(1)

Practice Test

168

(1)

Chapter Quizzes

169

(4)

PART 3 Procedures to Establish New Behavior

Shaping

173

(20)

An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk

173

(1)

Defining Shaping

174

(2)

Applications of Shaping

176

(1)

Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again

176

(1)

Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between Bathroom Visits

177

(1)

Research on Shaping

177

(5)

How to Use Shaping

182

(1)

Shaping of Problem Behaviors

183

(3)

Chapter Summary

186

(1)

Practice Test

187

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

187

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

189

(4)

Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control

193

(22)

An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching Little Leaguers to Hit the Ball

193

(2)

What is Prompting?

195

(1)

What is Fading?

196

(2)

Types of Prompts

198

(3)

Response Prompts

198

(2)

Stimulus Prompts

200

(1)

Transfer of Stimulus Control

201

(5)

Prompt Fading

201

(2)

Prompt Delay

203

(1)

Stimulus Fading

204

(2)

How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control

206

(2)

Chapter Summary

208

(1)

Practice Test

209

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

209

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

211

(4)

Chaining

215

(22)

Examples of Behavioral Chains

215

(1)

Analyzing Stimulus--Response Chains

216

(1)

Task Analysis

217

(3)

Backward Chaining

220

(2)

Forward Chaining

222

(2)

Total Task Presentation

224

(2)

Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral Chains

226

(4)

Written Task Analysis

226

(2)

Picture Prompts

228

(1)

Self-Instructions

228

(2)

How to Use Chaining Procedures

230

(1)

Chapter Summary

231

(1)

Practice Test

231

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

232

(1)

Chapter Quizzes

233

(4)

Behavioral Skills Training Procedures

237

(20)

Examples of BST Procedures

237

(3)

Teaching Marcia to Say ``No'' to the Professors

237

(1)

Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from Abduction

238

(2)

Components of the BST Procedure

240

(3)

Modeling

240

(1)

Instructions

241

(1)

Rehearsal

242

(1)

Feedback

242

(1)

Enhancing Generalization After BST

243

(1)

BST and the Three-Term Contingency

243

(1)

BST in Groups

244

(1)

Applications of BST Procedures

245

(3)

How to Use BST Procedures

248

(1)

Chapter Summary

249

(1)

Practice Test

250

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

251

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

253

(4)

PART 4 Procedures to Increase Desirable Behavior and Decrease Undesirable Behavior

Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment

257

(30)

Examples of Functional Assessment

257

(3)

Jacob

257

(2)

Anna

259

(1)

Defining Functional Assessment

260

(1)

Functions of Problem Behaviors

261

(1)

Social Positive Reinforcement

261

(1)

Social Negative Reinforcement

261

(1)

Automatic Positive Reinforcement

262

(1)

Automatic Negative Reinforcement

262

(1)

Functional Assessment Methods

262

(10)

Indirect Methods

263

(2)

Direct Observation Methods

265

(5)

Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis)

270

(2)

Functional Analysis Research

272

(4)

Conducting a Functional Assessment

276

(2)

Chapter Summary

278

(1)

Practice Test

278

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

279

(4)

Chapter Quizzes

283

(4)

Applying Extinction

287

(24)

The Case of Willy

287

(3)

Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem Behavior

290

(7)

Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects

290

(1)

Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior through Functional Assessment

291

(1)

Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the Problem Behavior

291

(6)

Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement Before Extinction

297

(1)

Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors

298

(1)

Promoting Generalization and Maintenance

299

(1)

Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction

299

(3)

Chapter Summary

302

(1)

Practice Test

303

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

304

(1)

Appendix A

305

(1)

Appendix B

305

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

307

(4)

Differential Reinforcement

311

(30)

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior

311

(9)

Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive

311

(2)

When to Use DRA

313

(1)

How to Use DRA

314

(2)

Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors

316

(2)

Variations of DRA

318

(1)

Research on DRA

319

(1)

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

320

(8)

Defining DRO

322

(3)

Research Evaluating DRO Procedures

325

(3)

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding

328

(5)

Defining DRL

328

(1)

Variations of DRL

328

(1)

Implementing DRL Procedures

329

(2)

Research Evaluating DRL Procedures

331

(2)

Chapter Summary

333

(1)

Practice Test

334

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

335

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

337

(4)

Antecedent Control Procedures

341

(28)

Examples of Antecedent Control

341

(2)

Getting Marianne to Study More

341

(1)

Getting Cal to Eat Right

342

(1)

Defining Antecedent Control Procedures

343

(8)

Presenting the SD or Cues for the Desired Behavior

343

(1)

Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable Behavior

344

(2)

Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Behavior

346

(1)

Removing the SD or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors

347

(1)

Removing Establishing Operations for Undesirable Behaviors

348

(2)

Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable Behaviors

350

(1)

Research on Antecedent Control Strategies

351

(7)

Using Antecedent Control Strategies

358

(2)

Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior

359

(1)

Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Undesirable Behavior

359

(1)

Functional, Nonaversive Interventions for Problem Behavior

360

(1)

Chapter Summary

360

(1)

Practice Test

361

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

362

(3)

Chapter Quizzes

365

(4)

Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost

369

(22)

Time-Out

370

(8)

Types of Time-Out

371

(1)

Using Reinforcement with Time-Out

372

(1)

Considerations in Using Time-Out

372

(3)

Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures

375

(3)

Response Cost

378

(5)

Defining Response Cost

378

(1)

Using Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost

379

(1)

Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and Extinction

379

(1)

Considerations in Using Response Cost

380

(2)

Research Evaluating Response Cost Procedures

382

(1)

