Rent 9780534617950 | Communications Law : Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
The U.S. Legal System	p. 1
Studying the Law	p. 2
Jurisdiction	p. 4
Federal Jurisdiction	p. 4
State Jurisdiction	p. 7
Categorizing Law by Source	p. 8
Constitutional Law	p. 9
Statutory Law	p. 11
Administrative Law	p. 12
Case Law	p. 13
Other Ways to... MORE Categorize Law	p. 16
Criminal Law versus Civil Law	p. 16
Contracts and Torts	p. 17
The Judicial Process	p. 18
Justiciable Controversy	p. 19
Pretrial Procedure	p. 19
Trial Procedure	p. 22
Appellate Procedure	p. 22
Finding Court Decisions	p. 25
Administrative Proceedings	p. 26
The First Amendment	p. 31
Background	p. 32
Reasons for Freedom of Speech	p. 34
Social Reasons	p. 34
Individualistic Reasons	p. 36
Rebuttal	p. 36
Adoption of the First Amendment	p. 37
Nature of the Guarantee	p. 38
Liberty versus Government Power	p. 38
Expression versus Conduct	p. 39
Suspect Restrictions	p. 42
Prior Restraints	p. 42
Punishment After the Fact	p. 45
Financial Burdens	p. 47
Compelled Speech	p. 48
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions	p. 51
Resolving Conflicts	p. 53
Rights not Absolute	p. 53
Unprotected Speech	p. 54
The Balancing Approach	p. 57
Special Problem: Government Media	p. 63
Waiver of Rights	p. 66
Risks to Public Safety	p. 71
Introduction	p. 73
Law and Order	p. 73
Clear and Present Danger	p. 74
The Incitement Standard	p. 76
National Security	p. 78
The Pentagon Papers Case	p. 78
The H-Bomb Case	p. 80
Wartime Access Restrictions	p. 81
Personal Injury	p. 82
Negligence versus Incitement	p. 83
Harm Through Imitation	p. 84
Harm from Advice or Instructions	p. 87
Harm Through Advertising	p. 92
Damage to Reputation	p. 99
Evolution of Defamation Law	p. 100
Development by the States	p. 101
The Constitution Intervenes	p. 102
Ingredients for a Lawsuit	p. 103
Defamatory Content	p. 103
The Meaning of "Defamatory"	p. 104
Interpreting the Statements	p. 107
Falsity	p. 111
Burden of Proof	p. 112
How False Must It Be?	p. 112
Special Problem: Fact versus Opinion	p. 113
Publication	p. 116
Identification	p. 117
Special Problem: Group Defamation	p. 118
Fault	p. 119
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan	p. 120
Meaning of Actual Malice	p. 123
Gertz and the Negligence Standard	p. 126
Categorizing the Plaintiff	p. 129
Harm to Plaintiff	p. 135
Awarding Damages	p. 135
Limits on Damages	p. 136
Matters of Private Concern	p. 137
Privileges, Defenses, and Other Protections	p. 138
Reports of Official Proceedings	p. 138
Neutral Reporting	p. 140
The Wire Service Defense	p. 141
Retractions	p. 141
Summary Judgment	p. 142
Counter-Attacks by the Media	p. 143
Anti-SLAPP Statutes	p. 144
Libel Insurance	p. 145
Statutes of Limitations	p. 145
Libel Reform Efforts	p. 146
Reasons for Change	p. 146
The Annenberg Project	p. 147
The Uniform Correction Act	p. 148
Privacy and Peace of Mind	p. 153
Origins of Privacy Law	p. 154
Four Distinct Torts	p. 155
Appropriation	p. 156
Commercial Use	p. 157
Name or Likeness	p. 160
Consent	p. 162
Special Problem: Deceased Celebrities	p. 164
First Amendment Issues	p. 165
Disclosure of Private Facts	p. 165
Private Facts	p. 166
Highly Offensive	p. 169
Newsworthiness Defense	p. 169
False Light	p. 175
False Light Situations	p. 176
The Elements and Privileges	p. 177
Intrusion	p. 178
Expectation of Privacy	p. 179
Offensiveness	p. 181
Use of Subterfuge	p. 182
Public Places	p. 185
Fraud	p. 186
Emotional Distress	p. 187
Harsh Satire and the Hustler Case	p. 187
Shocking News Content and Tactics	p. 189
Criminal Statutes	p. 190
Restrictions on Disclosure	p. 190
Restrictions on Information Gathering	p. 191
Access to Places and Information	p. 197
Access to Places	p. 198
Trespass to Private Property	p. 199
Accident, Crime, and Disaster Scenes	p. 204
Polling Places	p. 205
Government Property	p. 205
Access to Government Proceedings	p. 207
State Open Meeting Laws	p. 207
The Federal Statute	p. 210
Access to Government Records	p. 212
The Freedom of Information Act	p. 212
State Open Records Laws	p. 223
Selective Access by Government	p. 226
Media and the Justice System	p. 233
Media and Courts: A Unique Relationship	p. 235
Media and a Fair Trial	p. 235
The Sixth Amendment Guarantee	p. 236
The First Amendment Conflict	p. 236
Warnings from the Supreme Court	p. 237
The True Effect of Publicity	p. 241
The Aftermath of Sheppard	p. 242
Preventing Publication	p. 243
Gag Orders on the Media	p. 243
