9780070648456

These volumes present a collection of primary source materials from the earliest times to the present intended for use in college courses in Western Civilization. An outstanding feature of the book is the wide variety of source materials included'¬”readings from literary classics, letters, biographies, chronicles, diaries, philosophic and scientific writings, government records. Women'¬"s history is emphasized throughout.

Preface
I THE SEARCH FOR ORDER--ABSOLUTISM AND ARISTOCRACY
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
Germany
From Simplicissimus
France
From Letters of the Abbess of Port-Royal
THEORIES OF ABSOLUTISM
Rationalism
From Jean Bodin. Six Books of the Commonwealth
From Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan
Divine Right
From Bossuet. Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
Patriarchy
From Robert Filmer. Patriarcha
THE COURT OF LOUIS XIV
Life at Versailles
From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon
Portrait of a Monarch
From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon
From Louis XIV. Letter to His Heir
ABSOLUTISM IN PRACTICE
Religion
From Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon
From Declaration of the Gallican Church
From Louis XIV. Letter to His Heir
Military Organization
From Voltaire. The Age of Louis XIV
Economy and Local Administration
From Colbert’s Memoranda
From Colbert’s Correspondence
EASTERN EUROPE
The Turkish Menace
From The Present State of the German and Turkish Empires
Peter the Great
From Gilbert Burnett’s History
From Von Korb’s Diary
From De Missy’s Life of Peter
II THE SEARCH FOR ORDER CONSTITUTIONALISM AND OLIGARCHY
CROWN AND PARLIAMENT
Earlier Views
From Fortescue. The Governance of England (1471)
From Elizabeth’s “Golden Speech” (1601)
From James I. Speech to Parliament (1610)
From Petition of Grievances (1610)
CIVIL WAR
Charles I. The Break with Parliament
From Petition of Right (1628)
Commons Protestation (1629)
From Petition Accompanying the Grand Remonstrance (1641)
Case of the Five Members
Militia Ordinance
A Royal Martyr?
Declaration of Sovereignty
Act Establishing a Court to Try the King
Charles’s Defense
The Sentence
Last Words
RELIGION AND SOCIAL PROTEST
Radical Dissent
From The Free-Man’s Freedom Vindicated
From the Army Debates (1647)
From A Fiery Flying Roll
From Winstanley. Letter to Lord Fairfax
A Digger Song (1649)
Women’s Roles
From Domesticall Duties
From Hudibras
Women’s Petition (1649)
From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem’s Glory
From George Fox. A Collection of. . . . Epistles
From The Sufferings of the People Called Quakers
From Dorothy Osborne’s Letters
OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE INTERREGNUM
War and Religion
From Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches
Social Legislation
From Acts and Ordinances
Authority and Consent
Dismissal of the Rump Parliament
From Clarendon’s History
From Ludlow’s Memoirs
Cromwell’s Deathbed Prayer
A Royalist View
From Clarendon’s History
FROM RESTORATION TO REVOLUTION
Restoration
From John Evelyn’s Diary
The “Glorious Revolution”
From John Evelyn’s Diary
From The Bill of Rights (1689)
III COMMERCE AND EMPIRE -- THE WEST AND THE WORLD
PATTERNS OF COMMERCE
The East Indies
From Report of Simon de Pomponne
The Atlantic
From The London Tradesman (1774)
Instructions to Captain Lindsay (1754)
From Diary of a Citizen
From Letter of Peter Fontaine (1757)
NORTH AMERICA-EXPLORATION AND IMMIGRATION
Exploration and Missionaries
From Voyages of Marquette
From Letters of Junipero Serra
Immigration
From Journey to Pennsylvania
From British Customs Report
From J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. What Is an American?
THE FAR EAST
India -- Wealth and Power
From Robert Clive. Speech in Commons (1772)
From Edmund Burke. Speech in Commons (1783)
China -- Merchants and Missionaries
From Memorandum of Huo Ju-hsia
From Decree of K’ang-hsi (1692)
From Decree of Pope Clement XI (1715)
From Decree of K’ang–hsi (1721)
THE OLD COLONIAL SYSTEM
Economic Regulation from The Hat Act (1732)
The System Defended
