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Johnson TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Teaching in a Challenging World

Today’s Teachers

The Importance of Teachers to Society

The Public View of Teachers and Schools

Who Teaches in These Challenging Times?

Teacher Supply and Demand

Teaching as a Profession

Profession... MOREal Responsibilities

Professional Knowledge

Professional Skills

Quality Assurance

Accreditation

Licensure

Advanced Certification

Standards

No Child Left Behind

Improving by Reflecting

Systematic Observation

Informal Note-Taking

Analysis of Practice and Reflection

Reflective Journaling

Folio/Portfolio Development

Beginning and Developing Your Career

Becoming Licensed

Searching for a Teaching Position

Salaries in a Changing World

Retirement Benefits

Working Conditions

Improving Through Experience

Developing as a Teacher

The Challenges of Becoming a Great Educator

 

Chapter 2 The Early History of Education in a Changing World

The Evolution of Schooling (To 476 ce)

            Non-Western Education

            Western Education

Education in the Middle Ages (476–1300)

            The Dark Ages (400–1000)

            The Revival of Learning

Education in Transition (1300–1700)

            The Renaissance

            The Reformation

Educational Awakening (1700)

            The Age of Reason

            Morality and Education

            The Emergence of Common Man

Evolving Perspectives of Education in Our Rapidly

Developing Nation

            Colonial Education

            The Need for Secondary Schools

            The Evolution of Teaching Materials

Using Technology to Help Understand History

Meager Early Education for Diverse Populations

            Education of African Americans

            Education of Asian Americans

            Education of Hispanic Americans

            Education of Women

Private Education in America

            The Right of Private Schools to Exist

            Parochial Schools

Learning from Educational History

            Keeping Up on Historical and Current Research

 

Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives of Education

More Students and Bigger Schools

            Enrollment Growth

            Need for More Schools

            Need for More Teachers

            School District Consolidation

            Growth of Busing

            Bigger School Budgets

            Rapid Curricular Growth and Changes

            Growth of Special Education Programs

More Changes, Challenges, and Perspectives

            Increasing Federal Involvement

            The Professionalization of Teaching

            Continued Importance of Private Schools

            Home Schooling

            Continuing/Adult Education

            Evolution of Educational Testing

Changing Aims of Education

            Committee of Ten

            Seven Cardinal Principles

            The Eight-Year Study

            “Purposes of Education in American Democracy”

            “Education for All American Youth”

“Imperative Needs of Youth”

Preparation of Teachers

            European Beginnings of Teacher Training

            Colonial Teachers

            Teachers as Indentured Servants

            Teaching Apprenticeships

            Teacher Training in Academies

            Normal Schools

            State Teachers’ Colleges

            Changes in Mid-Twentieth-Century Teacher Education

Recent Trends in Education

            New Emphases in Education

Educational Critics

Major Educational Events of the Past Century

Looking Back to Help Us Look Ahead!

 

Chapter 4 Philosophy: Reflections on the

Essence of Education

 

Structure and Methodology of Philosophy

            The Branches of Philosophy

            Thinking as a Philosopher

            Technology and Philosophy

            The Teacher as Philosopher

Schools of Philosophy and Their Influence on Education

            Idealism

            Realism

            Pragmatism

            Existentialism

            The Dynamic Relationship of Philosophy and Education

Eastern and Native North American Ways of Knowing

            Eastern Ways of Knowing

            Native North American Ways of Knowing

            Matching Ideas from Eastern and Native North American Ways of Knowing to Your Own

 

Chapter 5 Building an Educational Philosophy in a Changing World

The Dynamic Relationship Between Philosophy and Education

            Developing a Philosophy of Education

            Building on the Philosophies of Others

Teacher-Centered Educational Philosophies

            Essentialism

            Behaviorism

            Positivism

Student-Centered Educational Philosophies

            Progressivism

            Humanism

            Constructivism

Developing Your Own Philosophy of Education

            What Does an Educational Philosophy Look Like?

