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Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

by: Cooper, C. David; Alley, F. C.

Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

by: Cooper, C. David; Alley, F. C.

ISBN 13:
9781577662181
ISBN 10:
1577662180
Edition: 3rd
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 05/01/2002
Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc
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Preface to the Third Edition

xvii

Preface to the Second Edition

xix

An Overview

(70)

Introduction

(1)

Definitions and Types of Pollutants

(4)

Pollutants of Global Concern

(10)

Ozone Depletion

(1)

Global Climate Change

(3)

Sources of Global Climate Change

(4)

What Can We Do?

(2)

Legislative and Regulatory Trends in the United States

(13)

Federal Legislation

(5)

Federal Regulations and Standards

(6)

The Permitting Process

(2)

The Ideal Gas Law and Concentration Measurements in Gases

(4)

Other Applications of the Ideal Gas Law

(3)

Gas Flow Measurement

(9)

Causes, Sources, and Effects

(13)

Particulate Matter

(4)

Sulfur Dioxide

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides

(2)

Photochemical Oxidaants and VOCs

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

(2)

An Air Pollution Index

(2)

National Air Quality Trends

(13)

Problems

(4)

References

(4)

What is Process Design?

(28)

Introduction

(2)

General Design Considerations

(10)

Process Flow Sheets

(2)

Material Balances and Energy Balances

(5)

The Total Energy Equation for Steady-State Flow Systems

(3)

Engineering Economics

(6)

Optimizing Fixed Capital and Operating Costs

(1)

Depreciation

(3)

Incremental Rate of Return on Investments

(1)

Comparison of Several Alternatives

(1)

Payout Period

(1)

Control Equipment Cost Estimation

(3)

Equipment Costs

(1)

Preliminary Fixed Capital Cost Estimates for Pollution Control Projects

(2)

Annual Operating Cost Estimates

(5)

Problems

(3)

References

(1)

Particulate Matter

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Characteristics of Particles

(9)

Particulate Behavior in Fluids

108

(9)

The Drag Force

108

(4)

External Forces

112

(1)

Gravitational Settling

112

(3)

Collection of Particles by Impaction, Interception, and Diffusion

115

(2)

Overview of Particulate Control Equipment

117

(6)

Problems

120

(2)

References

122

(1)

Cyclones

123

(24)

Introduction

123

(3)

Standard Cyclone Dimensions

126

(1)

Theory

126

(3)

Collection Efficiency

126

(3)

Design Considerations

129

(11)

Collection Efficiency

129

(5)

Pressure Drop

134

(2)

Other Considerations

136

(4)

Costs

140

(7)

Problems

143

(3)

References

146

(1)

Electrostatic Precipitators

147

(30)

Introduction

147

(2)

Theory

149

(5)

Design Considerations

154

(15)

Plate Sizing

154

(1)

Corona

155

(1)

Particulate Resistivity

156

(3)

Internal Configuration

159

(5)

Plates and Wires

164

(1)

Removal of Particle Dust

164

(2)

Power Consumption

166

(2)

Flue Gas Conditioning

168

(1)

Costs

169

(8)

Problems

171

(3)

References

174

(3)

Fabric Filters

177

(32)

Introduction

177

(1)

Theory

178

(6)

Design Considerations

184

(16)

Reverse-Air and Shaker Baghouses

184

(10)

Pulse-Jet Baghouses

194

(4)

Other Considerations

198

(2)

Costs

200

(9)

Problems

203

(4)

References

207

(2)

Particulate Scrubbers

209

(30)

Introduction

209

(8)

Spray-Chamber Scrubbers

209

(2)

Cyclone Spray Chambers

211

(1)

Orifice and Wet-Impingement Scrubbers

212

(1)

Venturi and Venturi Jet Scrubbers

212

(2)

Other Designs

214

(1)

Typical Wet Scrubber Applications

215

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers

215

(2)

Theory and Design Considerations

217

(11)

Spray Chambers

217

(5)

Venturi Scrubbers

222

(3)

Contacting Power Approach in Wet Scrubber Design

225

(3)

Other Considerations

228

(6)

Elimination of Liquid Entrainment

228

(2)

Humidification of Scrubbed Gases

230

(4)

Costs

234

(5)

Problems

235

(2)

References

237

(2)

Auxiliary Equipment: Hoods, Ducts, Fans, and Coolers

239

(52)

Introduction

239

(1)

Hoods

239

(4)

Ducts

243

(11)

Fans

254

(17)

Fan Curves

256

(1)