From Sir William Keith. A Short Discourse
The System Attacked
From Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations
EUROPEAN EMPIRES – GERMANY AND EASTERN EUROPE
Prussia
From Report of Count Von Seckendorf
From Letters of Frederick II and Frederick William I
From Memoirs of Frederick II
From Frederick II. Essay on the Forms of Government
Russia
From Letter of Baron de Breteuil
From Catherine II. Proposals for a New Law Code
From Decree on Serfs (1767)
Poland
From Memoirs of Frederick II
From Letter of Maria Theresa
From Letter of Catherine II
IV THE ENLIGHTENMENT -- NATURE, REASON, AND PROGRESS
NATURE AND MAN
Natural Right
From John Locke. Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)
Human Nature
From John Locke. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
GOD AND NATURE
Theism
From Voltaire. Elements of the Philosophy of Newton
From Alexander Pope. An Essay on Man
Atheism
From Baron d’Holbach. Common Sense
PROGRESS AND REFORM
The Idea of Progress
From Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
From Marquis de Condorcet. Progress of the Human Mind
Reform
From The Encyclopedia
From The Encyclopedia
From Cesare Beccaria. Essay on Crimes and Punishments
SKEPTICISM, FANATICISM, AND SATIRE
Skepticism
From David Hume. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
From Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary
Fanaticism
From the Encyclopedia
Satire -- Candide and Figaro
From Voltaire. Candide, or the Optimist
From Beaumarchais. The Marriage of Figaro
POLITICAL IDEAS
Rights and Liberties
From Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary
From Montesquieu. Spirit of the Laws
From Declaration of Independence (1776)
Enlightened Absolutism
From Mercier de la Riviere. The Natural Order (1767)
Totalitarian Democracy?
From Jean Jacques Rousseau. The Social Contract
LOVE AND FRIENDSHIP
Julie de Lespinasse
From Memoir of Baron de Grimm
From Memoir of Marmontel
From Letter of Julie de Lespinasse
V INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION—AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURE, POLITICAL ECONOMY
AGRICULTURE
English and French Agriculture Compared
From Arthur Young. Travels during the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 . . . in the Kingdom of France
Feudal Practices in German Agriculture
From William Jacob. A View of the Agriculture . . . of Germany . . .
Agricultural Laborers
From David Davies. The Case of Labourers in Husbandry . . . (1795)
MANUFACTURE
Spinning and Weaving
From William Radcliffe. Origin of . . . the Power Loom (1828)
Families Disrupted
From Observations . . . on the Loss of Woollen Spinning (c.1794)
Machinery Attacked
The Leeds Woollen Workers’ Petition (1786)
Machinery Defended
Letter from the Cloth Merchants of Leeds (1791)
The First Textile Factories
From Richard Guest. Compendious History of the Cotton-Manufacture (1823)
POLITICAL ECONOMY
Supply and Demand
From Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations
The Iron Law of Wages
From David Ricardo. On Wages
Poverty and Population
From Thomas Malthus. First Essay on Population (1798)
VI THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE DEBATE OVER NOBLE PRIVILEGE
Royal Power Asserted
From The Official Transcript of the Session of the Scourging (March 3, 1766)
Noble Privilege Defended
From Remonstrance of the Parlement of Bordeaux (1771)
Noble Privilege Challenged
From Abbe Sieyes. What Is the Third Estate?
THE THIRD ESTATE TRIUMPHANT
The Fall of the Bastille
From A Parisian Newspaper Account, July 14, 1789
Feudal Rights Abolished
The August 4th Decrees (August 4-11, 1789)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (August 27, 1789)
From The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 12, 1790)
Exporting the Revolution
The Propagandist Decrees (1792)
CHALLENGES TO LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARIES
Defending Church and King
From Edmund Burke. Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
The Vendee Uprising
From Charles Tilly. The Vendée
Are Women Citizens?
From Olympe de Gouges
Declaration of the Rights Woman and the Female Citizen (1791)
