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Motivation Theory, Research, and Applications (with InfoTrac)

ISBN: 9780534568801 | 0534568807
Edition: 5th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Pub. Date: 8/8/2003

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SummaryTable of ContentsAuthor Biography
With a new evolutionary theme, Petri's book covers the biological, behavioral, and cognitive explanations for human motivation. The advantages and drawbacks to each of these explanations are presented, allowing students to draw their own conclusions. Students want to know why they behave the way they do. To help students understand the processes that activate their behavior, Petri uses examples drawn from such contemporary topics as sexual behavior, aggression, eating disorders, and obesity to capture and keep students interested. To help stude... MORE
I OVERVIEW
1(38)
Evolution and Motivation
3(12)
Life
4... MORE
Mitosis and Meiosis
4(1)
Sex
5(2)
The Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
5(1)
The Pleasures of Sex
6(1)
Interim Summary
7(1)
Higher Motives?
8(1)
Evolution
8(3)
Natural Selection
8(1)
Sexual Selection
9(1)
Female versus Male Sexual Strategies
10(1)
Mate Selection in Humans
10(1)
Instincts, Emotion, Thoughts, and Behavior
11(1)
Instincts, Emotion, Thoughts, and the Brain
12(1)
Summary
12(1)
Key Terms
13(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
13(1)
Web Resources
14(1)
Conceptualizing and Measuring Motivation
15(24)
Introduction
15(1)
The Concept of Motivation
16(1)
The Measurement of Motivation
16(1)
Characteristics of Motivation
17(2)
Activation
18(1)
Direction
19(1)
The Study of Motivation: Categories of Analysis
19(2)
Nomothetic versus Idiographic
20(1)
Innate versus Acquired
20(1)
Internal versus External
20(1)
Mechanistic versus Cognitive
21(1)
Levels of Analysis
21(3)
Physiological Analysis
21(2)
Individual Analysis
23(1)
Social Analysis
23(1)
Philosophical Analysis
24(1)
Analysis of Angie's Problem
24(1)
Major Constructs in Motivation
25(3)
Energy
26(1)
Physiological Mechanisms
26(1)
Learning
26(1)
Social Interaction
26(1)
Cognitive Processes
26(1)
The Activation of Motivation
27(1)
Homeostasis
27(1)
Hedonism
27(1)
Growth Motivation
28(1)
Philosophical and Physiological Roots of Motivational Theory
28(3)
Philosophical Antecedents
28(2)
Physiological Antecedents
30(1)
The Flow of Ideas about Motivation
31(3)
The Authors' Bias
34(1)
Summary
35(1)
Key Terms
36(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
36(1)
Web Resources
37(2)
II PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF MOTIVATION
39(116)
Genetic Contributions to Motivated Behavior
41(27)
Early Instinct Theories
42(4)
William James
43(1)
William McDougall
44(1)
Criticisms of the Early Instinct Theories
45(1)
Classical Ethology
46(8)
Ethological Terms
46(3)
Intention Movements and Social Releasers
49(1)
Conflict Behavior
50(1)
Reaction Chains
51(1)
Imprinting
51(3)
Criticisms of the Classical Ethological Approach
54(1)
Some Modifications to the Basic Ideas of Ethology
54(6)
Human Ethology
56(4)
Ethological Concepts Concerning Sex and Aggression
60(1)
Adaptiveness of Intraspecific Aggression
61(3)
Modern Ethological Approaches
64(2)
Behavioral Ecology
64(1)
Cognitive Ethology
65(1)
Evolutionary Psychology
65(1)
Summary
66(1)
Key Terms
66(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
67(1)
Web Resources
67(1)
Physiological Mechanisms of Arousal
68(39)
Introduction
69(1)
Arousal Theory
69(5)
The Reticular Activating System
71(2)
Hebb's Theory
73(1)
Psychophysiological Measures
73(1)
Problems with Arousal Theory
74(1)
Sleep
74(8)
General Properties of Sleep
75(2)
Stages of Sleep
77(3)
Dreams
80(1)
Sleep Deprivation
81(1)
Physiology of Sleep
82(6)
Brainstem Mechanisms That Promote Arousal
82(1)
Neurotransmitters That Promote Arousal
83(1)
Brainstem Regions That Promote NREM Sleep
84(1)
Neurotransmitters That Promote Sleep
84(1)
Brainstem Regions That Promote REM Sleep
84(1)
Possible Functions of Sleep
85(3)
Stress
88(10)
Definition of Stress
89(1)
Systemic and Psychological Stress
89(1)
Endocrine System Activity and Stress
89(1)
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
90(2)
Diseases of Adaptation
92(1)
Life Change, Stress, and Illness
92(3)
Buffers of Stress
95(3)
Health Psychology
98(1)
Psychoneuroimmunology
99(2)
Conditioning of Immune Responses
100(1)
Psychosocial Factors and the Immune System
101(1)
Sexual Arousal
101(3)
Stages of the Human Sexual Response Cycle
102(1)
Other Bodily Changes During Sexual Behavior
102(2)
Summary
104(1)
Key Terms
105(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
106(1)
Web Resources
106(1)
Physiological Mechanisms of Regulation
107(48)
Why Do We Eat?