Chapter Summary

383

(1)

Practice Test

384

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

385

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

387

(4)

Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment

391

(20)

Application of Aversive Activities

391

(7)

Overcorrection

393

(1)

Contingent Exercise

394

(1)

Guided Compliance

395

(2)

Physical Restraint

397

(1)

Cautions in the Application of Aversive Activities

398

(1)

Application of Aversive Stimulation

398

(3)

Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last Resort

401

(1)

Considerations in Using Positive Punishment

401

(1)

The Ethics of Punishment

402

(2)

Informed Consent

402

(1)

Alternative Treatments

403

(1)

Recipient Safety

403

(1)

Problem Severity

403

(1)

Implementation Guidelines

403

(1)

Training and Supervision

403

(1)

Peer Review

403

(1)

Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse

404

(1)

Chapter Summary

404

(1)

Practice Test

404

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

405

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

407

(4)

Promoting Generalization

411

(22)

Examples of Generalization Programming

411

(1)

Defining Generalization

412

(1)

Strategies for Promoting Generalization of Behavior Change

413

(9)

Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization

413

(1)

Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement

414

(1)

Modifying Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement and Punishment

415

(1)

Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus Situations in Training

416

(1)

Incorporating Common Stimuli

417

(2)

Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent Responses

419

(1)

Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of Generalization

420

(2)

Implementing Strategies to Promote Generalization

422

(1)

Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem Behavior

423

(2)

Chapter Summary

425

(1)

Practice Test

425

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

426

(3)

Chapter Quizzes

429

(4)

PART 5 Other Behavior Change Procedures

Self-Management

433

(20)

Examples of Self-Management

433

(3)

Getting Murray to Run Regularly

433

(1)

Getting Annette to Clean Up Her Mess

434

(2)

Defining Self-Management Problems

436

(1)

Defining Self-Management

436

(1)

Types of Self-Management Strategies

437

(5)

Goal-Setting and Self-Monitoring

438

(1)

Antecedent Manipulations

438

(1)

Behavioral Contracting

439

(1)

Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers

440

(1)

Social Support

441

(1)

Self-Instructions and Self-Praise

442

(1)

Steps in a Self-Management Plan

442

(4)

Chapter Summary

446

(1)

Practice Test

446

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

447

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

449

(4)

Habit Reversal Procedures

453

(18)

Examples of Habit Behaviors

453

(1)

Defining Habit Behaviors

454

(2)

Nervous Habits

454

(1)

Motor and Vocal Tics

455

(1)

Stuttering

456

(1)

Habit Reversal Procedures

456

(1)

Applications of Habit Reversal

457

(3)

Nervous Habits

457

(1)

Motor and Vocal Tics

458

(1)

Stuttering

459

(1)

Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work?

460

(2)

Other Treatment Procedures for Habit Disorders

462

(1)

Chapter Summary

463

(1)

Practice Test

464

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

465

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

467

(4)

Rehabilitating Sammy

471

(1)

The Token Economy

471

(22)

Defining a Token Economy

472

(2)

Implementing a Token Economy

474

(5)

Defining the Target Behaviors

474

(1)

Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens

474

(1)

Identifying Backup Reinforcers

475

(1)

Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of Reinforcement

476

(1)

Establishing the Token Exchange Rate

477

(1)

Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging Tokens

477

(1)

Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost

478

(1)

Staff Training and Management

479

(1)

Practical Considerations

479

(1)

Applications of a Token Economy

480

(6)

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token Economy

486

(1)

Chapter Summary

486

(1)

Practice Test

487

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

487

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

489

(4)

Behavioral Contracts

493

(20)

Examples of Behavioral Contracting

493

(3)

Getting Steve to Complete His Dissertation

493

(1)

Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better

494

(2)

Defining the Behavioral Contract

496

(1)

Components of a Behavioral Contract

496

(2)

Types of Behavioral Contracts

498

(2)

One-Party Contracts

498

(1)

Two-Party Contracts

499

(1)

Negotiating a Behavioral Contract

500

(1)

Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Behavior?

501

(1)

Applications of Behavioral Contracts

502

(3)

Chapter Summary

505

(1)

Practice Test

506

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

506

(3)

Chapter Quizzes

509

(4)

Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures

513

(24)

Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction

513

(2)

Overcoming Trisha's Fear of Public Speaking

513

(1)

Overcoming Allison's Fear of Spiders

514

(1)

Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems

515

(2)

Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety

517

(12)

Relaxation Training

518

(4)

Systematic Desensitization

522

(4)

In Vivo Desensitization

526

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Systematic and In Vivo Desensitization

527

(2)

Other Treatments for Fears

529

(1)

Clinical Problems

529

(1)

Chapter Summary

530

(1)

Practice Test

530

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

531

(2)

Chapter Quizzes

533

(4)

Cognitive Behavior Modification

537

(20)

Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification

537

(3)

Helping Deon Control His Anger

537

(2)

Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class

539

(1)

Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification

540

(2)

Defining Cognitive Behavior

540

(1)

Functions of Cognitive Behavior

541

(1)

Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures

542

(7)

Cognitive Restructuring

542

(4)

Cognitive Coping Skills Training

546

(3)

Acceptance-Based Therapies

549

(1)

Clinical Problems

549

(1)

Chapter Summary

549

(1)

Practice Test

550

(1)

Applications/Misapplications

550

(3)

Chapter Quizzes

553

(4)

Glossary

557

(12)

References

569

(21)

Credits

590

(2)

Name Index

592

(5)

Subject Index

597

Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures

9780534536008

053453600X

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures

9780534536008

053453600X

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Write a Review

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