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American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

by: Clear, Todd R.; Cole, George F.; Reisig, Michael D.

American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

by: Clear, Todd R.; Cole, George F.; Reisig, Michael D.

ISBN 13:
9780534646523
ISBN 10:
0534646522
Edition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 04/08/2005
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Part I: THE CORRECTIONAL CONTEXT. 1. The Corrections System. 2. The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice. 3. The History of Corrections in America. 4. The Punishment of Offenders. 5. The Law of Corrections. 6. The Correctional Client. Part II: CORRECTIONAL PRACTICES. 7. Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration. 8. Probation. 9. Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections. 10. Incarceration. 11. The Prison Experience. 12. Incarceration of Women. 13. Institutional Management. 14. Institutional Programs. 15. Release from Incarceration. 16. Making It: Supervision in the Community. 17. Corrections for Juvenile Offenders. Part III: CORRECTIONAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES. 18. Incarceration Trends. 19. Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections. 20. The Death Penalty. 21. Surveillance and Control in the Community. 22. Community Justice. Epilogue: American Corrections Today and Tomorrow. Glossary. Index.

Preface

xiii

PART 1: THE CORRECTIONAL CONTEXT

The Corrections System

(22)

Focus: The Great Experiment in Social Control

(1)

The Purpose of Corrections

(1)

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

(3)

Goals

(1)

Interconnectedness

(1)

Environment

(1)

Feedback

(1)

Complexity

(1)

The Corrections System Today

(2)

Focus: The Big Four in Corrections

(2)

Key Issues in Corrections

(5)

Managing the Correctional Organization

(4)

Working with Offenders

(1)

Focus: Correctional Interconnectedness in Alabama

(2)

Connecting Corrections and Social Relations

(1)

Summary

(3)

The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice

(12)

From the Middle Ages to the American Revolution

(3)

Galley Slavery

(1)

Imprisonment

(1)

Transportation

(1)

Focus: Teens Banished to Islands after Robbery

(2)

Corporal Punishment and Death

(1)

On the Eve of Reform

(1)

The Age of Reason and Correctional Reform

(4)

Cesare Beccaria and the Classical School

(1)

Jeremy Bentham and the ``Hedonic Calculus''

(1)

John Howard and the Birth of the Penitentiary

(1)

What Really Motivated Correctional Reform?

(1)

Summary

(1)

The History of Corrections in America

(26)

The Colonial Period

(1)

The Arrival of the Penitentiary

(5)

The Pennsylvania System

(1)

The New York (Auburn) System

(1)

Debating the Systems

(2)

Development of Prisons in the South and West

(1)

Southern Penology

(1)

Western Penology

(1)

Do the Right Thing

(1)

Focus: The Lease System in Post--Civil War Alabama

(1)

The Reformatory Movement

(3)

Cincinnati, 1870

(1)

Elmira Reformatory

(1)

Lasting Reforms

(1)

The Rise of the Progressives

(3)

Individualized Treatment and the Positivist School

(1)

Progressive Reforms

(2)

The Rise of the Medical Model

(2)

From Medical Model to Community Model

(1)

The Crime Control Model: The Pendulum Swings Again

(2)

The Decline of Rehabilitation

(1)

The Emergence of Crime Control

(2)

Where Are We Today?

(1)

Summary

(3)

The Punishment of Offenders

(34)

The Purpose of Corrections

(6)

Retribution (Deserved Punishment)

(1)

Deterrence

(1)

Incapacitation

(1)

Rehabilitation

(1)

New Approaches to Punishment

(1)

Criminal Sanctions: A Mixed Bag?

(1)

Forms of the Criminal Sanction

(9)

Incarceration

(6)

Intermediate Sanctions

(1)

Probation

(1)

Death

(1)

Forms and Goals of Sanctions

(1)

The Sentencing Process

(3)

The Administrative Context

(1)

Focus: A Trial Judge at Work: Judge Robert Satter

(4)

Attitudes and Values of Judges

(1)

The Presentence Report

(1)

Sentencing Guidelines

(1)

Do the Right Thing

(3)

The Future of Sentencing Guidelines

(1)

Unjust Punishment

(2)

Sentencing Disparities

(1)

Wrongful Convictions

(1)

Focus: Politics and Sentencing: The Case of Crack Cocaine

(1)

Summary

(5)

The Law of Corrections

(30)

The Foundations of Correctional Law

(2)

Constitutions

(1)

Statutes

100

(1)

Case Law

100

(1)

Regulations

101

(1)