108(5)
Sensory Specific Satiety
108(1)
Basic Metabolism
109(1)
Local Theories
110(2)
Central Theories
112(1)
Homeostatic Regulation
113(1)
Regulation of Hunger
113(6)
Short-Term Regulation
113(4)
Long-Term Regulation
117(1)
Leptin and Insulin
118(1)
Energy Regulation: Two Processes or One?
119(1)
Failure of Regulation
120(15)
Anorexia Nervosa
120(1)
Cross-Cultural Evidence of Anorexia
121(2)
The Serotonin Hypothesis
123(1)
Heredity Factors
124(1)
Bulimia Nervosa
124(5)
Obesity
129(1)
Obesity Explanations
130(5)
Homeostatic Regulation Reconsidered
135(1)
Regulation of Thirst
135(10)
Extracellular and Intracellular Mechanisms
136(1)
The Kidney
137(1)
Osmometric Thirst
137(2)
Volumetric Thirst
139(1)
Nonhomeostatic Drinking
140(1)
Inhibitory Control of Drinking
141(1)
Regulation of Sexual Motivation
141(2)
Hypothalamic Regulation
143(2)
Regulation of Aggressive Motivation
145(5)
The Limbic System
145(3)
Types of Aggression
148(2)
Summary
150(1)
Key Terms
151(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
152(1)
Web Resources
153(2)
III THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES: LEARNING, INCENTIVES, AND HEDONISM
155(90)
Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, and Observational Learning
157(35)
Pavlovian Classical Conditioning
158(11)
Experimental Neurosis
160(2)
Elimination of Motivated Behaviors Through Conditioning
162(1)
Interoceptive Conditioning
163(1)
Learned Aversions
164(3)
Learned Taste Aversions in Cancer Patients
167(2)
Operant Conditioning
169(6)
Quantity, Quality, and Contrasts of Reinforcement
170(2)
Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement
172(1)
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers
172(1)
Tokens and Token Economies
173(2)
Classical-Operant Interactions in Motivation
175(6)
Acquired Fear
175(2)
Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)
177(1)
Learned Helplessness
178(1)
Symptoms of Helplessness
179(1)
Causes and Prevention of Helplessness
180(1)
Observational Learning (Modeling)
181(6)
Modeling Processes: Attention, Retention, Reproduction
182(1)
Modeling Processes: Vicarious Reinforcement
183(1)
Learning and Aggression
183(1)
Classical Conditioning and Aggression
184(1)
Operant Conditioning and Aggression
185(1)
Modeled Aggression
186(1)
Sexual Motivation and Learning
187(1)
Learned Sexual Values
188(1)
Summary
189(1)
Key Terms
190(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
191(1)
Web Resources
191(1)
Incentive Motivation
192(26)
Incentives as Energizers
193(7)
Incentive Motivation K
194(2)
The Persistence of Behavior
196(4)
Incentives as Generators of Emotion
200(1)
Mowrer: Fear, Hope, Relief, and Disappointment
200(1)
Incentives as Carriers of Information
201(7)
Tolman: Cognitive Formulations
201(2)
Predictability
203(3)
Klinger: Meaningfulness
206(2)
Incentive Aspects of Sexual Motivation
208(5)
Female Attractiveness
211(1)
Male Attractiveness
212(1)
Incentive Motivation and Physical Addictions
213(1)
Behavioral Addictions
214(1)
Summary
215(1)
Key Terms
216(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
216(1)
Web Resources
217(1)
Hedonism and Sensory Stimulation
218(27)
Hedonism
219(3)
P. T. Young: Sign, Intensity, and Duration
219(1)
Sensory Stimulation and the Hedonic Continuum
220(2)
Pain
222(2)
Novelty, Curiosity, and Exploratory Behavior
224(11)
Behaviors Released by Stimulation
224(2)
The Need for Stimulation
226(1)
Attachment
227(8)
Sensation Seeking
235(3)
Opponent-Process Theory: Hedonism Revisited
238(4)
Drug Addiction: An Alternative to the Incentive-Sensitization View
239(1)
Thrill Seeking
240(1)
Social Attachment
240(2)
Summary
242(1)
Key Terms
243(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
243(1)
Web Resources
243(2)
