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| Preface | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xix |
| About the Author | p. xxi |
| Overview of Personnel Management | p. 1 |
| Key Terms | p. 1 |
| Objectives | p. 1 |
| Elements of Personnel Management | p. 3 |
| Personnel Management: Today and Tomorrow | p. 5 |
| Team-Based Organizations | p. 5 |
| Empowered Decision Making | p. 6 |
| Flatter ... MORE | p. 6 |
| New Bases of Management Power | p. 6 |
| Knowledge-Based Organizations | p. 6 |
| Emphasis on Vision and Values | p. 7 |
| Leadership Is the Key | p. 7 |
| Technology | p. 7 |
| Values and Personnel Management | p. 9 |
| Ethics | p. 11 |
| Components of Ethical Leadership | p. 13 |
| Modeling Ethical Behavior | p. 14 |
| Ethics Policies and Codes | p. 15 |
| Relationship with Personnel Office | p. 21 |
| Summary | p. 25 |
| Review Questions | p. 25 |
| Case Study | p. 25 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 26 |
| Endnotes | p. 26 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 26 |
| Workforce Issues of the Twenty-First Century | p. 28 |
| Key Terms | p. 28 |
| Objectives | p. 28 |
| Demographics | p. 29 |
| Fire Service Demographics | p. 32 |
| Managing Diversity | p. 35 |
| Diversity, EEO, and Affirmative Action | p. 39 |
| EEOC | p. 40 |
| Fire Service Workforce Issues | p. 42 |
| Fire Service Organizational Benefits of Diversity | p. 45 |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance Planning | p. 48 |
| Develop a Compliance Program | p. 49 |
| Fire Service Positive Work Environment | p. 49 |
| Alternative Dispute Resolution | p. 51 |
| Summary | p. 53 |
| Review Questions | p. 53 |
| Case Study | p. 53 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 53 |
| Endnotes | p. 54 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 54 |
| Legal Issues | p. 56 |
| Key Terms | p. 56 |
| Objectives | p. 56 |
| The Law and Personnel Management | p. 57 |
| Federal Statutes | p. 58 |
| Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1871 | p. 58 |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | p. 58 |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 | p. 59 |
| Civil Rights Act of 1991 | p. 59 |
| Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 | p. 59 |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | p. 60 |
| Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 | p. 60 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 | p. 60 |
| Rehabilitation Act of 1973 | p. 60 |
| Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 | p. 61 |
| Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 | p. 61 |
| Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 | p. 61 |
| Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 | p. 61 |
| Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 | p. 62 |
| Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 | p. 62 |
| Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 | p. 62 |
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 | p. 63 |
| Executive Orders | p. 63 |
| Executive Order 11246 | p. 63 |
| Executive Order 11375 | p. 64 |
| Executive Order 11478 | p. 64 |
| State and Local Laws | p. 64 |
| Common Law | p. 64 |
| Griggs v. Duke Power Company | p. 65 |
| Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody | p. 66 |
| Weber v. Kaiser Aluminum | p. 66 |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | p. 66 |
| Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson | p. 67 |
| Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Company | p. 67 |
| Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority | p. 67 |
| McCarthy v. Philadelphia Civil Service Commission | p. 68 |
| Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill | p. 68 |
| Johnson v. Santa Clara Transportation Agency | p. 68 |
| Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. | p. 69 |
| NLRB v. J. Weingarten | p. 69 |
| Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth; Faragher v. City of Boca Raton | p. 69 |
| Gratz et al. v. Bollinger (University of Michigan) | p. 70 |
| Grutter v. Bollinger et al. (University of Michigan Law School) | p. 70 |
| Sexual Harassment | p. 70 |
| Preventing Sexual Harassment | p. 73 |
| Fire Service Equal Employment and the Law | p. 76 |
| Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) | p. 78 |
| Age Discrimination in Employment Act | p. 80 |
| Relationship with Legal Counsel | p. 82 |
| Court System | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 86 |
| Review Questions | p. 86 |
| Case Study | p. 86 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 86 |
