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Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

by: Maxfield, Michael G.; Babbie, Earl R.

Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

by: Maxfield, Michael G.; Babbie, Earl R.

ISBN 13:
9780534615673
ISBN 10:
0534615678
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/28/2005
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry. 2. Theory in Criminal Justice Research. 3. General Issues in Research Design. 4. Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement. 5. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs. 6. Overview of Data Collection and Sampling. 7. Survey Research and Other Ways of Asking Questions. 8. Field Research. 9. Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data. 10. Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis. 11. Interpreting Data.

PART ONE: An Introduction to Criminal Justice Inquiry

(58)

Criminal Justice and Scientific Inquiry

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Home Detention

(4)

What Is This Book About?

(1)

Two Realities

(2)

The Role of Science

(1)

Personal Human Inquiry

(1)

Tradition

(1)

Authority

(1)

Arrest and Domestic Violence

(18)

Errors in Personal Human Inquiry

(1)

Inaccurate Observation

(1)

Overgeneralization

(1)

Selective Observation

(1)

Illogical Reasoning

(1)

Ideology and Politics

(1)

To Err Is Human

(1)

Foundations of Social Science

(1)

Theory, Not Philosophy or Belief

(1)

Regularities

(2)

What about Exceptions?

(1)

Aggregates, Not Individuals

(1)

A Variable Language

(1)

Variables and Attributes

(3)

Variables and Relationships

(1)

Purposes of Research

(1)

Exploration

(1)

Description

(1)

Explanation

(1)

Application

(1)

Differing Avenues for Inquiry

(1)

Idiographic and Nomothetic Explanations

(1)

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

(1)

Quantitative and Qualitative Data

(1)

Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

(1)

Knowing through Experience: Summing Up and Looking Ahead

(1)

Main Points

(2)

Theory and Ethics in Criminal Justice Research

(33)

Introduction

(1)

The Creation of Social Scientific Theory

(1)

The Traditional Model of Science

(3)

Two Logical Systems

(2)

Terms Used in Theory Construction

(1)

Grounded Theory and Community Prosecution

(8)

Theory in Criminal Justice

(1)

Law Breaking

(2)

Policy Responses

(1)

Theory, Research, and Public Policy

(1)

Ecological Theories of Crime and Crime Prevention Policy

(2)

Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research

(1)

No Harm to Participants

(1)

Ethics and Extreme Field Research

(10)

Voluntary Participation

(1)

Protecting Identity

(1)

Deceiving Subjects

(1)

Analysis and Reporting

(1)

Legal Liability

(1)

Special Problems

(2)

Promoting Compliance with Ethical Principles

(1)

Codes of Professional Ethics

(1)

Institutional Review Boards

(2)

Ethics and Juvenile Gang Members

(7)

The Stanford Prison Experiment

(3)

Discussion Examples

(1)

Main Points

(4)

PART TWO: Structuring Criminal Justice Inquiry

(92)

General Issues in Research Design

(31)

Introduction

(1)

Causation in the Social Sciences

(1)

Criteria for Causality

(1)

Necessary and Sufficient Causes

(1)

Validity and Causal Inference

(1)

Statistical Conclusion Validity

(1)

Internal Validity

(1)

Construct Validity

(1)

External Validity

(1)

Validity and Causal Inference Summarized

(1)

Does Drug Use Cause Crime?

(1)

Introducing Scientific Realism

(1)

Units of Analysis

(1)

Causation and Declining Crime in New York City

(4)

Individuals

(1)

Groups

(1)

Organizations

(1)

Social Artifacts

(1)

The Ecological Fallacy

(1)

Units of Analysis in the National Youth Gang Survey

(17)

Units of Analysis in Review

(2)

The Time Dimension

(1)

Cross-Sectional Studies

(1)

Longitudinal Studies

(1)

Approximating Longitudinal Studies

(2)

The Time Dimension Summarized

(2)

How to Design a Research Project

(1)

The Research Process

(2)

Getting Started

(1)

Conceptualization

(1)

Choice of Research Method

(1)

Operationalization

(1)

Population and Sampling

(1)

Observations

(1)

Analysis

(1)

Application

(1)

Research Design in Review

(1)

The Research Proposal

(1)

Elements of a Research Proposal

(1)

Answers to the Units-of-Analysis Exercise

(1)

Main Points

(3)

Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Conceptions and Concepts

(2)

Conceptualization

(1)

Indicators and Dimensions

(1)

Creating Conceptual Order

(1)

What Is Recidivism?