From Debates in the National Convention of Clubs and Popular Societies for Women (1793)
Revolutionary Morality
What Is a Sans-Culotte?
From Maximilien Robespierre. On The Principles of Political Morality (February 1794)
From “Gracchus” Babeuf.
Manifesto of the Equals
NAPOLEONIC CONSOLIDATION
Centralized Administration
An Instruction for Senators (April 1805)
To His Brother Jerome, King of Westphalia (Fontainebleau, November 15, 1807)
A Conversation with Montholon (St. Helena, 1814)
Restoration
From The Constitutional Charter of 1814
VII RESPONSES TO REVOLUTION -- THEORY AND POLITICS (1810-1832)
CONSERVATISM
The Divine Origin of Constitutions
From Joseph de Maistre. Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions (1810)
A Call for Monarchal Solidarity
From Prince Klemens von Metternich. Political Confession of Faith (1820)
ROMANTICISM
”Nature . . . the Guardian of My Heart”
From William Wordsworth. Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey
The Inner Spiritual Life
From Friedrich von Schlegel. The Philosophy of Life and Philosophy of Language
The Romantic Sensibility
From Mary Shelley. Frankenstein
NATIONALISM
Poland
From Adam Mickiewicz. The Books of the Polish Nation . . .
Italy
From Giuseppe Mazzini. Young Italy (1832)
REFORM
Russia
From Peter Kakhovsky. Letter to General Levashev (February 1826)
From Pavel Pestel. Extracts from Pestel’s Testimony
England
From Samuel Bamford. Passages in the Life of a Radical -- On the Peterloo Massacre
From Thomas Babington Macaulay. Speeches (May 2, 1831) -- On the Reform Bill of 1832
VIII INDUSTRIALIZATION AND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL
THE FACTORY SYSTEM
Principles
From Andrew Ure. The Philosophy of Manufactures
Discipline
Factory Rules in Berlin (1844)
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
“Outrage Done to Nature”
From William Wordsworth. The Excursion (1814)
From Friedrich Engels. The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844
FAMILY ORGANIZATION
The Working-Class Family Economy
From Mayhew. Interview with a Female Operative
Middle-Class Domesticity
From Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management
THE CHALLENGE OF LABOR
English Chartism
The People’s Petition of 1838
Address of the Female Political Union . . . (1839)
French Socialism
From Louis Blanc. The Organization of Labor (1840)
Class Struggle
From Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE
Middle-Class Values
From Samuel Smiles. Self-Help
Progress
From The Economist (London 1851)
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
France
From Alphonse de Lamartine. History of the French Revolution of 1848
Germany
From Carl Schurz. Reminiscences
IX SCIENCE AND SOCIETY
THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
Social Evolution
From Herbert Spencer. Progress: Its Law and Cause
Evolution
From Charles Darwin. The Descent of Man
A Science of Society
From Auguste Comte. A General View of Positivism
THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIFFERENCE
The Argument for Equality
From John Stuart Mill. The Subjection of Women
The Argument for Inequality
From Patrick Geddes and J. Arthur Thompson.
The Evolution of Sex
THE MOTOR OF HISTORY
The Pursuit of Happiness and Liberty of Thought
From John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism (1861)
From John Stuart Mill. On Liberty (1859)
The Crisis in Belief
From Edmund Gosse.
Father and Son (1907)
X STATE BUILDING AND IMPERIALIST EXPANSION
VARIETIES OF NATIONALISM
Pan-Slavism
From Nikolai Danilevsky. Russia and Europe: An Inquiry into the Cultural and Political Relations of the Slav World and of the Germano-Latin World (1869)
Political Nationalism
From Heinrich von Treitschke. Politics
Liberal Nationalism
From Ernest Renan. What Is a Nation?
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
Diplomacy
From Cavour’s Letter to Victor Emmanuel (July 24, 1858)
Conquest
From Garibaldi’s Report on the Conquest of Naples
Unification
From Victor Emmanuel’s Address to Parliament (Rome, 1871)
THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE
The Dual Monarchy