Correctional Law and the U.S. Supreme Court

101

(3)

The End of the Hands-off Policy

102

(1)

Access to the Courts

102

(1)

The Prisoners' Rights Movement

103

(1)

Focus: From a Lonely Prison Cell, an Inmate Wins an Important Victory

104

(1)

Constitutional Rights of Prisoners

105

(5)

The First Amendment

105

(3)

The Fourth Amendment

108

(1)

The Eighth Amendment

109

(1)

Focus: The Impact of Ruiz v. Estelle

110

(6)

The Fourteenth Amendment

112

(1)

A Change of Judicial Direction

113

(3)

Impact of the Prisoners' Rights Movement

116

(1)

Alternatives to Litigation

116

(2)

Inmate Grievance Procedures

117

(1)

The Ombudsman

118

(1)

Mediation

118

(1)

Legal Assistance

118

(1)

Law and Community Corrections

118

(2)

Constitutional Rights of Probationers and Parolees

119

(1)

Revocation of Probation and Parole

119

(1)

Law and Correctional Personnel

120

(2)

Civil Service Laws

120

(1)

Liability of Correctional Personnel

121

(1)

Summary

122

(4)

The Correctional Client

126

(34)

Selection for the Corrections System

128

(3)

Types of Offenders and Their Problems

131

(1)

The Situational Offender

131

(1)

Focus: Susan's Story

132

(2)

The Career Criminal

133

(1)

Focus: Archie's Story

134

(2)

The Sex Offender

134

(2)

Focus: Nevin's Story

136

(2)

The Substance Abuser

137

(1)

Focus: Mary Lou's Story

138

(3)

Focus: Bill's Story

141

(2)

The Mentally Ill Offender

142

(1)

Focus: Johnnie's Story

143

(3)

The Mentally Handicapped Offender

145

(1)

Focus: Donald's Story

146

(2)

The Offender with HIV/AIDS

147

(1)

Focus: Mike's Story

148

(3)

The Elderly Offender

150

(1)

Focus: Grant's Story

151

(1)

The Long-Term Offender

151

(1)

Focus: Michael's Story

152

(1)

Classifying Offenders: Key Issues

153

(2)

Overlap and Ambiguity in Offender Classifications

153

(1)

Offense Classifications and Correctional Programming

153

(1)

Behavioral Probabilities

154

(1)

Sociopolitical Pressures

154

(1)

Distinctions in Classification Criteria

155

(1)

Summary

155

(5)

PART 2: CORRECTIONAL PRACTICES

Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration

160

(26)

The Contemporary Jail: Entrance to the System

162

(1)

Origins and Evolution

162

(4)

Population Characteristics

163

(1)

Administration

163

(2)

The Influence of Local Politics

165

(1)

Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---Local Jails

166

(1)

Regional Jails

166

(1)

Pretrial Detention

167

(1)

Do the Right Thing

168

(2)

Special Problems of Detainees

168

(2)

Focus: Rite of Passage

170

(4)

Release from Detention

174

(1)

The Bail Problem and Alternatives

174

(2)

Release on Recognizance

175

(1)

Preventive Detention

175

(1)

Pretrial Diversion

176

(1)

The Sentenced Jail Inmate

176

(1)

Issues in Jail Management

177

(5)

Legal Liability

178

(1)

Jail Standards

178

(1)

Personnel Matters

178

(1)

Jail Crowding

179

(1)

The Jail Facility

180

(2)

The Future of the Jail

182

(1)

Summary

183

(3)

Probation

186

(30)

The History and Development of Probation

189

(3)

Benefit of Clergy

189

(1)

Judicial Reprieve

189

(1)

Recognizance

189

(1)

The Modernization of Probation

190

(2)

The Organization of Probation Today

192

(2)

Should Probation Be Centralized or Decentralized?

192

(1)

Who Should Administer Probation?

193

(1)

Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---Federal

194

(1)

Should Probation Be Combined with Parole?

194

(1)

The Dual Functions of Probation: Investigation and Supervision

195

(1)

The Investigative Function

196

(2)

Purpose

196

(1)

Contents

197

(1)

Focus: Sample Presentence Report

198

(2)

Recommendations

199

(1)

Disclosure

199

Private PSIs

190

(10)

The Supervision Function

200

(2)

The Officer

200

(2)

Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---State, County

202

(2)

The Offender

202

(1)

The Bureaucracy

203

(1)

The Effectiveness of Supervision

204

(3)

Case Management Systems

205

(1)

Specialized Supervision Programs

206

(1)

Focus: Dealing with the Drug Offender

207

(1)

Performance-Based Supervision

207

(1)

Focus: The Broken Windows Model

208

(1)

Is Probation Effective Regardless?

