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Ethics

ISBN: 9780137542925 | 0137542925
Edition: 6th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference
Pub. Date: 10/1/1997

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SummaryTable of Contents
This text introduces students with little or no background in philosophy or ethics to traditional and contemporary ethical theory. Through an abundance of examples and case studies, it shows them how to set up their own systematic, rational ethics and how to apply ethical theories to traditional and contemporary moral issues.
Prefacexiii
Chapter 1 What Is Morality?
1(34)
Objectives
1(1)
... MOREWhat is Philosophy and Ethics' Relationship to It?
2(1)
Key Terms
2(4)
Approaches to the Study of Morality
6(2)
Morality and Its Applications
8(5)
Where Does Morality Come From?
13(4)
Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality
17(2)
Morality, Law, and Religion
19(6)
Why Should Human Beings Be Moral?
25(3)
Chapter Summary
28(3)
Exercises for Review
31(1)
Discussion Questions
32(1)
Notes
33(1)
Supplementary Reading
33(2)
Chapter 2 Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality
35(20)
Objectives
35(1)
Psychological Egoism
36(2)
Ethical Egoism
38(5)
Utilitarianism
43(5)
Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General
48(1)
Chapter Summary
49(2)
Exercises for Review
51(1)
Discussion Questions
52(1)
Notes
53(1)
Supplementary Reading
53(2)
Chapter 3 Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality and Virtue Ethics
55(28)
Objectives
55(1)
Act Nonconsequentialist Theories
56(3)
Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories
59(7)
General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories
66(2)
Virtue Ethics
68(6)
Conclusions
74(1)
Chapter Summary
75(3)
Exercises for Review
78(1)
Discussion Questions
79(1)
Notes
80(1)
Supplementary Reading
81(2)
Chapter 4 Absolutism versus Relativism
83(18)
Objectives
83(1)
The Meaning of "Absolute"
84(1)
The Meaning of "Relative"
85(1)
Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism
85(2)
Propositions and Truth
87(8)
Conclusion
95(1)
Chapter Summary
96(2)
Exercises for Review
98(1)
Discussion Questions
98(1)
Notes
99(1)
Supplementary Reading
99(2)
Chapter 5 Freedom versus Determinism
101(20)
Objectives
101(1)
Meaning of Determinism
102(1)
Types and Theories of Determinism
102(6)
Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism
108(2)
Indeterminism
110(1)
Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom
111(3)
Conclusion: Soft Determinism
114(1)
Chapter Summary
115(3)
Exercises for Review
118(1)
Discussion Questions
118(1)
Notes
119(1)
Supplementary Reading
119(2)
Chapter 6 Reward and Punishment
121(32)
Objectives
121(1)
Definition of Key Terms
121(1)
Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice
122(1)
Elements of Justice
123(1)
Reward
124(7)
Punishment
131(2)
Theories of Punishment
133(10)
Is Synthesis Possible?
143(2)
Chapter Summary
145(5)
Exercises for Review
150(1)
Discussion Questions
150(1)
Notes
151(1)
Supplementary Reading
151(2)
Chapter 7 Setting Up a Moral System: Basic Assumptions and Basic Principles
153(28)
Objectives
153(1)
Conflicting General Moral Issues
154(1)
Basic Assumptions
155(5)
Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification
160(10)
Priority of the Basic Principles
170(1)
A General Way of Determining Priority--Two Categories
170(4)
How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works
174(2)
Conclusion
176(1)
Chapter Summary
177(2)
Exercises for Review
179(1)
Discussion Questions
179(1)
Note
180(1)
Supplementary Reading
180(1)
Chapter 8 The Taking of Human Life
181(31)
Objectives
181(1)
The Taking of Human Life
182(1)
Suicide
182(3)
Cases for Study and Discussion
185(1)
Defense of the Innocent (the Self Included)
186(1)
Cases for Study and Discussion
187(1)
War
188(3)
Terrorism
191(1)
Cases for Study and Discussion
192(1)
Capital Punishment
193(5)
Cases for Study and Discussion
198(1)
Chapter Summary
199(2)
Exercises for Review
201(1)
Views of Major Ethical Theories on the Taking of Human Life
202(1)
Suicide
202(2)
Defense of the Innocent
204(2)
War and Terrorism
206(2)
Capital Punishment
208(2)
Reader Reactions
210(1)
Notes
210(1)
Supplementary Reading
210(2)
Chapter 9 Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing
212(52)
Objectives
212(1)
Definition of Terms
213(1)
Current Legal Status of Mercy Death and Mercy Killing
214(2)
Allowing Someone to Die
216(24)
Cases for Study and Discussion
240(2)
Mercy Death
242(8)
Cases for Study and Discussion
250(1)
Mercy Killing
251(3)