From Memoirs of Count von Beust
GERMAN UNIFICATION
Iron and Blood
From Otto von Bismarck. Speech to the Reichstag (September 30, 1862)
War with Austria
From William I. Proclamation of the Seven Weeks’ War (June 1866)
The Franco-Prussian War
From Otto von Bismarck. Memoirs
Military Preparedness
From Otto von Bismarck. Speech to the Reichstag (February 6, 1888)
IMPERIALISM
French Colonial Policy
From Jules Ferry. Preface to Tonkin (1890)
The White Man’s Burden
From Rudyard Kipling. The White Man’s Burden
The Black Man’s Oppression
From Edward Morel. The Black Man’s Burden
The Economic Bases of Imperialism
From John A. Hobson. Imperialism
XI ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
ORGANIZATION
Networks of Factories
From Harold Baron. Chemical Industry on the Continent (1909)
German Banks
From Articles on German Banking
Retailing
On Parisian Department Stores
AN INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM AND A WORLD MARKET
The Gold Standard
From German Coinage Act, July 9, 1873
The World Economy
From Robert Giffen. On the Depression of 1873-1876
GOVERNMENTS AND INDUSTRY
Protective Tariffs
Jules Meline. Argument for Protection in France (1892)
Regulation of Working Conditions
From Otto von Bismarck. On State Socialism (1884)
From Georges Clemenceau. Speech on Strikes, Trade Unions, and Socialism (1906)
THE LABOR MOVEMENT
Strikes
From Ben Turner. About Myself
National Federations of Labor
From The French General Confederation of Labor, Charter of Amiens (1906)
THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT
German Social Democracy
From The Erfurt Program (1891)
From Anna Maier. Autobiography (1912)
English Social Democracy
From William Morris. How I Became a Socialist
French Socialists Unite
From Program of the Unified Socialist Party (1905)
XII WORLD WAR I
THE ROAD TO WAR
National Rivalry
From An Interview with the Geman Kaiser (Daily Telegraph, 1908)
Popular Propaganda
The German “Hasslied”
War Declared
The “Blank Check” Telegram
From Philipp Scheidemann. The Making of New Germany
STRATEGIES AND BATTLES
The Western Front
From Field Marshal Joffre. Personal Memoirs
Trench Warfare
From Vera Brittain. Testament of Youth
New Weaponry
From Captain Von Richthofen. The Red Battle Flyer
America Enters the War
From Speech of Congressman Joe Henry Eagle (April 15, 1917)
THE HOME FRONT
England Mourns Her Dead
Laurence Binyon. For the Fallen (September 1914)
Women’s War Service
From E. Sylvia Pankhurst. The Home Front
THE DECLINE OF THE WEST?
German Surrender
From The Versailles Treaty
Disillusionment
From John Maynard Keynes. The Economic Consequences of the Peace
From Sigmund Freud. Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
The Toll of War.
Mortality Statistics
XIII THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION -- FROM LENIN TO STALIN
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
Lenin’s Strategy
From V. I. Lenin. What Is to Be Done?
The Revolution of 1905
From The Petition of January 9, 1905
From Tsar Nichols I.
The October Manifesto (1905)
REVOLUTION, WAR COMMUNISM, AND CIVIL WAR
Wartime Conditions
From Leon Trotsky.
The History of the Russian Revolution
The Fall of the Tsar
First Statement of the Provisional Government, March 1917
The Bolsheviks Come to Power
Account of the Overthrow of the Provisional Government (November 8, 1917)
The Peace and Land Decrees
War Communism
Decree on Grain (May 9, 1918)
Civil War
From Proclamation of the “Whites” (July 8, 1918)
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 1920S
The New Economic Policy
From V. I. Lenin. Draft Resolutions on Questions of the New Economic Policy
The Family
From Alexandra Kollantai. Communism and the Family
STALIN AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE MODERN SOVIET STATE
Economic Planning
From Joseph Stalin. The Results of the First Five-Year Plan
From Max Belov. The History of a Soviet Collective Farm
Family Organization
From Law on the Abolition of Legal Abortion (May 1936)
Destruction of the Opposition
Purges: The Official Explanation
XIV EUROPE -- THE 1920S TO WORLD WAR II
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL UNREST