208

(1)

Revocation and Termination of Probation

209

(1)

Do the Right Thing

210

(2)

Probation in the Coming Decade

212

(1)

Summary

213

(3)

Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

216

(24)

The Case for Intermediate Sanctions

218

(1)

Unnecessary Imprisonment

218

(1)

Limitations of Probation

219

(1)

Improvements in Justice

219

(1)

Continuum of Sanctions

219

(1)

Problems with Intermediate Sanctions

220

(3)

Selecting Agencies

222

(1)

Selecting Offenders

222

(1)

Widening the Net

222

(1)

Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions

223

(5)

Sanctions Administered Primarily by the Judiciary

223

(2)

Sanctions Administered in the Community

225

(3)

Focus: Jail Moves into Probationer's Home

228

(2)

Sanctions Administered in Institutions and the Community

229

(1)

Making Intermediate Sanctions Work

230

(2)

Sentencing Issues

230

(1)

Selection of Offenders

231

(1)

Surveillance and Control

232

(1)

The New Correctional Professional

232

(1)

Focus: Center for Alternative Sentencing and Employment Services

233

(1)

Community Corrections Legislation

233

(1)

Careers in Corrections: Addiction Treatment Specialist

234

(3)

Reducing Reliance on Prison

234

(2)

Evaluation of Community Corrections Legislation

236

(1)

The Future of Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

237

(1)

Summary

237

(3)

Incarceration

240

(26)

Focus: Realization

242

(1)

Links to the Past

242

(2)

The Goals of Incarceration

244

(1)

Focus: The New Chain Gangs

245

(1)

Organization for Incarceration

246

(4)

Federal Bureau of Prisons

246

(3)

State Prison Systems

249

(1)

The Design and Classification of Prisons

250

(4)

Today's Designs

250

(2)

The Location of Prisons

252

(1)

The Classification of Prisons

253

(1)

Focus: Maximum Takes on a New Meaning at This Prison

254

(4)

Private Prisons

255

(3)

Who Is in Prison?

258

(3)

Elderly Prisoners

258

(2)

Prisoners with HIV/AIDS

260

(1)

Do the Right Thing

261

(2)

Mentally Ill Prisoners

262

(1)

Long-Term Prisoners

262

(1)

Summary

263

(3)

The Prison Experience

266

(24)

Focus: Going In: The Chain

268

(1)

Prison Society

268

(3)

Norms and Values

270

(1)

Focus: Survival Tips for Beginners

271

(3)

Prison Subculture: Derivation or Importation?

272

(1)

Adaptive Roles

273

(1)

Focus: How Ya Gonna Do Your Time?

274

(2)

The Prison Economy

276

(2)

Focus: Carnalito, the Hustler

278

(1)

Violence in Prison

279

(1)

Violence and Inmate Characteristics

279

(1)

Focus: On Prison Rape

280

(6)

Prisoner--Prisoner Violence

281

(2)

Prisoner--Officer Violence

283

(1)

Officer--Prisoner Violence

283

(2)

Decreasing Prison Violence

285

(1)

Summary

286

(4)

Incarceration of Women

290

(24)

Women: Forgotten Offenders

292

(2)

Historical Perspective

294

(3)

The Incarceration of Women in the United States

294

(2)

The Reformatory Movement

296

(1)

The Post--World War II Years

297

(1)

Women in Prison

297

(1)

Focus: Excerpts from a Prison Journal

298

(6)

Characteristics of Women in Prison

299

(2)

The Subculture of Women's Prisons

301

(2)

Male versus Female Subcultures

303

(1)

Issues in the Incarceration of Women

304

(4)

Sexual Misconduct

305

(1)

Educational and Vocational Programs

306

(1)

Medical Services

306

(1)

Mothers and Their Children

307

(1)

Focus: Maria's Story

308

(2)

Release to the Community

310

(1)

Summary

310

(4)

Institutional Management

314

(30)

Formal Organization

316

(3)

The Organizational Structure

317

(2)

Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---State

319

(2)

The Impact of the Structure

321

(1)

Governing Prisons

321

(1)

Focus: Rules of General Conduct, Michigan Department of Corrections

322

(6)

The Defects of Total Power

323

(1)

Rewards and Punishments

324

(1)

Gaining Cooperation: Exchange Relationships

325

(1)

Inmate Leadership

326

(1)

Disciplining Prisoners

326

(2)

Focus: A Model Prison

328

(2)

Leadership: The Crucial Element of Governance

328

(2)

Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management

330

(2)

Who Becomes a Correctional Officer?

