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The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

by: Belknap, Joanne

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

by: Belknap, Joanne

ISBN 13:
9780495090557
ISBN 10:
0495090557
Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/27/2006
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

THE INVISIBLE WOMAN: GENDER, CRIME, AND JUSTICE is the definitive guide for the women and the criminal justice system course. The textbook covers topics ranging from female offenders to female victims. of crime to female employees of the criminal justice system.

PART I Introduction

1 The Emergence of Gender in Criminology

(30)

Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime

(6)

Women and Girls as Offenders

(2)

Women and Girls as Victims

(1)

Women as Professionals in the Crime-Processing System

(1)

Blurring of Boundaries of Women's Experiences in Crime

(1)

Sex Versus Gender

(3)

What is Feminism?

(5)

What is Feminist Method?

(2)

Effect of Societal Images on Women in Crime

(4)

Diversity among Women

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(7)

PART II Female Offending

2 Critiquing Criminological Theories

(64)

The Traditional Positivist Studies

(4)

The Atavistic Female Offender

(1)

The Unadjusted Girl

(1)

Anatomy as Destiny

(1)

Behind the Mask

(1)

Legacy of the Positivist Theorists

(1)

Strain and Subcultural Theories

(5)

Strain Theory

(1)

Delinquency and Opportunity

(1)

General Strain Theory (GST)

(2)

Tests of (Traditional) Strain and General Strain 7heories

(1)

Differential Association Theory (DAT)

(2)

Labeling Theory

(2)

Social Control Theory (SCT)

(7)

Social Bond Theory

(2)

Research on Social Control Theory

(2)

Power Control Theory (PCT)

(3)

Marxist, Radical, and Critical Theories

(3)

Women's Liberation/Emancipation Hypothesis (WLEH)

(1)

Biosocial and Evolutionary Psychological Theories

(6)

Feminist and Pro-Feminist Theories

(16)

Critical Race Feminism

(1)

Messerschmidt's Masculinities and Crime 'Theories

(2)

Cycle of Violence Theory

(1)

Life Course "Theory (LCT)

(3)

Feminist Pathways Research

(9)

Summary

(2)

References

(14)

3 The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending

(48)

Measuring Crime and Making Gender Comparisons

(6)

The Importance of How Crime Rates are Measured and the Roles of Gender, Age, Race, Class, and Sexuality

104

(6)

Age and Juvenile Delinquency

105

(1)

Race/Ethnicity

106

(1)

Class/Socioeconomic Status

107

(1)

Sexuality

108

(2)

The Frequency and Context of Women's and Girls' Offending for Specific Crimes

110

(24)

Girl and Women Gangs

110

(4)

Theft

114

(1)

Robbery and Burglary

115

(1)

White-Collar Crime

116

(1)

Drug Use and Selling

117

(9)

General Aggression

126

(1)

Nonlethal and Lethal Child Abuse

127

(5)

Homicide

132

(2)

Summary

134

(1)

References

135

(8)

4 Processing Women and Girls in the System

143

(34)

Criminal Laws and Sex Discrimination

144

(3)

Sentencing Laws and Sex Discrimination

147

(2)

Three Hypotheses of Sex Discrimination in Crime Processing

149

(1)

Chivalry and Paternalism

150

(1)

Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Crime Processing

151

(18)

Access to Chivalry: Discrimination among Women

152

(2)

Reforms in the Processing of-Juveniles

154

(4)

The Presence of Gender Bias in Different Stages of Processing

158

(6)

Gender Differences in Crime Processing Based on the Type of Offense

164

(2)

Gender Stereotypes and Crime Processing

166

(3)

Summary

169

(1)

References

170

(7)

5 Incarcerating, Punishing, and "Treating" Offending Women and Girls

177

(60)

The History of Institutionalizing Female Offenders

180

(9)

Punishment

180

(2)

Reform

182

(4)

Sex-Segregated Custodial Prisons

186

(1)

Racist Segregation and Treatment in Girls' and Women's Institutions

187

(1)

Women's Prisons in the 1960's, 1970's, and 1980's

188

(1)

The Women's Prison Regime

189

(2)

Rates of Imprisonment and a Portrayal of Incarcerated Girls and Women

191

(5)

Girls' "Correctional" Institutions

196

(2)

Psychological Aspects of Women's Imprisonment

198

(2)

Parenthood: A Gender Difference Among Prisoners

200

(5)

Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs

205

(3)

Health Care Services

208

(3)

HIV/AIDS

209

(1)

Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care

210

(1)

Mental Health Problems and Care

211

(2)

Incarcerated Women and Girls with Disabilities

213

(1)

The Prison Subculture

214

(6)

Sexual Abuse of Women Prisoners

220

(1)

Co-Corrections

221

(3)

Women and the Death Penalty

224

(1)

Summary

225

(1)

References

226

(11)

PART III Female Victims of Male Violence

6 The Image of the Female Victim

237

(29)

The Link Between Actual Victimizations and the Fear of Crime

240

(3)

Effect of Culture on Gender Roles

243

(2)

Gender Disparities in Power

245

(2)

Threats of Violence

247

(1)

Victim Blaming

248

(3)

The Victimization of Women and Girls of Color

251

(3)

The Victimization of Immigrant Women and Girls

254

(2)

The Victimization of Women and Girls with Disabilities

256

(2)

Summary

258

(1)

References

259

(7)

7 Sexual Victimization

266

(53)

Defining Sexual Victimization

266

(2)

Historical Issues in Defining Sexual Victimization

268

(1)

Statistics on Sexual Victimization

269

(4)

Who are the Victims?

