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Thinking

by: Kirby, Gary R.; Goodpaster, Jeffery R.

Thinking

by: Kirby, Gary R.; Goodpaster, Jeffery R.

ISBN 13:
9780130923912
ISBN 10:
0130923915
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2002
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Summary

For courses in Critical Thinking, Informal Logic, Argumentative Writing, English Composition, Introduction to Logic, Philosophy, and Psychology. This text was written to give teachers and students a better and more comprehensive critical thinking text. The book contains selections from students and material on great and courageous thinkerslike Aristotle, da Vinci, and Jungthat can serve as models of inspiration.

Preface

xiii

What Is Thinking?

(12)

Our Cultural Legacy

(1)

Why Think?

(1)

Thinking Activity 1.1: Things More Important Than Thinking

(3)

Thoughts Richer Than Gold

(1)

Thinking as Possibility

(1)

Thoughts Accumulate

(1)

Life Without Thinking

(1)

What is Thinking?

(1)

The Mystery

(1)

Toward a Definition: Thinking as Communicating

(1)

Box: The Centrality of Thinking

(1)

Communicating: The Mirror of Thought

(1)

Thinking as Writting: Clarity, Exactness, Awareness, Richness

(1)

Thinking Activity 1.2: Thinking, Sensing, Writing

(2)

Thinking as Dialogue: Validation and Insight

(1)

Misthinking

(1)

Summary

(1)

Thinking Challenges

(2)

Personal Barriers

(34)

Enculturation

(2)

Sources of Enculturation

(1)

Box: Some Common American Beliefs

(2)

Religion and Enculturation

(1)

Box: Spinoza: A Man of Reason

(1)

Thinking Activity 2.1: Our Own Enculturation

(3)

Self-Concept

(1)

Thinking Activity 2.2: The Idea of Self

(1)

Thinking Activity 2.3: Letting Go

(1)

Ego Defenses

(2)

Denial

(1)

Projection

(1)

Rationalization

(1)

Self-Serving Biases

(1)

Box: Other Attribution Errors

(1)

Box: Self-Serving Biases?

(1)

Thinking Activity 2.4: Owning Up to Our Dark Side

(1)

The Role of Expectations and Schemata

(2)

Emotional Influences

(6)

Anger

(3)

Passion

(1)

Depression

(2)

Thinking Activity 2.5: Five Thinking Errors

(1)

Striving for Cognitive Consistency

(3)

Stress

(1)

Box: Signs and Symptoms of Stress

(2)

Stress Management

(1)

Thinking Activity 2.6: Five Ways to Prevent Stress

(1)

Summary

(1)

Barrier Challenges

(3)

Sensing

(12)

Sensual Beginnings

(1)

The Power of Our Senses

(1)

The Deception of Our Senses

(1)

Thinking Activity 3.1: Ideas: Innate or Learned?

(1)

Thinking Activity 3.2: Our Personal Sense Deceptions

(1)

Sharpening Our Senses

(2)

Thinking Activity 3.3: Seeing Anew

(1)

Powerful Listening

(3)

The Paradox of Powerful Listening

(1)

How to Listen

(2)

Thinking Activity 3.4: Developing an Action Plan

(1)

Summary

(1)

Sensing and Thinking Challenges

(3)

Brain and Memory

(21)

The Mystery

(1)

Thinking and Our Brain

(1)

Thinking Activity 4.1: An Exercise in Mental Discipline

(4)

Food and Drugs

(3)

Sleep

(1)

Thinking Activity 4.2: Critical Reading Before We Sleep

(3)

Our Thinking Potential

(2)

Box: Brain and Mind

(1)

Thinking and Memory

(1)

The Changing Nature of Memory

(1)

Thinking Activity 4.3: Memories of Childhood

(3)

Forgetting

(1)

Box: Recall versus Recognition

(2)

Why We Forget

(1)

How to Improve Memory

(1)

Thinking Activity 4.4: Using Mnemonics

(2)

Box: Memory Pills

(1)

Summary

(1)

Brain and Memory Challenges

(2)

Language: Our Thinking Medium

(21)

Thinking Activity 5.1: Language and Thinking

(1)

Language And Our Mind

(2)

The Universalizing Power of Language

(1)

The Structuring Power of Language

(1)

Language and Society

(1)

Thinking Activity 5.2: A Brief Mind Sketch

(2)

The Metaphorical Power of Language

(2)

What is a Metaphor?