Fan Laws

256

(7)

Fan Rating Tables

263

(1)

Fan Selection

263

(8)

Cooling Hot Airstreams

271

(6)

Air Dilution

271

(1)

Water Injection

271

(2)

Heat Exchange

273

(4)

Costs

277

(14)

Hoods

277

(1)

Ducts

277

(3)

Fans

280

(6)

Coolers

286

(2)

Problems

288

(1)

References

289

(2)

A Particulate Control Problem

291

(16)

Introduction

291

(1)

Problem Statement

292

(1)

Options for Final Control

293

(2)

Major Items of Equipment

295

(8)

The Cooler

296

(1)

The Cyclone

297

(2)

Final Control Device---Alternative 1: Baghouse

299

(1)

Final Control Device---Alternative 2: ESP

300

(1)

Ductwork

301

(1)

Induced Draft Fan

302

(1)

Stack

303

(1)

Summary

303

(4)

References

305

(2)

Properties of Gases and Vapors

307

(14)

Introduction

307

(1)

Vapor Pressure

308

(3)

Diffusivities

311

(1)

Gas-Liquid and Gas-Solid Equilibria

312

(2)

Solubility

312

(1)

Adsorption

313

(1)

Chemical Reactions

314

(7)

Kinetics

314

(3)

Thermodynamics

317

(2)

Problems

319

(1)

References

320

(1)

Voc Incinerators

321

(40)

Introduction

321

(2)

Theory

323

(12)

Oxidation Chemistry

323

(3)

The Three Ts

326

(2)

Predicting VOC Kinetics

328

(6)

Nonisothermal Nature of VOC Oxidation

334

(1)

Catalytic Oxidation

334

(1)

Design Considerations

335

(17)

Thermal Oxidizers

335

(7)

Catalytic Oxidizers

342

(4)

Heat Recovery

346

(4)

Flares

350

(2)

Costs

352

(9)

Purchased Equipment Costs

352

(2)

Heat Exchangers

354

(1)

Problems

355

(3)

References

358

(3)

Gas Adsorption

361

(32)

Introduction

361

(2)

Adsorption Theory

363

(5)

Physical and Chemical Adsorption

363

(1)

Adsorption Isotherms

363

(3)

Adsorption Potential

366

(1)

Experimental Determination of Isotherms

366

(2)

Physical Properties of Adsorbents

368

(2)

Activated Carbon

368

(2)

Other Adsorbents

370

(1)

Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems

370

(7)

Brakthrough Curves and Their Relationship to System Design

370

(2)

Pressure Drop Across Fixed Beds

372

(3)

Adsorbent Regeneration

375

(1)

Safety Considerations

376

(1)

Design of Fixed-Bed Carbon Adsorption Systems

377

(6)

Economics of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems

383

(4)

Capital Costs Estimates

383

(1)

Adsorber Operating Costs

384

(3)

Fluidzed-Bed Adsorbers

387

(6)

Problems

389

(2)

References

391

(2)

Gas Absorption

393

(36)

Introduction

393

(1)

Gas Absorption Equipment

394

(1)

Absorption Tower Design

394

(25)

Mass Transfer Theory

394

(5)

Mass Transfer in Packed Towers

399

(8)

Absorption and Chemical Reaction

407

(1)

Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Allowable Gas and Liquid Rates in Packed Towers

408

(8)

Design Simplification for Lean Gas Applications

416

(3)

Estimating the Cost of Absorption Towers

419

(4)

Absorption Tower Operating Costs

421

(2)

Sripping Operations

423

(6)

Problems

424

(3)

References

427

(2)

Biological Control of VOCs and Odors

429

(30)

Introduction

429

(3)

Theory and Descriptive Information

432

(10)

Key Considerations in the Design and Operation of Biofilters

442

(17)

Design

442

(4)

Operating Considerations

446

(5)

Case Study

451

(2)

Cost Estimation

453

(2)

Problems

455

(2)

References

457

(2)

Control of Sulfur Oxides

459

(34)

Introduction

459

(1)

Overview of Control Strategies

460

(13)

Fuel Desulfurization

461

(2)

SO2 Removal Techniques

463

(1)

Throwaway Processes

463

(5)

Regenerative Processes

468

(5)

Limestone Scrubbing

473

(14)

Process Chemistry and Operational Factors

474

(1)

SO2 Mass Transfer

475

(2)

Physical Factors

477

(1)

Material and Energy Balances

478

(9)

Costs

487

(6)

Problems

490

(1)

References

491

(2)