273

(1)

Who are the Offenders?

273

(2)

The Victim—Offender Relationship

275

(1)

What Causes Sexual Abuse?

276

(5)

Rape Myths

276

(3)

The Role of Rape Myths and Other Causes of Sexual Victimization

279

(2)

Child Sexual Victimization (CSA)

281

(4)

Date Rape

285

(6)

Marital Rape

291

(3)

Sexual Harassment

294

(4)

Sexual Victimization and the Criminal Legal System

298

(10)

The Police

299

(4)

The Court Process, or Whose Trial Is It Anyway?

303

(5)

Summary

308

(2)

Notes

310

(1)

References

310

(9)

8 Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking

319

(56)

Defining Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking

319

(4)

Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA)

319

(3)

Stalking

322

(1)

The Historical Identification of IPA and Stalking as Social Problems

323

(2)

The Frequency of IPA and Stalking

325

(4)

Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence

329

(1)

Why Do (Some) Men (and Women) Abuse and Stalk?

330

(2)

Who are the Abusers and Stalkers?

332

(3)

Inhibitors to Leaving an Abusive Relationship

335

(7)

Economic Restrictions

337

(1)

Sociological Restrictions

338

(2)

Psychological Restrictions

340

(2)

The Constant Threat of Danger

342

(1)

IPA and Stalking and the Criminal Legal System

343

(11)

The Police

344

(6)

The Courts

350

(4)

When Women Kill Abusive Partners in Self-Defense

354

(4)

IPA and Health Professionals

358

(1)

Summary

359

(1)

Notes

360

(1)

References

360

(15)

PART IV Women Working in the Criminal Legal System

9 Women Working in Prisons and Jails

375

(32)

A Brief History on Sex Discrimination in Women's Work Outside the Home

376

(2)

Rates of Women Working in Prisons and Jails

378

(1)

Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination

378

(3)

The Matron Role: Women's Breaking into Criminal Legal System Jobs through Sexist Stereotypical Positions

381

(3)

The Powerful Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women's Work in the Criminal Legal System

384

(4)

Post Title VII: Women as Tokens in the History of Women's Entry into Working as Prison and Jail Guards

388

(2)

Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Roadblocks for Women Guards in Male Prisons

390

(3)

Gender Similarities and Differences in the Job Performances of Prison Workers

393

(2)

Classifications of Women Prison Workers

395

(1)

Resistance to Woman Workers

396

(4)

Summary

400

(1)

References

400

(7)

10 Women Working in Policing and Law Enforcement

407

(30)

The History of Women in Policing

407

(6)

Rates of Women in Policing

413

(4)

Why Do Women Want to be Police Officers?

417

(1)

Gender Differences in Job Performance

418

(2)

Classifications of Women Police Officers

420

(3)

Resistance to Women Police Officers

423

(2)

Struggles for the Fiat Women on Patrol

423

(1)

Evaluations of Women Police by Their Supervisors, Their Supervisors, and Citizens

424

(1)

Gender and Stress

425

(2)

The Intersection of Racism and Sexual Identity with Sexism for Women Police

427

(2)

Some Steps Forward For Women, Some Steps Back

429

(1)

Summary

430

(1)

References

431

(6)

11 Women Working in the Courts

437

(31)

The History of Women on Juries

438

(3)

The History of Women's Access to Legal Education and Training

441

(4)

Women Attorneys

445

(11)

The Number of Women Attorneys

445

(1)

Classifications of Women Attorneys

446

(1)

The Experiences of Women Attorneys

447

(1)

The Gendered Implications of Marital and Family Status for Lawyers

448

(1)

Managing Sexist Images

449

(1)

The Gendered Placement of Lawyers

450

(1)

Treatment by Male Coworkers and Supervisors

451

(2)

The Gendered Nature of Income, "Making Partner," and Other Rewards for Lawyers

453

(3)

The Gendered Nature of Sanctions against Lawyers

456

(1)

Women Judges

456

(4)

Women's Entry into Judgeships

456

(2)

Characteristics of Women Judges and Their Experiences as Judges

458

(2)

Looking for Gender Differences in Judges' Decision Making

460

(2)

Women Law Professors

462

(1)

Summary

463

(1)

References

464

(4)

PART V Conclusions

12 Effecting Change

468

(29)

New Theories

468

(1)

Changing the Treatment of Female Offenders

469

(6)

Changing Responses to Male Violence Against Women

475

(9)

Sexual Victimization

475

(4)

Intimate Partner Abuse

479

(5)

Changes for Women Working in the Criminal Legal System

484

(2)

Summary

486

(1)

References

487

(10)

NAME INDEX

497

(4)

SUBJECT INDEX

501

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

9780495090557

0495090557

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

The Invisible Woman Gender, Crime, and Justice

9780495090557

0495090557

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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