| Endnotes | p. 87 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 87 |
| Job Analysis and Design | p. 88 |
| Key Terms | p. 88 |
| Objectives | p. 88 |
| Job Analysis | p. 89 |
| Characteristics of Job Analysis | p. 91 |
| Reliability | p. 91 |
| Validity | p. 91 |
| Quantification | p. 92 |
| Adaptability | p. 92 |
| Defensibility | p. 92 |
| Job Analysis Methods | p. 93 |
| Job Analysis Information Sources | p. 94 |
| Job Incumbents | p. 95 |
| Supervisors | p. 95 |
| Personnel Analysts | p. 96 |
| Selecting Information Sources | p. 96 |
| Job Description | p. 96 |
| Job Classification | p. 100 |
| Job Enrichment | p. 101 |
| Relationship with Personnel Office | p. 103 |
| Summary | p. 105 |
| Review Questions | p. 105 |
| Case Study | p. 105 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 106 |
| Endnotes | p. 106 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 106 |
| Fire Service Recruitment | p. 107 |
| Key Terms | p. 107 |
| Objectives | p. 107 |
| Recruitment | p. 108 |
| Recruitment Process | p. 109 |
| Identify Recruitment Needs | p. 109 |
| Conditions of Employment and Job Specifications | p. 110 |
| Identify Sources of Applicants | p. 112 |
| Select Recruitment Methods | p. 116 |
| Implement Recruiting Strategies | p. 117 |
| Evaluate Recruitment Process | p. 118 |
| Recruiting to Improve Diversity | p. 119 |
| Volunteer Fire Department Recruitment/Retention | p. 121 |
| Leadership | p. 122 |
| Culture | p. 122 |
| Diversification | p. 123 |
| Marketing | p. 123 |
| Executive Recruitment | p. 123 |
| Summary | p. 125 |
| Review Questions | p. 125 |
| Case Study | p. 125 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 125 |
| Endnotes | p. 126 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 126 |
| Selection for Employment and Promotion | p. 127 |
| Key Terms | p. 127 |
| Objectives | p. 127 |
| Selection Standards | p. 128 |
| Validity | p. 128 |
| Reliability | p. 131 |
| Job Relatedness | p. 132 |
| Adverse Impact | p. 133 |
| Selection Methods | p. 134 |
| Application Form | p. 135 |
| Written Examination | p. 136 |
| Physical Ability Test | p. 138 |
| Interview | p. 140 |
| Reference Check | p. 144 |
| Background Investigation | p. 145 |
| Medical Examination | p. 148 |
| Assessment Centers | p. 149 |
| Promotional Process | p. 153 |
| Summary | p. 157 |
| Review Questions | p. 157 |
| Case Study | p. 157 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 158 |
| Endnotes | p. 158 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 159 |
| Training and Development | p. 160 |
| Key Terms | p. 160 |
| Objectives | p. 160 |
| Training Assessment | p. 161 |
| Adult Learning Principles | p. 163 |
| Taxonomy of Educational Objectives | p. 165 |
| Cognitive Domain | p. 165 |
| Affective Domain | p. 166 |
| Psychomotor Domain | p. 166 |
| Curriculum Development | p. 166 |
| MFRI Instructional Development Process | p. 167 |
| Assessment | p. 167 |
| Program Development | p. 168 |
| Pilot Test | p. 168 |
| Evaluation | p. 168 |
| Test Item Construction | p. 170 |
| Written Test Items | p. 172 |
| Practical Test Items | p. 172 |
| Distance Education | p. 173 |
| How Is Distance Education Delivered? | p. 174 |
| Effective Distance Education | p. 175 |
| Which Technology Is Best? | p. 176 |
| The Instructor | p. 177 |
| Qualities of a Good Instructor | p. 178 |
| Instructor Qualifications | p. 179 |
| Instructor Legal Liability | p. 180 |
| Fire Training Academies | p. 182 |
| Certification Systems | p. 185 |
| The Process of Certification | p. 185 |
| Certification Agencies | p. 186 |
| Career Development | p. 188 |
| Training Safety | p. 191 |
| Physical Demands of Firefighter Training | p. 193 |
| Hydration and Fire Training | p. 196 |
| Management of Fire Training Programs | p. 198 |
| Summary | p. 199 |
| Review Questions | p. 199 |
| Case Study | p. 199 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 200 |
| Endnotes | p. 200 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 201 |
| Performance Appraisal | p. 202 |
| Key Terms | p. 202 |
| Objectives | p. 202 |
| The Need for Performance Appraisal Systems | p. 203 |
| Performance Assessment Techniques | p. 206 |
| Graphic Rating Scales | p. 207 |
| Critical Incident | p. 208 |
| Ranking | p. 208 |
| Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales | p. 208 |
| Management by Objectives | p. 209 |
| Total Quality Management | p. 210 |
| Appraisal Errors | p. 211 |
| Halo and Horn Effect | p. 211 |
| Central Tendency | p. 211 |
| Leniency or Severity Error | p. 211 |
| Contrast Effect | p. 212 |
| Sampling Error | p. 212 |
| Recency Error | p. 212 |
| Frame of Reference Error | p. 212 |