(1)

Metaphorical Models Control Thinking

(2)

Box: Language, Lawyers, and Lawmakers

(1)

The Limitations of Language

(1)

The Power of English

(1)

Word Meanings

(1)

Thinking Activity 5.3: The Language in Our Mind

(2)

Thinking Activity 5.4: Identifying Our Flame Words

(3)

Word Order Creates Meaning

(1)

The Power Parts: Noun and Verb

(1)

Thinking and the Context

(1)

Clarity

(1)

Box: Clearly Embarrasing

(1)

The Pitfalls of English

(1)

Generalizations and Abstractions

(1)

Box: High Specificity

(2)

Wordiness

(1)

Redundancies

(1)

Illogicalities

(1)

Cliches

(1)

Summary

(1)

Language Challenges

(3)

Feeling

101

(11)

Feelings and Thinking

101

(1)

Cultural Context

102

(1)

Business

102

(1)

Church

102

(1)

Family

103

(1)

The Force Behind Our Thoughts

103

(1)

Beneath the Rational Surface

103

(1)

The Importance of Tone

104

(1)

Thinking Activity 6.1: Feelings Beneath Our Thoughts

104

(1)

Controlling Emotions

105

(1)

Generating Speech

106

(1)

Generating Writing

106

(2)

The Inspiration Method

107

(1)

The Recollection Method

107

(1)

The Conscious Selection Method

107

(1)

Feelings Toward Topic and Audience

108

(1)

Thinking Activity 6.2: Evoking Emotions

108

(1)

Observing Feelings

109

(1)

Summary

109

(1)

Thinking and Feeling Challenges

110

(2)

Creative Thinking

112

(13)

What is Creativity?

112

(1)

Metaphorical Thinking

113

(1)

Thinking Activity 7.1: Making Metaphors

114

(1)

Kinds of Creative Thinking

114

(1)

Who Can Think Creatively?

115

(1)

Thinking Activity 7.2: Poetic Impressions

115

(1)

Conditions and Limitations of Creativity

116

(1)

Beginning to Create

117

(2)

Brainstorming

117

(1)

Starbursting

118

(1)

Coaxing Creativity

119

(1)

Desire

119

(1)

Knowledge and Skills

119

(1)

Edisonian Effort

119

(1)

Thinking Activity 7.3: Prepcreation

120

(2)

Fermentation and Insight

122

(1)

Evaluation

122

(1)

Summary

122

(1)

Box: Leonardo da Vinci

122

(1)

Creating Challenges

123

(2)

Organizing

125

(16)

Origins of Order

125

(1)

Natural/Mental Orders

126

(1)

Topical Order

126

(1)

Analogical Order

126

(1)

Chronological Order

126

(1)

Causal Order

127

(1)

Thinking Activity 8.1: Other Natural Orders?

127

(1)

Thinking Activity 8.2: The Order of the Elements

127

(1)

Mental Orders

127

(2)

Thinking Activity 8.3: Other Mental Orders

129

(1)

Clarity and Memory

129

(1)

Steps in Organizing

130

(2)

Clustering

130

(1)

Analyzing

131

(1)

Thinking Activity 8.4: Analyzing the Clusters

132

(2)

Prioritizing

132

(1)

Organizing Your Space

133

(1)

Organizing Electronic Data

133

(1)

Using the Orders

134

(3)

Thinking Activity 8.5: Creating a Seminal Structural Analogy

137

(1)

Curtain Call

138

(1)

Summary

138

(1)

Organizing Challenges

139

(2)

Logical Thinking

141

(61)

Deductive Thinking: The Syllogism

141

(1)

Categorical Syllogisms

142

(3)

Three Kinds of Propositions

144

(1)

Four Figures

145

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.1: Drawing the Conclusion

145

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.2: Finding Terms and Figures

146

(3)

Validity of Categorical Syllogisms

148

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.3: Identifying Valid Categorical Syllogisms

149

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.4: Using Venn Diagrams

149

(5)

