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Summary Table of Contents

This text is a concise and elegant introduction to the basic elements of argumentative prose and the conceptual tools necessary to understand, analyze, criticize, and construct arguments. The book serves not only as a text but as a useful handbook of reasoning in much the same way that Strunk and White's ELEMENTS OF STYLE provides a handbook for writers. While the book covers the standard formal tools of introductory logic, its emphasis is on practical applications to the kinds of arguments students most often encounter.

Preface

Orientation

(207)

Basic Assumptions

(1)

Organization

... MORE

Using This Book

(2)

Recognizing Arguments

(15)

What Is an Argument?

(1)

Three General Considerations

(1)

Recognizing Arguments

(5)

Multiple Conclusions and Complex Arguments

(8)

Exercises

(6)

Analyzing Arguments

(19)

Showing the Structure of Arguments

(3)

Strategies of Analysis

(3)

Two Special Problems

(2)

Analyzing a Complex Argument: An Example

(11)

Exercises

(8)

Evaluating Arguments

(25)

Deductive Arguments

(8)

Exercises

(2)

Nondeductive Arguments

(7)

Complex Arguments

(6)

Exercises

(3)

Overall Argument Evaluation

(4)

Exercises

(2)

Some Valid Argument Forms

(25)

Sentential Form

(4)

Exercises

(1)

Valid Argument Forms

(4)

Two Invalid Argument Forms

(3)

Exercises

(2)

Showing the Validity of Complex Arguments

(4)

Exercises

(2)

Conditionals

(1)

Equivalent Forms

(4)

Exercises

(1)

Using Inference and Equivalence Rules

(5)

Exercises

(3)

More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams

(15)

Categorical Statements

(6)

Exercises

(1)

Categorical Syllogisms

(9)

Exercises

101

(3)

Causal Analysis

104

(20)

Basic Causal Relationships

104

(6)

Designating Factors as Causes

110

(1)

Causal Explanations

111

(1)

Testing Causal Claims

112

(12)

Exercises

119

(5)

Argument by Analogy and Models

124

(13)

Analogical Arguments

124

(3)

Models

127

(2)

Evaluating Analogical Reasoning

129

(8)

Exercises

131

(6)

Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies

137

(27)

Fallacies in Supporting a Claim

137

(12)

Exercises

143

(5)

Exercises

148

(1)

Fallacies of Criticism and Response

149

(15)

Exercises

156

(8)

Definition

164

(12)

Definition of Definition

164

(1)

Two Types of Definition

164

(4)

Methods of Definition

168

(3)

Standards of Definition

171

(5)

Exercises

173

(3)

Vagueness and Ambiguity

176

(14)

Vagueness

176

(5)

Ambiguity

181

(9)

Exercises

185

(5)

Reasonable Beliefs

190

(18)

Granted Claims and Accepted Beliefs

190

(10)

New Claims, Background Beliefs, and Rationality

200

(8)

Exercises

202

(6)

Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments

208

(22)

Index

230

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