IV COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO MOTIVATION
245(120)
Cognitive Motivation: Expectancy-Value Approaches
247(33)
Tolman's Purposive Behavior
248(3)
Characteristics of Molar Behavior
248(1)
Purpose and Cognition
249(2)
Kurt Lewin's Force Field Theory
251(4)
The Person
252(1)
The Psychological Environment
253(2)
Expectancy-Value Theory
255(21)
Social Learning Theory
255(4)
Expectancy-Value Theory and the Need for Achievement
259(11)
Criticisms of Need-Achievement Theory
270(1)
Social Loafing
271(5)
Summary
276(2)
Key Terms
278(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
278(1)
Web Resources
279(1)
Cognitive Motivation: Social Motivation and Consistency
280(36)
Coaction and Audience Effects
281(2)
Conformity
283(5)
Factors That Affect Conformity Motivation
285(1)
Criticisms of Conformity Research
286(1)
Why Do People Conform?
287(1)
Compliance
288(3)
Obedience
291(3)
Bystander Intervention
294(7)
Zimbardo's Mock Prison
301(3)
Cognitive Consistency Theory
304(9)
Balance Theory
304(2)
Cognitive Dissonance
306(1)
Research on Dissonance
307(3)
Challenges to Dissonance Theory
310(2)
A Problem for Consistency Theories
312(1)
Summary
313(1)
Key Terms
314(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
315(1)
Web Resources
315(1)
Cognitive Motivation: Attribution Approaches
316(28)
Attribution Theory
317(24)
Heider's Naive Psychology
318(1)
The Jones and Davis Correspondence Theory
319(2)
Kelley's Covariation Theory
321(2)
Weiner's Attributional Analysis of Achievement Behavior
323(4)
A Synthesis of the Theories of Kelley and Weiner
327(1)
Biases in Attribution
328(8)
Application of Research on Attributions
336(5)
Summary
341(1)
Key Terms
342(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
343(1)
Web Resources
343(1)
Cognitive Motivation: Competence and Control
344(21)
Carl Rogers and Positive Regard
345(3)
The Fully Functioning Individual
346(1)
Criticisms of Rogers's Approach
347(1)
Abraham Maslow and Self-Actualization
348(6)
Hierarchy of Needs
348(6)
Competence, Personal Causation, Human Agency, and Self-Determination
354(7)
Competence
354(1)
Personal Causation
354(1)
Human Agency
355(3)
Self-Determination
358(3)
Toward a Positive Psychology?
361(1)
Summary
362(1)
Key Terms
362(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
363(1)
Web Resources
363(2)
V EMOTION AND MOTIVATION
365(40)
The Emotions as Motivators
367(38)
Emotion from a Biological Perspective
368(2)
Darwin's Principles of Emotion
368(2)
Other Formulations of Emotion after Darwin
370(9)
The James-Lange Theory
370(2)
The Emergency Theory of Emotional Arousal
372(1)
The Cognitive-Physiological Theory of Emotion
373(3)
Ethology
376(3)
Brain Mechanisms of Emotion
379(2)
The Amygdala, Orbital Frontal Cortex, and Cingulate Cortex
379(2)
Emotion from a Learning Perspective
381(8)
Classical Conditioning and Emotion
382(1)
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning and Emotion
382(1)
Emotional Modeling
383(2)
The Preparedness of Emotional Learning
385(1)
Emotion from a Cognitive Perspective
386(1)
Attribution of Emotion
387(2)
Emotion as Primary and Universal
389(4)
The Tomkins Model
391(1)
Izard's Differential Emotions Model
391(2)
The Circumplex Model of Emotion
393(4)
Facial-Expression and Emotion
397(5)
Display Rules
398(2)
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis
400(2)
Summary
402(1)
Key Terms
403(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
404(1)
Web Resources
404(1)
VI ENDVIEW
405(6)
Conclusions
407(4)
References411(40)
Name Index451(12)
Subject Index463
Herbert L. Petri teaches at Towson University and is also Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Johns Hopkins University.

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