Control of Nitrogen Oxides

493

(28)

Introduction

493

(3)

Chemistry of NOx Formation

496

(11)

Thermal NOx

496

(7)

Fuel NOx

503

(4)

NOx Control: Stationary Sources

507

(9)

Combustion Modifications

507

(4)

Flue Gas Treatment Techniques

511

(5)

Costs

516

(5)

Problems

517

(1)

References

518

(3)

A Vapor Control Problem

521

(12)

Introduction

521

(1)

Problem Statement

521

(7)

Selecting a Design Flow Rate

528

(2)

Carbon Adsorption System

530

(1)

Thermal Incineration System

530

(1)

Catalytic Incineration System

531

(1)

Biofilter System

531

(1)

Summary

532

(1)

Mobile Sources: An Overview

533

(36)

Introduction

533

(2)

Magnitude of the Problem

535

(5)

Characteristics of Engines in Mobile Sources

540

(7)

Vehicle Emissions and Emission Controls

547

(14)

Other Measures for Control of Air Pollution from Vehicles

561

(8)

Problems

565

(2)

References

567

(2)

Air Pollution and Meteorlogy

569

(38)

Introduction

569

(1)

General Atmospheric Circulation Patterns

570

(7)

Local Circulation Effects

577

(1)

The Land-Sea Breeze

577

(1)

Mountain-Valley Winds

578

(1)

Wind Roses and Low-level Pollutant Dispersion Patterns

578

(1)

Atmospheric Stability and Vertical Mixing

578

(10)

The Hydrostatic Equation

580

(1)

Adiabatic Heating and Cooling during Vertical Air Movement

581

(2)

The Effect of Lapse Rate on Vertical Stability

583

(1)

Temperature Inversions

584

(4)

Photochemistry and Smog

588

(13)

Causes of Photochemical Smog

589

(4)

Anatomy of a Smog Episode

593

(1)

The Chemistry of Photochemical Smog

594

(1)

The Nitrogen Dioxide Photolytic Cycle

595

(4)

The Effects of Smog

599

(1)

The Control of Photochemical Smog

599

(2)

Meteorology and Air Pollution

601

(6)

Air Pollution Surveys

601

(1)

Selection of Plant Sites

601

(1)

Specification of Emission Rates

601

(1)

Stack Design

602

(1)

Problems

603

(1)

References

604

(3)

Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling

607

(42)

Introduction

607

(2)

A Physical Explanation of Dispersion

609

(2)

The Gaussian Model

611

(15)

Atmospheric Stability Classes

615

(6)

The Dependence of Concentration on Averaging Time

621

(1)

Estimating the Maximum Downwind Ground-Level Concentration

621

(4)

Estimating the Downwind Concentration under an Elevated Inversion

625

(1)

Tall Stacks and Plume Rise

626

(11)

Design Procedures

627

(1)

Plume Rise

628

(4)

Critical Wind Speed

632

(1)

Other Stack Design Considerations

633

(3)

Stack Costs

636

(1)

Computer Programs for Dispersion Modeling (Point Sources)

637

(1)

Mobile Sources and Line Source Models

638

(11)

Problems

643

(3)

References

646

(3)

Indoor Air Quality and Control

649

(26)

Introduction

649

(2)

Some Pollutants of Concern

651

(6)

VOCs (including Formaldehyde)

652

(2)

Inorganic Gases---Combustion Products

654

(1)

Respirable Particles (including Tobacco Smoke)

655

(1)

Randon

655

(1)

Biological Contaminants (including Molds, Mildews, and Allergens)

656

(1)

Source Control and Ventilation

657

(3)

Source Control

657

(1)

Ventilation

658

(1)

Air Cleaning

659

(1)

Material Balance Models for Indoor Air Quality

660

(7)

Practical Solutions to IAQ Problems

667

(3)

Case Studies

670

(5)

Case 1: A Water Damaged Hotel

670

(1)

Case 2: Another Case of Water Damage

671

(1)

Problems

672

(1)

References

673

(2)

Appendixes

675

(52)

Appendix A: Conversion Factors

676

(3)

Appendix B: Properties of Air and Other Materials

679

(17)

Appendix C: Some Properties of a Gaussian Distribution

696

(4)

Appendix D: Computer Programs

700

(6)

Appendix E: Practice Problems (with solutions) in Air Quality for the P.E. Examination in Environmental Engineering

706

(16)

Appendix F: Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

722

(5)

Index

727

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Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

9781577662181

1577662180

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach

9781577662181

1577662180

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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