| Personal Bias | p. 212 |
| Elements of a Performance Appraisal System | p. 213 |
| Performance Criteria | p. 214 |
| Training | p. 214 |
| Expectation-Setting Meeting | p. 214 |
| Ongoing Feedback | p. 214 |
| Self-Assessment | p. 215 |
| Midway Feedback Session | p. 215 |
| Performance Review | p. 215 |
| Preparing for the Performance Review Meeting | p. 216 |
| Conducting the Performance Review | p. 219 |
| 360-Degree Feedback | p. 221 |
| Legal Implications of Performance Appraisal | p. 223 |
| Summary | p. 225 |
| Review Questions | p. 225 |
| Case Study | p. 225 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 226 |
| Endnotes | p. 226 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 226 |
| Discipline | p. 228 |
| Key Terms | p. 228 |
| Objectives | p. 228 |
| Organizational Control | p. 229 |
| Control of Specific Actions | p. 230 |
| Control of Results | p. 230 |
| Control of Personnel | p. 230 |
| Disciplinary Actions | p. 231 |
| Progressive Discipline | p. 234 |
| Disciplinary Proceedings | p. 236 |
| Discipline in the Fire Service Environment | p. 240 |
| Exit Interviews | p. 244 |
| Summary | p. 246 |
| Review Questions | p. 246 |
| Case Study | p. 246 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 247 |
| Endnotes | p. 247 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 247 |
| Health and Safety | p. 248 |
| Key Terms | p. 248 |
| Objectives | p. 248 |
| Approaches to Safety | p. 249 |
| Compensation | p. 249 |
| Prevention | p. 250 |
| Uniform Standards and Enforcement | p. 251 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration | p. 252 |
| Hazard Communication | p. 254 |
| Bloodborne Pathogens | p. 255 |
| Respiratory Protection | p. 255 |
| Personal Protective Equipment | p. 255 |
| Fire Service Health and Safety Issues | p. 257 |
| Firefighter Deaths | p. 257 |
| Firefighter Injuries | p. 258 |
| Firefighters and Heart Disease | p. 259 |
| Firefighters and Cancer | p. 262 |
| NFPA Health and Safety Standards | p. 263 |
| NFPA 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer | p. 266 |
| NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System | p. 266 |
| NFPA 1581, Standard on Fire Department Infection Control Program | p. 267 |
| NFPA 1582, Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments | p. 267 |
| Safety in the Fire Service Environment | p. 268 |
| Administrative Controls | p. 272 |
| Engineering Controls | p. 272 |
| Personal Protection Controls | p. 272 |
| IAFF/IAFC Joint Labor Management Wellness/Fitness Initiative | p. 273 |
| Candidate Physical Ability Test | p. 274 |
| Peer Fitness Trainer Certification | p. 275 |
| National Fire Fighter Near-Miss Reporting System | p. 275 |
| Employee Assistance Programs | p. 277 |
| Job Stress | p. 279 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | p. 280 |
| Violence in the Workplace | p. 281 |
| Behaviors | p. 282 |
| Verbal Threats | p. 282 |
| Physical Actions | p. 282 |
| Summary | p. 284 |
| Review Questions | p. 284 |
| Case Study | p. 284 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 285 |
| Endnotes | p. 285 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 286 |
| Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining | p. 288 |
| Key Terms | p. 288 |
| Objectives | p. 288 |
| Unionization | p. 289 |
| Labor Legislation | p. 292 |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | p. 293 |
| Railway Labor Act | p. 293 |
| Davis-Bacon Act | p. 293 |
| Norris-LaGuardia Act | p. 293 |
| Wagner Act, or National Labor Relations Act | p. 293 |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | p. 294 |
| Taft-Hartley Act, or the Labor-Management Relations Act | p. 294 |
| Landrum - Griffin Act | p. 294 |
| Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) | p. 295 |
| Civil Service Reform Act | p. 295 |
| National Partnership Council | p. 295 |
| State and Local Government Laws | p. 295 |
| Union and Bargaining Unit Organization | p. 296 |
| Bargaining Units | p. 297 |
| Recognition and Certification | p. 298 |
| Types of Union Membership | p. 300 |
| Contract Negotiations | p. 301 |
| Negotiation Sessions | p. 302 |
| Impasse Resolution Procedures | p. 304 |
| Grievances | p. 307 |
| Enlightened Labor Relations | p. 309 |
| Labor-Management Relationship | p. 310 |
| IAFC/IAFF Labor-Management Initiative Guiding Principles | p. 313 |
| Getting to Yes | p. 315 |
| Summary | p. 318 |
| Review Questions | p. 318 |
| Case Study | p. 319 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 319 |
| Endnotes | p. 319 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 320 |
