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Summary Table of Contents Author Biography

This text is a concise and lucid introduction to the basic elements of argumentative prose and the conceptual tools necessary to understand, analyze, criticize, and construct arguments. The book serves not only as a text for college courses in argument analysis, but as a useful handbook of reasoning in much the same way that Strunk and White's ELEMENTS OF STYLE provides a handbook for writers. While the book covers the standard formal tools of introductory logic, its emphasis is on practical applications to the kinds of arguments students most ... MORE

Orientation

(4)

Basic Assumptions

(1)

Organization

(1)

... MORE

Using This Book

(1)

Acknowledgments

(2)

1 Recognizing Arguments

(15)

What Is an Argument?

(2)

Three General Considerations

(1)

Recognizing Arguments

(4)

Multiple Conclusions and Complex Arguments

(3)

Exercises

(5)

2 Analyzing Arguments

(17)

Showing the Structure of Arguments

(4)

Strategies of Analysis

(3)

Two Special Problems

(2)

Analyzing a Complex Argument; An Example

(2)

Exercises

(6)

3 Evaluating Arguments

(23)

Deductive Arguments

(6)

Exercises

(2)

Nondeductive Arguments

(6)

Complex Arguments

(2)

Exercises

(3)

Overall Argument Evaluation

(2)

Exercises

(2)

4 Some Valid Argument Forms

(25)

Sentential Form

(3)

Exercises

(1)

Valid Argument Forms

(4)

Two Invalid Argument Forms

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Using the Forms to Show Validity

(2)

Exercises

(2)

Conditionals

(1)

Equivalent Forms

(3)

Exercises

(2)

Using Inference and Equivalence Rules

(2)

Exercises

(2)

5 More Valid Argument Forms: Categorical Reasoning and Venn Diagrams

(14)

Categorical Statements

(5)

Exercises

(1)

Categorical Syllogisms

(6)

Exercises

(2)

6 Causal Analysis

(20)

Basic Causal Relationships

(6)

Contributing Factors As "Causes"

105

(1)

Causal Explanations

106

(2)

Testing Causal Claims

108

(5)

Experimental Trials

113

(2)

Exercises

115

(4)

7 Argument by Analogy and Models

119

(14)

Analogical Arguments

119

(3)

Models

122

(2)

Evaluating Analogical Reasoning

124

(2)

Exercises

126

(7)

8 Errors in Reasoning: Fallacies

133

(24)

Fallacies in Supporting a Claim

133

(10)

Fallacies of Criticism and Response

143

(7)

Exercises

150

(7)

9 Definition

157

(14)

Definition of Definition

157

(1)

Two Types of Definition

157

(4)

Methods of Definition

161

(3)

Standards of Definition

164

(3)

Exercises

167

(4)

10 Vagueness and Ambiguity

171

(13)

Vagueness

171

(6)

Ambiguity

177

(3)

Exercises

180

(4)

11 Reasonable Beliefs

184

(17)

Granted Claims and Acceptable Beliefs

184

(10)

New Claims, Background Beliefs, and Rationality

194

(2)

Exercises

196

(5)

12 Rules for Writing 201 Structure

201

(25)

Style

205

(5)

Exercises: Some Answers, Hints, and Comments

210

(16)

Index

226

Ronald Munson University of Missouri-St. Louis David Conway University of Missouri-St. Louis Andrew Black University of Missouri-St. Louis

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The Elements of Reasoning

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