            Learning Focus and Goals

            Classroom Organization

            Motivation

            Classroom Management and Discipline

            Classroom Climate

            Personal Teaching and Learning Vision

Your Philosophy of Education beyond the Classroom

            Teachers as Change Agents

            Teachers as Leaders

 

Chapter 6 The Place of Schools in Society

Purposes of Schools

            Academic Achievement

            Workforce Readiness

            Citizenship

            Social Development

            Cultural Transmission

The Role of Culture in Schools

            Common Culture

            Cultures of Families

            Cultural Values

            Culture of Schools

School Choices

            Public Schools

            Private Schools

            Home Schooling

            Innovative Options

School Levels

            Early Childhood Education

            Elementary Schools

            Middle Level Education

            High Schools

The Sense of Place: School Locations

            Rural Communities

            Suburban Communities

            Urban Communities

 

Chapter 7 Diversity in Society and Schools

Race and Ethnicity

            Race

            Ethnicity

            Immigration

            Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Education

Socioeconomic Status

            Social Stratification

            Class Structure

            Poverty

            Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement

Language

            Language Diversity

            Dialect Diversity

            Education for Language Diversity

Gender

            Differences Between Females and Males

            Gender Equity in Education

            Title IX

Sexual Orientation

            Sexual Identity

            Supporting LGBTQ Students

Exceptionalities

            Inclusion

            Disproportionate Placements

            Response to Intervention

Religion

            Religious Identity

            Religion in Schools

Multicultural Education

            Incorporating Diversity

            Ensuring Equality

            Teaching for Social Justice

 

Chapter 8 Students and Their Families

Today’s Families

            Parenting

            Economic Stress

            Children Left Alone After School

Dangers Children and Youth Face

            Child Abuse

            Sexual Harassment

            Bullying

            Suicide

Challenges of the Teen Years

            Sexuality and Pregnancy

            Substance Abuse

            Economic Realities

Prejudice and Discrimination

            Prejudice

            Discrimination

            Racism

            Sexism and Other “Isms”

Engagement in School

            Leaving School Early

Resiliency

Access to Technology

Parent Involvement

            Communicating with Families

            Engaging Families

 

Chapter 9 Organizing and Paying for Education

School Districts: Organization and Finances

            School District Organization

            School District Expenditures

The Organization of Schools

            The School Organization Chart

            Innovations in School Organization

Organization of Education at the State Level

            State Board of Education

            Chief State School Officer

            State Department of Education

            State Legislature

Governor

Paying for Schools

            Key Finance Questions

            System of Taxation and Support for Schools

            State Sources of Revenue

            State Differences in the Funding of Education

Recent Challenges to School Finance Within the States

Entrepreneurial Efforts to Fund Education

State Aid

The Federal Government’s Role in Education

            Leadership

            The U.S. Department of Education

            Educational Programs Operated by the Federal Government

            No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

            Federal Aid

            Technology for School Administration

            Technology for School District Administration

Politics and Accountability in Education

            Politics: Neither Positive nor Negative

            Politics Across the Education System

            School Politics

            Accountability

            Teacher Accountability

 

Chapter 10 Legal Perspectives on Education

Legal Aspects of Education

            Legal Provisions for Education: The U.S. Constitution

            Church and State

            Segregation and Desegregation

            Equal Opportunity

            Opportunities for Students with Disabilities

Teachers’ Rights and Responsibilities

            Conditions of Employment

            Right to Bargain Collectively

            Academic Freedom

            Teacher Responsibilities and Liabilities

Uses of Social Media and the Law

            E-mail

            Social Networking Risks

            Cheating with Technology

Students’ Rights and Responsibilities

            Students’ Rights as Citizens

            Students’ Rights and Responsibilities in School

Emerging Challenges

 

Chapter 11 Standards, Assessment, and Accountability

Education Standards

            Conceptions of Standards for Student Learning

            The Federal Role in Standards: A Historical Review

            The Future of Standards-Based Education

Assessing student learning

            What Is Assessment?

            Purposes of Assessment

            Types of Assessment Measures

            Performance Measurement

            Professional Aspects of Good Assessments

            Assessing the Performance of Teachers

Accountability

            Sources and Uses of Data for Accountability

            Using Technology to Track Student Learning

            International Comparisons

            Testing Challenges

            Equity Within Accountability

 

Chapter 12 Designing Programs for Learners in Challenging Times: Curriculum and Instruction

What Is Curriculum and How Does It Develop?

            The Many Influences on Curriculum

            Developing Curriculum

            Curriculum Designs

            Curriculum Resources

Selection and Management of Curriculum

            The State’s Role in Managing Curriculum

            The District’s Role in Managing Curriculum

            Local Schools’ Role in Managing the Curriculum

Evaluating Curricula

            National Curriculum Evaluation Studies

            District and State Curriculum Evaluation Practices

            Looking at Data from Local Assessments

Instruction: The Teaching Side of Curriculum

            Instructional Objectives for Student Learning

            Types of Instructional Objectives

Teaching Strategies

            Direct Instruction

            Indirect Instruction

            Self-Regulated Learning Strategies

            Organizing Students to Maximize Learning

Use of Technology to Enhance Instruction

            Software Tools

            Drill-and-Practice Technology

            Tutorial Software Technology

            Simulation and Virtual Reality Technology

            Interactive Whiteboard Technology

            Web-Based Collaboration and Social Networking Learning Tools

            Assistive Technology for Special Needs Learners

Matching Instruction to Learners’ Needs

            Differentiated Instruction

            Teaching Strategies for English-Language Learners and Students with Disabilities

Monitoring Progress Through Data-Driven Instruction

Models for School Curriculum Reform

            Professional Learning Communities

            Success for All (SFA )