Gag Orders on Participants	p. 248
Access to Proceedings	p. 249
Access to Trials	p. 250
Pretrial Proceedings	p. 253
Civil Proceedings	p. 255
Special Problem: Cameras in the Courtroom	p. 256
Special Problem: Juvenile Court	p. 259
Ethics and Etiquette of Court Coverage	p. 260
Access to Court Evidence and Records	p. 260
Extracting Evidence from the Media	p. 261
Forced Disclosure and the First Amendment	p. 265
State Shield Laws	p. 268
Legal Obligation to the Source	p. 271
Police Searches	p. 272
Contempt of Court	p. 273
The Penalties for Contempt	p. 273
Creative Property	p. 279
Introduction	p. 280
Copyright	p. 281
Protected Works	p. 282
Ownership	p. 287
Formalities	p. 293
Infringement	p. 294
Licensing Agreements	p. 297
Music Licensing	p. 300
Special Problem: Cable Retransmissions	p. 303
International Protection	p. 304
The Fair Use Defense	p. 305
Applying the Factors	p. 306
Freedom for Parody	p. 312
Copyright and Advancing Technology	p. 314
Trademarks	p. 315
Creation of Trademarks	p. 316
Trademark Registration	p. 318
Infringement	p. 319
Dilution	p. 320
Unfair Competition	p. 322
Corporate and Government Speech	p. 329
Introduction	p. 330
Corporations and Investors	p. 332
The Securities and Exchange Commission	p. 332
Corporate Reports	p. 332
Rule 10b-5	p. 334
Corporations and Political Influence	p. 338
Influencing Candidate Elections	p. 339
Influencing Public Issues	p. 346
Attribution Requirements	p. 347
Government and Political Influence	p. 349
Government Employees and The Hatch Act	p. 350
Employee Honoraria	p. 352
Official Government Persuasion	p. 353
Commercial Speech	p. 359
Introduction	p. 360
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment	p. 361
The Rise to Protection	p. 362
The Central Hudson Test	p. 364
Ad Bans for Disfavored Products	p. 366
Required Disclosures	p. 370
Deceptive Ads and the FTC	p. 371
Authority of the FTC	p. 371
Deception: The Basic Elements	p. 374
Prior Substantiation	p. 380
FTC Rules and Guides	p. 381
FTC Enforcement Devices	p. 381
Lanham Act Lawsuits	p. 386
Elements of a Claim	p. 387
Sample Cases	p. 387
Plaintiff's Remedies	p. 388
State Advertising Laws	p. 389
Government Prosecution	p. 389
Private Lawsuits	p. 390
Federal Preemption	p. 390
Liability for Illegal Ads	p. 392
Rejection of Advertising	p. 392
Broadcast and Cable Regulation	p. 397
Introduction	p. 398
The Rudiments of Broadcast Regulation	p. 399
Use of the Spectrum	p. 399
The Communications Act of 1934	p. 401
The FCC	p. 402
Limited First Amendment Status	p. 403
Station Licensing	p. 408
The Initial License	p. 409
License Renewals	p. 416
Transfer of Licenses	p. 419
Ownership Limitations	p. 420
EEO Rules	p. 422
Broadcast Content Controls	p. 424
Political Broadcasting	p. 424
Remnants of the Fairness Doctrine	p. 430
Children's Television	p. 432
Other Content Controls	p. 434
Cable Television	p. 435
First Amendment Status	p. 436
The Cable Acts	p. 437
Franchising	p. 439
Cable Content	p. 440
Entry by Telephone Companies	p. 443
Obscenity and Indecency	p. 449
Introduction	p. 450
History of Pornography	p. 451
Early American Obscenity Law	p. 452
Obscenity and the Constitution	p. 453
The Rationale for Controls	p. 454
The Presidential Commissions	p. 455
Defining Obscenity	p. 456
Prurient Interest	p. 457
Patent Offensiveness	p. 458
Lack of Serious Value	p. 459
Exception: Child Pornography	p. 461
Attacking Obscenity	p. 462
State Statutes	p. 462
Federal Statutes	p. 463
The Knowledge Requirement	p. 465
Private Possession	p. 466
Prior Restraint	p. 467
Curbing Non-Obscene Material	p. 468
Postal Controls	p. 468
Local Zoning	p. 469
Funding Conditions	p. 472
Women's Rights	p. 472
Indecency	p. 473
The Public Airwaves	p. 473
Cable TV	p. 479
Telephone	p. 481
The Internet	p. 485
Introduction	p. 486
Jurisdiction Issues	p. 487
Liability Issues	p. 490
Defamation in Cyberspace	p. 492
ISP Liability	p. 493
User Liability	p. 495
Privacy Online	p. 496
Electronic Mail	p. 496
Data Collection and the Web	p. 497
Information Security	p. 498
Creative Property in Cyberspace	p. 500
Copyright's Exclusive Rights	p. 501
Fair Use	p. 502
Trademarks and Domain Names	p. 503
Adult Material on the Net	p. 504
The Framework for Regulation	p. 505
The Communications Decency Act	p. 506
The Child Online Protection Act	p. 507
Selected Provisions of the U.S. Constitution	p. 509
Glossary of Legal Terms	p. 511
Notes	p. 521
Subject Index	p. 531
Case Index	p. 545
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