330

(2)

Focus: A Day on the Job---in Prison

332

(3)

Role Characteristics

334

(1)

Careers in Corrections: Correctional Officer---Federal Bureau of Prisons

335

(4)

Job Assignments

336

(1)

Problems with the Officer's Role

337

(1)

Job Stress and Burnout

337

(1)

Boundary Violations

338

(1)

Do the Right Thing

339

(2)

Use of Force

340

(1)

Collective Bargaining

340

(1)

Summary

341

(3)

Institutional Programs

344

(32)

Managing Time

346

(2)

Constraints of Security

346

(1)

The Principle of Least Eligibility

347

(1)

Classification

348

(2)

The Classification Process

348

(2)

Careers in Corrections: Correctional Treatment Specialist

350

(1)

Objective Classification Systems

350

(1)

Do the Right Thing

351

(1)

Rehabilitative Programs

352

(4)

Psychological Programs

352

(2)

Behavior Therapy

354

(1)

Social Therapy

354

(1)

Educational and Vocational Programs

355

(1)

Focus: Educational Programs in Federal Prisons

356

(5)

Substance Abuse Programs

357

(1)

Sex Offender Programs

358

(1)

Religious Programs

359

(1)

The Rediscovery of Correctional Rehabilitation

360

(1)

Prison Medical Services

361

(2)

Prison Industry

363

(4)

The Contract Labor, Piece Price, and Lease Systems

364

(1)

The Public Account System

364

(1)

The State-Use System

364

(1)

The Public Works and Ways System

365

(1)

Prison Industry Today

365

(2)

Focus: Prison Blues

367

(2)

Focus: Telemarketing from Prison

369

(1)

Prison Maintenance Programs

370

(1)

Prison Recreational Programs

371

(1)

Prison Programming Reconsidered

371

(1)

Summary

372

(4)

Release from Incarceration

376

(22)

Release from One Part of the System to Another

378

(1)

Origins of Parole

379

(1)

Focus: Kansas v. Hendricks

380

(1)

Release Mechanisms

381

(2)

Discretionary Release

382

(1)

Mandatory Release

382

(1)

Other Conditional Release

382

(1)

Expiration Release

382

(1)

Focus: A Roomful of Strangers

383

(1)

The Organization of Releasing Authorities

384

(1)

Consolidated versus Autonomous

384

(1)

Field Services

384

(1)

Full Time versus Part Time

384

(1)

Appointment

385

(1)

The Decision to Release

385

(3)

Discretionary Release

385

(3)

Do the Right Thing

388

(4)

Structuring Parole Decisions

389

(1)

The Impact of Release Mechanisms

390

(2)

Release to the Community

392

(3)

Summary

395

(3)

Making It: Supervision in the Community

398

(30)

Overview of the Postrelease Function

400

(5)

Community Supervision

401

(1)

Revocation

401

(4)

Focus: California: Leading the Nation in the Revocation of Ex-prisoners

405

(1)

The Structure of Community Supervision

405

(3)

Agents of Community Supervision

406

(2)

Careers in Corrections: Parole Officer

408

(3)

The Community Supervision Bureaucracy

408

(3)

Residential Programs

411

(2)

The Offender's Experience of Postrelease Life

413

(1)

The Strangeness of Reentry

413

(1)

Supervision and Surveillance

413

(1)

Focus: It's Time I Shed My Ex-convict Status

414

(5)

The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs

415

(1)

Barriers to Success

415

(4)

The Parolee as ``Dangerous''

419

(2)

Do the Right Thing

421

(1)

The Elements of Successful Reentry

422

(1)

Focus: No ``Perverts'' Allowed

423

(1)

Postrelease Supervision

423

(2)

How Effective Is It?

424

(1)

What Are Its Prospects?

424

(1)

Summary

425

(3)

Corrections for Juveniles

428

(30)

The Problem of Youth Crime

430

(1)

History of Juvenile Corrections

430

(5)

Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents

430

(1)

Juvenile Corrections in the United States

431

(4)

Why Treat Juveniles and Adults Differently?