(2)

Operationalization Choices

(2)

Jail Stay

(12)

Measurements as Scoring

(2)

Exhaustive and Exclusive Measurement

100

(1)

Levels of Measurement

100

(2)

Implications of Levels of Measurement

102

(1)

Criteria for Measurement Quality

103

(1)

Reliability

104

(2)

Validity

106

(2)

Measuring Crime

108

(1)

General Issues in Measuring Crime

108

(2)

Units of Analysis and Measuring Crime

110

(13)

Measures Based on Crimes Known to Police

110

(3)

Victim Surveys

113

(1)

Surveys of Offending

114

(2)

Measuring Crime Summary

116

(1)

Composite Measures

117

(1)

Typologies

117

(1)

An Index of Disorder

118

(2)

Measurement Summary

120

(1)

Main Points

120

(3)

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

123

(28)

Introduction

124

(1)

The Classical Experiment

124

(1)

Independent and Dependent Variables

125

(1)

Pretesting and Posttesting

125

(1)

Experimental and Control Groups

126

(1)

Double-Blind Experiments

127

(1)

Selecting Subjects

127

(1)

Randomization

128

(1)

Experiments and Causal Inference

128

(1)

Experiments and Threats to Validity

129

(1)

Threats to Internal Validity

129

(2)

Ruling Out Threats to Internal Validity

131

(1)

Generalizability and Threats to Validity

132

(1)

Threats to Construct Validity

132

(2)

Threats to External Validity

134

(1)

Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity

134

(1)

Variations in the Classical Experimental Design

135

(1)

Quasi-Experimental Designs

136

(1)

Nonequivalent-Groups Designs

137

(3)

Cohort Designs

140

(1)

Time-Series Designs

140

(3)

Variations in Time-Series Designs

143

(2)

Variable-Oriented Research and Scientific Realism

145

(2)

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Summarized

147

(1)

Main Points

147

(4)

PART THREE: Modes of Observation

151

(122)

Overview of Data Collection and Sampling

152

(32)

Introduction

153

(1)

Three Sources of Data

154

(1)

Asking Questions

154

(1)

Making Direct Observations

154

(1)

Examining Written Records

155

(1)

Using Multiple Data Sources

155

(1)

Multiple Measures in Home Detention

156

(28)

The Logic of Probability Sampling

157

(1)

Conscious and Unconscious Sampling Bias

158

(2)

Representativeness and Probability of Selection

160

(1)

Probability Theory and Sampling Distribution

160

(1)

The Sampling Distribution of 10 Cases

161

(4)

From Sampling Distribution to Parameter Estimate

165

(1)

Estimating Sampling Error

166

(1)

Confidence Levels and Confidence Intervals

167

(1)

Random Sampling and Probability Theory Summed Up

168

(1)

Population and Sampling Frames

169

(1)

Types of Sampling Designs

170

(1)

Simple Random Sampling

170

(1)

Systematic Sampling

170

(1)

Stratified Sampling

171

(1)

Disproportionate Stratified Sampling

172

(1)

Multistage Cluster Sampling

172

(2)

Multistage Cluster Sampling with Stratification

174

(1)

Illustration: Two National Crime Surveys

174

(2)

The National Crime Victimization Survey

176

(1)

The British Crime Survey

177

(1)

Probability Sampling in Review

177

(1)

Nonprobability Sampling

178

(1)

Purposive, or Judgmental, Sampling

178

(1)

Quota Sampling

178

(1)

Reliance on Available Subjects

179

(1)

Snowball Sampling

180

(1)

Nonprobability Sampling in Review

181

(1)

Main Points

181

(3)

Survey Research and Other Ways of Asking Questions

184

(32)

Introduction

185

(1)

Topics Appropriate to Survey Research

186

(1)

Counting Crime

186

(1)

Self-Reports

186

(1)

Perception and Attitudes

187

(1)

Policy Proposals

187

(1)

Targeted Victim Surveys

187

(1)

Other Evaluation Uses

188

(1)

Guidelines for Asking Questions

188

(1)

Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions

188

(1)

Question and Statements

189

(1)

Make Items Clear

189

(1)

Short Items Are Best

190

(1)

Avoid Negative Items

190

(1)

Biased Items and Terms

190

(1)

Designing Self-Report Items

191

(1)

Questionnaire Construction

192

(1)

General Questionnaire Format

192

(1)

Contingency Questions

193

(2)

Matrix Questions

195

(1)

Ordering Items in a Questionnaire

195

(1)

Self-Administered Questionnaires

196

(1)

Don't Start From Scratch!

197

(19)

Mail Distribution and Return

197

(1)

Warning Mailings and Cover Letters

198

(1)

Follow-Up Mailings

199

(1)

Acceptable Response Rates

199

(1)

Computer-Based Self-Administration

199

(2)

In-Person Interview Surveys

201

(1)

The Role of the Interviewer

201

(1)

General Rules for Interviewing

201

(1)

Coordination and Control

202

(1)

Computer-Assisted In-Person Interviews

203

(2)

Telephone Surveys

205

(1)

Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing

206

(1)

Comparison of the Three Methods

207

(1)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research

208

(2)

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Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

9780534615673

0534615678

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Rent More, Save More! Use code: KBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

Basics Of Research Methods For Criminal Justice And Criminology

9780534615673

0534615678

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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