Enthymemes and Syllogisms in Everyday life

154

(3)

Thinking Activity 9.5: Finding Multiple Syllogisms and False Premises

157

(1)

Soft Deductions

157

(3)

Thinking Activity 9.6: Challenging Soft Deductions

160

(1)

Reasoning Errors in Categorical Syllogisms

161

(4)

Undistributed Middle

161

(2)

Illicit Process

163

(2)

Thinking Activity 9.7: Finding Undistributed Terms

165

(3)

The Four-Terms Fallacy

166

(1)

Equivocation

167

(1)

Box: The Importance of Agreed Meaning

168

(1)

Rules for the Categorical Syllogism

168

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.8: Identifying Invalid Syllogisms

169

(1)

Hypothetical Syllogisms

169

(4)

Reasoning Errors in Hypothetical Syllogisms

171

(2)

Disjunctive Syllogisms

173

(2)

Reasoning Error in the Disjunctive Syllogism

174

(1)

Valid Conversions

175

(2)

Thinking Activity 9.9: Writting Valid Conversions

177

(1)

Informal Deductive Fallacies

178

(2)

The Fallacy of Division

178

(1)

Circular Reasoning

178

(1)

The Either/Or Fallacy

179

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.10: Identifying the Either/Or Fallacy

180

(1)

Box: Reductio ad Absurdum

181

(1)

Inductive Thinking

181

(3)

Thinking Activity 9.11: Distinguishing Between Inductive and Deductive Arguments

184

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.12: Considering Past Errors

185

(1)

Analogical Argument

186

(1)

Box: Chuang Tzu's Analogies

187

(1)

Thinking Activity 9.13: Using Analogies

187

(1)

Causation

187

(2)

Thinking Activity 9.14: Thinking About Causation

189

(1)

Informal Inductive Fallacies

189

(4)

Hasty Generalization

189

(1)

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

190

(1)

Extravagant Hypothesis

191

(1)

False Analogy

192

(1)

The Fallacy of Composition

192

(1)

Slippery Slope

192

(1)

Other Reasoning Fallacies

193

(3)

The Genetic Fallacy

193

(1)

Appeal to Authority

194

(1)

Appeal to Tradition

195

(1)

The Is/Ought Fallacy

196

(1)

Box: More Thoughts About Oughts

196

(2)

Bandwagon Appeal

197

(1)

Appeal to Ignorance

197

(1)

Summary

198

(1)

Logic Challenges

199

(3)

Scientific Thinking

202

(37)

The Scientific Method

202

(4)

Observation

203

(1)

Hypothesis

203

(1)

Experimentation

204

(1)

Verification

204

(1)

Science and Other Ways of Knowing

205

(1)

Box: Copernicus and Galileo

206

(1)

The Empirical Nature of Science

206

(3)

Erroneous Operational Definitions

207

(1)

Operational Debates

208

(1)

The Limits of Science

208

(1)

Thinking Activity 10.1: Creating Operational Definitions

209

(1)

Thinking Activity 10.2: The Domain of Science

209

(1)

Science And the Understanding of Human Nature

210

(3)

Determinism as Foundation

210

(1)

Human Beings and Determinism

211

(2)

Box: Determinism and Probability

213

(1)

Proving a Theory

214

(2)

Controlled Experiments

216

(2)

Quasi Experimental Design

218

(1)

Nonexperimental Designs

218

(4)

Ex Post Facto

218

(3)

Correlational Design

221

(1)

Thinking Activity 10.3: Determining the Research Design

222

(5)

The Survey

223

(4)

Box: Opinion versus Fact

227

(1)

Case Studies

227

(1)

The Rule of Chance

228

(2)

Box: Sizeable Effects

230

(1)

Experimenter Bias

230

(2)

Box: The Placebo Effect

232

(1)

Box: Cases of Fraud

233

(1)

Pseudoscience

234

(1)

Summary

235

(2)

Scientific Thinking Challenges

237

(2)

Persuasive Thinking

239

(26)

What is Persuasion?