            School Development Program (SDP)

            Increased Emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)

 

Chapter 13 Becoming an Effective Teacher in a Challenging World

Different Perspectives for Viewing Education and Teaching

            Recent Trends in Attempts to Improve Education

            Continuing Pressures to Reform Schools

            Each New President Has a New Agenda for Education

Findings from Education Research and Development: Another Pressure for Changes in Teaching and Schools

How to Recognize an Effective School

            Data-Driven Decision Making

            School Improvement Process

            Professional Learning Communities

            Parent and Community Involvement

            High-Quality Teachers Who Communicate Effectively with Parents

            Effective Principals

            Checking a School for Indicators of High Quality

Evidence of Student Learning

            Evidence of Effective Teaching

            High-Quality Teachers Are Reflective and Have a Stated Educational Philosophy About Teaching and Learning

            High-Quality Teachers Have Three General Types of Knowledge

            High-Quality Teachers Constantly Change and Improve

            Teachers Have Different Kinds of Concerns About Change

            What Are Your Concerns About Becoming a Teacher?

Effective Teachers Seek Supportive Resources

            Induction of New Teachers

            The Future of Technology for Teaching and Student Learning

            School-Based Administrators Can Be Important Supports for New Teachers

Effective Teachers Actively Participate in the Profession

            Teacher Unions

            National Education Association

            American Federation of Teachers

            Professional Associations

Be the Best You Can Be

            A Final Word

James A. Johnson, professor of education at Northern Illinois University, has been an educator for more than 35 years, serving as a public school teacher, teacher educator, university administrator, researcher, national/international consultant and speaker, and strong education advocate. He is a life member of, and active participant in, many professional associations, and has been the lead author of all editions of the widely popular Foundations of Education textbook, as well as the author or co-author of a dozen other college textbooks and scores of professional articles in various professional journals.

 

Diann Musial is a professor emerita in the Foundations of Education and Northern Illinois University Distinguished Teaching professor. Currently, she is field coordinator for educational internships with Great Basin College and a member of Research and Doctoral Processes with Capella University.  Diann has taught middle school science and mathematics in Chicago Illinois, served as principal of an Individually Guided Education elementary school and worked in industry as director of training.  She has directed more than 20 state and federally funded staff development grants, developed countless performance assessments and test item banks, coauthored Integrating Science with Mathematics and Literacy: New Visions for Learning and Assessment and Foundations for Meaningful Educational Assessment.

 

Gene E. Hall began his academic career as a faculty team member at the national R&D Center for Teacher Education, The University of Texas at Austin.  The faculty team was charged with developing an experimental teacher education program, called the Personalized Teacher Education Program. Following more than a decade at UTA he became a faculty member at the University of Florida, then the University of Northern Colorado, and currently University of Nevada, Las Vegas.  He has twice served as the Dean of a College of Education.  His research has always centered on studies of the change process in schools and business settings.  He is the lead architect of the Concerns Based Adoption Model (CBAM), which is one of the major perspectives for understanding, facilitating and evaluating change initiatives.  He also has a continuing role nationally in regard to national accreditation of teacher education. He is co-author of several books on introduction to teaching and on implementing change.

 

Donna M. Gollnick is an education consultant to the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation. She previously served as Consultant and Senior Vice President for the National Council for Accreditation in Teacher Education (NCATE). She has been writing about multicultural education for the past 35 years. She is the co-author with Philip Chinn of the textbook, Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society (Allyn & Bacon, 9^th edition, 2013). She is a co-author of Joy of Teaching, an introductory textbook for students preparing to teach that was first published in 2007. She contributed to the 1995 Handbook on Research in Multicultural Education, which was co-edited by James A. Banks and Cherry C. A. Banks. She has contributed chapters and articles on cultural diversity and teacher education to numerous publications. Donna is a past president of the National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME) and has received  Distinguished Alumni Awards from Purdue University and the University of Southern California.  She was also honored by the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) as an “Advocate for Justice.”