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The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

by: Belknap, Joanne

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

by: Belknap, Joanne

ISBN 13:
9780534542092
ISBN 10:
0534542093
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 11/02/2000
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Part One: Introduction. 1. The Emergence of Gender in Criminology. Part Two: Female Offending. 2. Critiquing Criminological Theories. 3. The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending. 4. Processing Women and Girls in the System. 5. Incarcerating, Punishing, and Treating Offending Women and Girls. Part Three: Female Victims Of Male Violence. 6. The Image of the Female Victim. 7. Sexual Victimization. 8. Woman Battering and Stalking. Part Four: Women Workers. 9. Working Women: Breaking the Barriers. 10. Working Women: On the Job. Part Five: Conclusions. 11. Effecting Change.

Preface

xii

I INTRODUCTION

The Emergence of Gender in Criminology

(30)

Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime

(7)

Sex Versus Gender

(4)

What is Feminism?

(4)

What is Feminist Method?

(2)

Effect of Societal Images on Women in Crime

(3)

Diversity Among Women

(2)

Summary

(7)

II FEMALE OFFENDING

Critiquing Criminological Theories

(47)

The Traditional, Positivist Studies

(5)

Strain and Subcultural Theories

(3)

Differential Association Theory

(2)

Labeling Theory

(2)

Social Control Theory

(5)

Marxist/Radical Theories

(2)

Women's Liberation/Emancipation Hypothesis

(2)

Biosocial and Evolutionary Psychological Theories

(2)

Feminist and Pro-Feminist Theories

(13)

Summary

(9)

The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending

(45)

Description of Offending

(6)

The Importance of How Crime Rates Are Measured and the Roles of Gender, Age, Race, and Class

(2)

Female Offending in Context

(28)

Summary

117

(8)

Processing Women and Girls in the System

125

(30)

Criminal Laws and Sex Discrimination

126

(3)

Sentencing Laws and Sex Discrimination

129

(2)

Three Hypotheses of Sex Discrimination in Crime Processing

131

(1)

Chivalry and Paternalism

132

(1)

Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Crime Processing

133

(16)

Summary

149

(6)

Incarcerating, Punishing, and ``Treating'' Offending Women and Girls

155

(50)

History of Institutionalizing Females

156

(7)

Women's Prisons Today

163

(3)

Rates of Imprisonment

166

(2)

Who Is in Women's Prisons and Delinquent Girls' Institutions?

168

(3)

Girls' ``Correctional'' Institutions

171

(2)

Psychological Aspects of Women's Imprisonment

173

(3)

Parenthood: A Gender Difference among Prisoners

176

(3)

Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs

179

(3)

Health Care Services

182

(4)

The Prison Subculture

186

(5)

Co-Corrections

191

(3)

Women and the Death Penalty

194

(1)

Summary

195

(10)

III FEMALE VICTIMS OF MALE VIOLENCE

The Image of the Female Victim

205

(22)

The Link between Actual Victimizations and the Fear of Crime

207

(3)

Effect of Culture on Gender Roles

210

(2)

Gender Disparities in Power

212

(1)

Threat of Violence

213

(2)

Victim Blaming

215

(3)

Victimization of Women and Girls of Color

218

(2)

The Victimization of Women and Girls with Disabilities

220

(1)

Summary

221

(6)

Sexual Victimization

227

(40)

Defining Sexual Victimization

227

(1)

Historical Issues in Defining Sexual Victimization

228

(2)

Statistics on Sexual Victimization

230

(2)

Who Are the Victims?

232

(1)

Who Are the Offenders?

233

(2)

The Victim-Offender Relationship

235

(1)

Child Sexual Victimization

235

(5)

Date Rape

240

(6)

Marital Rape

246

(3)

Sexual Harassment

249

(4)

Sexual Victimization and the Crime-Processing System

253

(5)

Summary

258

(9)

Woman Battering and Stalking

267

(52)

Defining Battering and Stalking

267

(3)

History of Identifying Battering as a Social Problem

270

(2)

The Frequency of Battering and Stalking

272

(4)

Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence

276

(1)

Why Do (Some) Men Batter?

277

(1)

Who Are the Batterers and Stalkers?

278

(3)

Inhibitors to Leaving a Violent Relationship

281

(8)

The Constant Threat of Danger

289

(2)

Woman Battering and the Crime-Processing System

291

(12)

Health Professionals

303

(2)

Summary

305

(14)

IV WOMEN WORKERS

Working Women: Breaking The Barriers

319

(37)

Movement from the Private to the Public Sphere

320

(7)

Movement Toward Gender Equality

327

(6)

Legal Implications

333

(6)

The History of Women's Entry into Decision-Making Positions in the Criminal-Processing System

339

(11)

Summary

350

(6)

Working Women: On the Job

356

(45)

Legal Pressure for Women's Employment in Crime Processing

357

(1)

The Current Rate of Women's Employment in the Criminal-Processing System

358

(4)

Women as Tokens in the Workplace

362

(4)

Women as Tokens in Crime-Processing Jobs since the 1970s

366

(2)

Institutionalized Sexism

368

(1)

Institutionalized Heterosexism

369

(1)

Gender Similarities and Differences in Job Performances

369

(2)

Organizational, Social, and Individual Resistance and Support Regarding Women's Work in Crime-Fighting Jobs

371

(13)

Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: A Roadblock for Women Guards in Male Prisons

384

(3)

Classifications of Women Employees in Male-Dominated Jobs

387

(4)

Summary

391

(10)

V CONCLUSIONS

Effecting Change

401

(26)

New Theories

401

(1)

Changing the Treatment of Female Offenders

402

(7)

Changing Responses to Male Violence Against Women

409

(7)

Changes for Women Crime-Processing Professionals

416

(3)

Summary

419

(8)

Name Index

427

(13)

Subject Index

440

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

9780534542092

0534542093

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

9780534542092

0534542093

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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