Cases for Study and Discussion
254(1)
Chapter Summary
255(5)
Exercises for Review
260(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing
260(1)
Notes
261(1)
Supplementary Reading
261(3)
Chapter 10 Abortion
264(26)
Objectives
264(1)
Introduction to the Abortion Issue
265(3)
When Does Human Life Begin?
268(2)
Arguments Against Abortion
270(4)
Arguments for Abortion
274(5)
The More Moderate Positions on Abortion
279(3)
Cases for Study and Discussion
282(2)
Chapter Summary
284(3)
Exercises for Review
287(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Abortion
287(1)
Notes
287(1)
Supplementary Reading
288(2)
Chapter 11 Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing
290(33)
Objectives
290(1)
Introduction
290(1)
Definitions of Key Terms
291(1)
Nonconsequentialist and Consequentialist Views
292(2)
Lying
294(7)
Cases for Study and Discussion
301(1)
Cheating
302(3)
Cases for Study and Discussion
305(1)
Breaking Promises
306(4)
Cases for Study and Discussion
310(2)
Stealing
312(3)
Cases for Study and Discussion
315(2)
Chapter Summary
317(3)
Exercises for Review
320(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing
321(1)
Notes
321(1)
Supplementary Reading
321(2)
Chapter 12 Morality, Marriage, and Human Sexuality
323(33)
Objectives
323(1)
Major Aspects of Human Sexuality
323(1)
The Meaning and Purposes of Human Sexuality
324(5)
Premarital Sex
329(4)
Sex in Marriage-Type (Including Nonlegal) Relationships
333(8)
Masturbation
341(1)
Pornography
341(2)
Prostitution
343(1)
Sexual Perversion or "Unnatural" Sexual Activity
344(1)
Cases for Study and Discussion
345(1)
Chapter Summary
346(6)
Exercises for Review
352(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Morality, Human Sexuality, and Marriage
353(1)
Notes
353(1)
Supplementary Reading
353(3)
Chapter 13 Bioethics--Ethical Issues in Medicine
356(33)
Objectives
356(1)
Introduction and Definition of Terms
357(1)
Health Care Professionals and Patients and Their Families--Rights and Obligations
357(5)
Truth Telling and Informed Consent
362(5)
Confidentiality
367(2)
Guilt and Innocence in Treating Patients
369(1)
Ethical Issues in Medicine
369(5)
Cases for Study and Discussion
374(3)
Chapter Summary
377(7)
Exercises for Review
384(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Bioethical Issues
385(1)
Notes
385(1)
Supplementary Reading
385(4)
Chapter 14 Business Ethics
389(28)
Objectives
389(1)
Introduction
390(1)
Rights and Obligations in Business
390(1)
Two Ways of Approaching Rights and Obligations in Business
391(2)
The Moderate Position
393(1)
Justice, Truth Telling, and Honesty in Business
394(1)
Ethical Issues in Business
395(6)
Sexual Harassment
401(4)
Cases for Study and Discussion
405(4)
Chapter Summary
409(5)
Exercises for Review
414(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Business Ethics
415(1)
Notes
415(1)
Supplementary Reading
415(2)
Chapter 15 Environmental Ethics
417(29)
Objectives
417(1)
Key Terms
418(1)
Nature and Morality
418(1)
Environmental Ethical Issues
419(2)
Our Attitude Toward Nature and What Lies Behind it
421(3)
Arguments for Use and Exploitation of the Natural Environment
424(1)
Arguments Against the Use and Exploitation of Nature
425(2)
Moderate Position
427(1)
Criteria for Animal Rights
427(2)
Ways of Dealing with Animal Rights
429(1)
Use of Animals for Food
430(1)
Use of Animals for Experimentation
431(2)
Killing Animals for Sport
433(2)
Protection of Endangered Species
435(1)
Conclusion
436(1)
Cases for Study and Discussion
436(2)
Chapter Summary
438(5)
Exercises for Review
443(1)
Views of the Major Ethical Theories on Environmental Ethics
444(1)
Notes
444(1)
Supplementary Reading
444(2)
Appendixes Introduction446(1)
Appendix 1 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of the Taking of Human Life447(12)
Appendix 2 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Allowing Someone to Die, Mercy Death, and Mercy Killing459(9)
Appendix 3 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Abortion468(11)
Appendix 4 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Lying, Cheating, Breaking Promises, and Stealing479(9)
Appendix 5 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to the Moral Problems of Human Sexuality488(7)
Appendix 6 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Medicine (Bioethics)495(8)
Appendix 7 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Moral Problems in Business (Business Ethics)503(7)
Appendix 8 Applying Humanitarian Ethics to Environmental Ethics510(5)
Glossary515(16)
Index531

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