The past decade has seen a growing emphasis on the importance of linking assessment to intervention for struggling students, coupled with increasing support for the methodology known as direct or curriculum-based assessment. Reflecting the latest developments in the field, the revised and expanded third edition of this bestelling work provides a comprehensive framework for addressing academic skills problems with optimal effectiveness and accountability. From leading school psychologist Edward S. Shapiro, the book presents a readily applicable, four-step approach for working with students experiencing a range of difficulties with reading, spelling, written language, or math. This authoritative, highly practical volume is an indispensable resource and text for 21st-century practitioners.