239

(1)

The Ethics of Persuasion

239

(1)

Thinking About What Moves Us

240

(1)

Knowledge

240

(1)

Objectivity and Honesty

241

(1)

Box: Confucius, Christ, and Kant

241

(3)

Biases

241

(1)

Likability

242

(1)

Motivation and Purpose

242

(1)

The Rational Appeal

242

(1)

The Emotional Appeal: The Root Elements

243

(1)

Thinking About What Moves Our Audience

244

(1)

Demographics

244

(1)

Thinking Activity 11.1: A Demographic Analysis

245

(1)

Values and Needs

245

(1)

Thinking Activity 11.2: Identifying Values and Needs

246

(1)

Adjusting Our Goals

247

(1)

Thinking Activity 11.3: Motivation Mountain

247

(1)

Organizing for Persuasion

248

(2)

Establishing Credibility

248

(1)

Acknowledging the Audience's Position

249

(1)

Constructing Our Rationale

249

(1)

Thinking Activity 11.4: Recognizing the Other Side

250

(1)

Transplanting the Root Elements

251

(1)

Asking for the Response

251

(1)

Defending Ourselves Against Deceitful Persuasion

251

(5)

Manipulative Tactics

252

(4)

Thinking Activity 11.5: Your Vulnerability to Fear Appeals

256

(6)

Erroneous Attacks

257

(2)

Abuse of Language

259

(3)

Summary

262

(1)

Persuasion Challenges

263

(2)

Problem Solving

265

(20)

Defining The Problem

266

(1)

Thinking Activity 12.1: Forming More Precise Definitions

267

(2)

Discovering Causes

268

(1)

Problems Without a Cause

269

(1)

Removing Barriers

269

(1)

The Myth of Perfection

269

(1)

The Myth of Genius

270

(1)

Generating Solutions

270

(2)

Gathering Information

270

(2)

Thinking Activity 12.2: Identifying Problem Components

272

(1)

Box: Creating a Healthy Communication Climate

273

(1)

Creative Thinking

274

(1)

Thinking Activity 12.3: Functional Fixedness

275

(1)

Selecting Solutions

275

(2)

Preliminary Evaluation

275

(2)

Box: Chaotic Systems

277

(1)

Pros and Cons

278

(1)

Box: Rejections on Minor Grounds

278

(1)

Thinking Activity 12.4: Weighing Pros and Cons

279

(4)

Subgoal Analysis

279

(1)

Trial and Error

280

(1)

Working Backwards

281

(1)

Problem-Solving Tips

282

(1)

Evaluating Solutions

283

(1)

Summary

283

(1)

Problem-Solving Challenges

283

(2)

Evaluating

285

(10)

The Necessity to Test Thinking

286

(1)

The Crucible of Critical Dialogue

286

(1)

Thinking Activity 13.1: Using Dialogue

287

(3)

Critical Monologue

287

(1)

The Elegance of Simplicity

287

(1)

The Flattery of Imitation and Development

288

(1)

The Power of Predictability

288

(1)

Perspective, Balance, and Completeness

289

(1)

The Test of Time

289

(1)

Thinking Activity 13.2: Does Time Always Test True?

290

(1)

Testing Against Our Thinking Bases

290

(2)

Personal Barriers

290

(1)

Perceptions and Memory

290

(1)

Language

291

(1)

Feelings

291

(1)

Creativity Check

291

(1)

Organization

292

(1)

Logic Check

292

(1)

Thinking Activity 13.3: Our Tone Toward Our Thinking

292

(1)

Summary

292

(1)

Validating Challenges

293

(2)

Decision and Action

295

(12)

Why Act?

295

(1)

Decision

296

(4)

Difficulties in Deciding

297

(2)

How to Decide

299

(1)

Box: Changing Criteria: Putting on the Gloves

300

(1)

Thinking Activity 14.1: Feelings and Decisions

301

(1)

Thinking Activity 14.2: Role-Playing

302

(1)

When to Decide

302

(1)

The Deciding Moment

302

(1)

Action

303

(1)

After Action

303

(1)

Summary

304

(1)

Decision and Action Challenges

304

(3)

The Challenge to Go on Thinking

307

(3)

Appendix: Propositional Logic

310

(3)

References

313

(6)

Index

319

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking

Thinking

9780130923912

0130923915

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Thinking

Thinking

9780130923912

0130923915

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Excerpts

Write a Review

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