England
From Men without Work: A Report Made to the Pilgrim Trust, 1938
France
From Program of the Popular Front (January 10, 1936)
Germany
From The Times (May 28, 1932)
THE RISE OF FASCISM
Italy
From Benito Mussolini. The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism
Germany
From The Autobiography of an Anti-Semite
From Adolph Hitler. Mein Kampf
The Spanish Civil War
From George Orwell. Looking Back on the Spanish War
WORLD WAR II
The Outbreak of War
From Chamberlain’s Statement to the Press (September 1938)
From Hitler’s Speech to the Reichstag (September 1, 1939)
From Chamberlain’s Announcement of War with Germany (September 3, 1939)
W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939
The Fall of France
From Alexander Werth. The Last Days of Paris
The Battle of Britain
From The Times (April 12, 1941)
War in the Pacific
Japan’s Declaration of War on the United States and Great Britain (December 8, 1941)
Roosevelt’s Request for a Declaration of War on Japan (December 8, 1941)
THE WAR ENDS
D-Day, June 6, 1944
Churchill’s Announcement to the House of Commons (June 6, 1944)
The Bombing of Hiroshima
Truman Announces Use of A-Bomb at Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
The Human Costs
From Deposition by Mrs. Liuba Daniel on the Stutthof Concentration Camp
XV POSTWAR POLITICS -- COLD WAR AND THIRD WORLD
THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR WAR
Three Approaches
From Philip Toynbee. The Fearful Choice (1959)
From Edward Teller. The Legacy of Hiroshima (1962)
From Pope John XXIII. Pacem in Terris (1963)
THE COLD WAR BEGINS
Yalta and the Aftermath
From Minutes of the Yalta Conference
From Letter of President Roosevelt to Premier Stalin (April 1, 1945)
From Minutes of White House Conference
From Letter of Premier Stalin to President Truman (April 24, 1945)
The Iron Curtain
From Winston Churchill’s Speech at Fulton, Missouri (March 5, 1946)
From Stalin’s Reply to Churchill
From Speech of President Truman
From Testimony of John Foster Dulles
Atlantic Alliance
From General George C. Marshall’s Speech (June 5, 1947)
From Speech of Andrei Vyshinski (September 18, 1947)
From The North Atlantic Treaty
CONCILIATION AND CONFLICT
Peaceful Coexistence
From Khrushchev’s Public Speech
From Krushchev’s Secret Speech
Hungary
From Statement of the Soviet Government (October 30, 1956)
From Imry Nage’s Last Message (November 4, 1956)
Vietnam
From President Lyndon B. Johnson’s News Conference (July 28, 1965)
From Senator J. William Fulbright’s Speech (April 2, 1970)
China
From Speech of President Richard M. Nixon (February 28, 1972)
THE END OF THE COLD WAR
Nuclear Disarmament
From Statement of Mikhail Gorbachev (January 15, 1986)
Eastern Europe
From Speech of Mikhail Gorbachev (December 9, 1989)
From Speech of Margaret Thatcher (February 18, 1990)
After Gorbachev
From Anatoly Chubais. Main Issues of Privatisation
ISRAEL AND THE ARABS
The Zionist Case
From Statement of the World Zionist Conference (1945)
The Arab Case
From Statement of the Arab Higher Committee (1948)
THE THIRD WORLD
India
From Mohandas Gandhi. Satyagraha
AfricaFrom Kwame Nkrumah. I Speak of Freedom (1961)
Cuba
From Fidel Castro Speaks
XVI THE MODERN WORLD -- HOPES AND ANXIETIES
HUMAN RIGHTS – IDEALS AND REALITIES
Ideals
Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948)
Realities
From Amnesty International Report (1995)
POPULATION, ECOLOGY, NATURAL RESOURCES
Population Pressures
From World Health
From M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel.
Mankind at the Turning Point
Natural Resources
From E. F. Schumacher. Small Is Beautiful
From Population Control: For and Against
REVOLUTIONARY PROTEST
Revolutionary Theory
From H. Marcuse. An Essay on Liberation
France
From The French Student Revolt
Germany
From The Urban Guerrilla Concept
WOMEN AND FAMILY
Women’s Roles
From Simone de Beauvoir. The Second Sex
Feminist Protest
Adrienne Rich. Translations
Backlash
From Susan Faludi. Backlash
SCIENCE AND HUMAN VALUES
Evolution and Matter
From William Provine. Chance and Necessity
Evolution and Spirit
From John Paul II. Magisterium and Evolution