435

(1)

Differences between Adults and Juveniles in Perspective

436

(1)

The Problem of Serious Delinquency

436

(1)

Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders

437

(8)

Overview of the Juvenile Justice System

438

(2)

Disposition of Juvenile Offenders

440

(5)

Careers in Corrections: Probation Officer---Juveniles

445

(4)

Do the Right Thing

449

(1)

The Special Problem of Gangs

450

(1)

Focus: Operation Ceasefire and Operation Nite Lite

451

(1)

The Future of Juvenile Justice

452

(1)

Summary

452

(6)

PART 3: CORRECTIONAL ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES

Incarceration Trends

458

(20)

Explaining Prison Population Trends

460

(7)

Increased Arrests and More Likely Incarceration

462

(1)

Tougher Sentencing

463

(1)

Prison Construction

463

(1)

The War on Drugs

464

(1)

State Politics

465

(1)

Public Policy Trends

466

(1)

Dealing with Overcrowded Prisons

467

(2)

The Null Strategy

468

(1)

The Construction Strategy

468

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions

468

(1)

Prison Population Reduction

469

(1)

The Impact of Prison Crowding

469

(1)

Focus: Connecticut: Trying to Build Its Way Out

470

(2)

Does Incarceration Pay?

472

(2)

Summary

474

(4)

Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections

478

(16)

The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity

480

(1)

Visions of Race and Punishment

481

(4)

The View of Differential Criminality

481

(3)

The View of a Racist Criminal Justice System

484

(1)

Focus: Mumia Abu-Jamal Faces Execution: Did He Receive a Fair Trial?

485

(3)

The View of a Racist Society

487

(1)

Focus: Police, Minorities, and the War on Drugs

488

(1)

Which Is It: Race or Racism?

489

(1)

The Significance of Race and Punishment

490

(1)

Summary

491

(3)

The Death Penalty

494

(22)

The Debate over Capital Punishment

496

(1)

The Death Penalty in America

497

(3)

Death Row Population

498

(1)

Public Opinion

499

(1)

The Death Penalty and the Constitution

500

(6)

Key U.S. Supreme Court Decisions

500

(2)

Continuing Legal Issues

502

(4)

Who Is on Death Row?

506

(4)

Who Are They?

506

(1)

Where Was the Crime Committed?

507

(1)

Who Was the Prosecutor?

507

(1)

Was Race a Factor?

508

(2)

Focus: Death-Watch Logs

510

(1)

A Continuing Debate?

511

(1)

Summary

512

(4)

Surveillance and Control in the Community

516

(12)

The Goals of Surveillance

518

(1)

The Techniques of Surveillance and Control

519

(2)

Drug Controls

519

(1)

Electronic Controls

520

(1)

Focus: Update on Electronic Monitoring: ``The Bag'' Beats ``The Tag''

521

(2)

Human Surveillance

522

(1)

Programmatic Controls

522

(1)

Control: A Double-Edged Sword

523

(1)

Social Control and Personal Liberty

523

(1)

The Politics of Surveillance and Community Protection

524

(1)

The Limits of Control

524

(2)

Technology

525

(1)

Human Responses

525

(1)

Moral and Ethical Limits

525

(1)

Toward Acceptable Community Control

526

(1)

Summary

526

(2)

Community Justice

528

(17)

Definition of Community Justice

530

(3)

A Philosophy of Justice

530

(1)

A Strategy of Justice

531

(1)

Programs

532

(1)

How Community Justice Differs from Criminal Justice

533

(2)

Neighborhoods

533

(1)

Problem Solving

533

(1)

Restoration

533

(1)

Justice Reinvestment

534

(1)

Overview of Differences

534

(1)

Focus: Restorative Justice in Vermont

535

(1)

Arguments for Community Justice

536

(3)

Crime and Crime Problems Are Local

536

(1)

Crime Fighting Improves the Quality of Life

537

(1)

Proactive Rather Than Reactive Strategies Are Needed

538

(1)

Problems of Community Justice

539

(2)

Impingement on Individual Rights

539

(1)

Social Inequality

540

(1)

Increasing Criminal Justice Costs

541

(1)

The Future of Community Justice

541

(1)

Summary

542

(3)

EPILOGUE American Corrections Today and Tomorrow

545

(7)

Five Correctional Dilemmas

546

(4)

Mission

546

(1)

Methods

547

(1)

Structure

548

(1)

Personnel

549

(1)

Costs

550

(1)

Changing Corrections: A Final View

550

(2)

Glossary

552

(5)

Index

557

(14)

Photo Credits

571

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American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

9780534646523

0534646522

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

American Corrections (with InfoTrac)

9780534646523

0534646522

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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