| Productivity and Performance | p. 321 |
| Key Terms | p. 321 |
| Objectives | p. 321 |
| Productivity | p. 322 |
| Fundamentals of Productivity Improvement | p. 323 |
| Productivity and Performance | p. 324 |
| Increasing Productivity | p. 327 |
| Comparing Data from Previous Years | p. 327 |
| Comparing Data from Similar Departments | p. 328 |
| Interagency Comparisons | p. 329 |
| Using Models | p. 329 |
| Cost-Benefit Analysis | p. 330 |
| Accreditation | p. 330 |
| Performance Management | p. 331 |
| Kaizen Principles | p. 333 |
| Preconditions of Successful Teams | p. 334 |
| Characteristics of Successful Teams | p. 334 |
| Motivation | p. 336 |
| Expectancy Theory | p. 336 |
| Equity Theory | p. 337 |
| Two-Factor Theory | p. 337 |
| Managerial Grid | p. 338 |
| Performance Incentives | p. 341 |
| Merit Pay | p. 342 |
| Premiums and Differentials | p. 342 |
| Pay for Units Produced | p. 342 |
| Length-of-Service and Seniority Awards | p. 343 |
| Suggestion Programs | p. 343 |
| Special Achievement Awards | p. 343 |
| Profit Sharing | p. 344 |
| Gain Sharing | p. 344 |
| Employee Stock Ownership Plan | p. 344 |
| Summary | p. 346 |
| Review Questions | p. 346 |
| Case Study | p. 346 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 346 |
| Endnotes | p. 347 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 348 |
| Fire Service Professional Development | p. 349 |
| Key Terms | p. 349 |
| Objectives | p. 349 |
| Professional Development | p. 350 |
| Mentoring Programs | p. 353 |
| Developmental Opportunities | p. 354 |
| Coaching | p. 355 |
| Job Rotation | p. 355 |
| Staff Positions | p. 355 |
| Committee Assignments | p. 356 |
| Internships | p. 356 |
| Fire and Emergency Services Higher Education | p. 356 |
| National Professional Development Model | p. 358 |
| Degrees at a Distance Program | p. 359 |
| Fire Service Professional Development | p. 360 |
| Harvard University Program for Senior Executives | p. 360 |
| NFA Executive Fire Officer | p. 361 |
| Chief Fire Officer Designation | p. 362 |
| National Fire Service Staff and Command Course | p. 363 |
| International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management | p. 364 |
| Summary | p. 365 |
| Review Questions | p. 365 |
| Case Study | p. 365 |
| Fire Service Professional Qualifications | p. 365 |
| Endnotes | p. 366 |
| Suggested Readings | p. 366 |
| Glossary | p. 367 |
| Index | p. 373 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
Steven T. Edwards is the director of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the University of Maryland. The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute is the state's comprehensive training agency for emergency services, training more than 34,000 students each year. He is a former fire chief of the Prince George's County Fire Department in Maryland, where he served for 25 years in a variety of positions from high school cadet to fire chief. Edwards also serves as chair of the board of directors of the Safety Equipment Institute, chair of the Congressional Fire Service Institute National Advisory Committee, as well as numerous local- and state-level appointments. In 1997, he was elected as the president of the North American Fire Training Directors.
Edwards is a graduate of the University of Maryland University College (UMUC) with a bachelor's degree in fire service management and a master's degree in general administration. Both degrees were achieved with summa cum laude honors. He has attended the Harvard University John F Kennedy School of Government "Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government" and the National Fire Academy, and has presented at national conferences and seminars. Edwards is currently a member of the adjunct faculty at UMUC, teaching its course in fire service personnel management.
During his career of more than 35 years in fire service, Edwards received numerous awards and honors, including the Prince George's County Fire Department "Gold Star of Valor" in 1979 for the rescue of two firefighters at a major fire and explosion. During his tenure as fire chief, the department received the IAFC Award for Excellence as well as twenty-eight National Association of Counties Awards for Excellence. While continuing his fire service career at the University of Maryland, the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute was selected as the Congressional Fire Service Institute National Fire Service Organization of the Year for 1999. In addition, Edwards received the University of Maryland President's Distinguished Service Award in 2003 for exceptional performance, leadership, and service.