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Western Societies Doc History V2

Western Societies Doc History V2

007064845X

Summary

Table of Contents

I THE SEARCH FOR ORDER--ABSOLUTISM AND ARISTOCRACY

SOCIAL CONDITIONS

Germany

From Simplicissimus

France

From Letters of the Abbess of Port-Royal

THEORIES OF ABSOLUTISM

Rationalism

From Jean Bodin. Six Books of the Commonwealth

From Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan

Divine Right

From Bossuet. Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

Patriarchy

From Robert Filmer. Patriarcha

THE COURT OF LOUIS XIV

Life at Versailles

From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon

Portrait of a Monarch

From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon

From Louis XIV. Letter to His Heir

ABSOLUTISM IN PRACTICE

Religion

From Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)

From Memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon

From Declaration of the Gallican Church

From Louis XIV. Letter to His Heir

Military Organization

From Voltaire. The Age of Louis XIV

Economy and Local Administration

From Colbert’s Memoranda

From Colbert’s Correspondence

EASTERN EUROPE

The Turkish Menace

From The Present State of the German and Turkish Empires

Peter the Great

From Gilbert Burnett’s History

From Von Korb’s Diary

From De Missy’s Life of Peter

II THE SEARCH FOR ORDER CONSTITUTIONALISM AND OLIGARCHY

CROWN AND PARLIAMENT

Earlier Views

From Fortescue. The Governance of England (1471)

From Elizabeth’s “Golden Speech” (1601)

From James I. Speech to Parliament (1610)

From Petition of Grievances (1610)

CIVIL WAR

Charles I. The Break with Parliament

From Petition of Right (1628)

Commons Protestation (1629)

From Petition Accompanying the Grand Remonstrance (1641)

Case of the Five Members

Militia Ordinance

A Royal Martyr?

Declaration of Sovereignty

Act Establishing a Court to Try the King

Charles’s Defense

The Sentence

Last Words

RELIGION AND SOCIAL PROTEST

Radical Dissent

From The Free-Man’s Freedom Vindicated

From the Army Debates (1647)

From A Fiery Flying Roll

From Winstanley. Letter to Lord Fairfax

A Digger Song (1649)

Women’s Roles

From Domesticall Duties

From Hudibras

Women’s Petition (1649)

From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem’s Glory

From George Fox. A Collection of. . . . Epistles

From The Sufferings of the People Called Quakers

From Dorothy Osborne’s Letters