Understanding Statistics In The Behaviorial Sciences
ISBN: 9780495096382 | 0495096385
Edition: 8thFormat: Paperback
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
Pub. Date: 6/14/2006
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Based on over 30 years of successful teaching experience in this course, Robert Pagano's introductory text takes an intuitive, concepts-based approach to descriptive and inferential statistics. He uses the sign test to introduce inferential statistics, empirically derived sampling distributions, many visual aids and lots of interesting examples to promote student understanding. One of the hallmarks of this text is the positive feedback from students-even students who are not mathematically inclined praise the text for its clarity, detailed pres... MORE
| Overview | p. 1 |
| Statistics and Scientific Method | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Methods of Knowing | p. 4 |
| Definitions | p. 6 |
| Scientific Research and Statistics | p. 9 |
| Random Sampling | p. 9 |
| Descriptive and Inferential Statistics | p. 10 |
| Using Computers in Statistics | p. 10 |
| Statistics and the "Real World" | p. 11 |
| What is the Truth? Data, Data, Where Are the Data? | p. 12 |
| What is the Truth? Authorities Are Nice, But ... | p. 13 |
| What is the Truth? Data, Data, What Are the Data?-1 | p. 14 |
| What is the Truth? Data, Data, What Are the Data?-2 | p. 15 |
| Summary | p. 17 |
| Important Terms | p. 17 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 17 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 20 |
| WebTutor | p. 20 |
| Descriptive Statistics | p. 21 |
| Basic Mathematical and Measurement Concepts | p. 23 |
| Study Hints for the Student | p. 23 |
| Mathematical Notation | p. 24 |
| Summation | p. 25 |
| Measurement Scales: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales | p. 27 |
| Measurement Scales in the Behavioral Sciences | p. 31 |
| Continuous and Discrete Variables | p. 31 |
| Summary | p. 35 |
| Important Terms | p. 35 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 35 |
| Notes | p. 36 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 37 |
| WebTutor | p. 37 |
| Frequency Distributions | p. 38 |
| Introduction: Ungrouped Frequency Distributions | p. 38 |
| Grouping Scores | p. 40 |
| Percentiles | p. 46 |
| Percentile Rank | p. 50 |
| Graphing Frequency Distributions | p. 53 |
| Exploratory Data Analysis | p. 58 |
| What is the Truth? Stretch the Scale, Change the Tale | p. 60 |
| Summary | p. 62 |
| Important Terms | p. 62 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 62 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 65 |
| WebTutor | p. 65 |
| Measures of Central Tendency and Variability | p. 66 |
| Introduction | p. 66 |
| Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic Mean, Median, and Mode | p. 67 |
| Measures of Variability: Range, Standard Deviation, and Variance | p. 76 |
| Summary | p. 82 |
| Important Terms | p. 82 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 82 |
| Notes | p. 85 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 85 |
| WebTutor | p. 85 |
| The Normal Curve and Standard Scores | p. 86 |
| Introduction | p. 86 |
| The Normal Curve | p. 87 |
| Standard Scores (z Scores) | p. 88 |
| Summary | p. 100 |
| Important Terms | p. 100 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 100 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 102 |
| WebTutor | p. 102 |
| Correlation | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Relationships | p. 104 |
| Correlation | p. 111 |
| What is the Truth? "Good Principal = Good Elementary School," or Does It? | p. 126 |
| Summary | p. 127 |
| Important Terms | p. 128 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 128 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 133 |
| WebTutor | p. 133 |
| Linear Regression | p. 134 |
| Introduction | p. 134 |
| Prediction and Imperfect Relationships | p. 135 |
| Constructing the Least-Squares Regression Line: Regression of Y on X | p. 137 |
| Regression of X on Y | p. 143 |
| Measuring Prediction Errors: The Standard Error of Estimate | p. 146 |
| Considerations in Using Linear Regression for Prediction | p. 149 |
| Relation Between Regression Constants and Pearson r | p. 150 |
| Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation | p. 151 |
| Summary | p. 156 |
| Important Terms | p. 156 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 156 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 160 |
| WebTutor | p. 160 |
| Inferential Statistics | p. 161 |
| Random Sampling and Probability | p. 163 |
| Introduction | p. 163 |
| Random Sampling | p. 164 |
| Probability | p. 168 |
| What is the Truth? "Not Guilty, I'm a Victim of Coincidence": Gutsy Plea or Truth? | p. 191 |
| What is the Truth? Sperm Count Decline-Male or Sampling Inadequacy? | p. 192 |
| What is the Truth? A Sample of a Sample | p. 193 |
| Summary | p. 195 |
| Important Terms | p. 195 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 195 |
| Notes | p. 198 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 198 |
| WebTutor | p. 198 |
| Binomial Distribution | p. 199 |
| Introduction | p. 199 |
| Definition and Illustration of the Binomial Distribution | p. 199 |
| Generating the Binomial Distribution from the Binomial Expansion | p. 202 |
| Using the Binomial Table | p. 204 |
| Summary | p. 213 |
| Important Terms | p. 213 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 213 |
| Notes | p. 215 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 215 |
| WebTutor | p. 215 |
| Introduction to Hypothesis Testing Using the Sign Test | p. 216 |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| An Experiment: Marijuana and the Treatment of AIDS Patients | p. 217 |
| Type I and Type II Errors | p. 222 |
| Alpha Level and the Decision Process | p. 223 |
| Evaluating the Tail of the Distribution | p. 225 |
| One- and Two-Tailed Probability Evaluations | p. 227 |
| Size of Effect: Significant Versus Important | p. 234 |
| What is the Truth? Chance or Real Effect?-1 | p. 234 |
| What is the Truth? Chance or Real Effect?-2 | p. 236 |
| What is the Truth? "No Product Is Better Than Our Product" | p. 237 |
| What is the Truth? Anecdotal Reports Versus Systematic Research | p. 238 |
| Summary | p. 240 |
| Important Terms | p. 241 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 241 |
| Notes | p. 244 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 244 |
| WebTutor | p. 244 |
| Power | p. 245 |
| Introduction | p. 245 |
| What Is Power? | p. 246 |
| P[subscript null] and P[subscript real] | p. 246 |
| Power Analysis of the AIDS Experiment | p. 248 |
| Alpha-Beta and Reality | p. 255 |
| Interpreting Nonsignificant Results | p. 255 |
| Calculation of Power | p. 256 |
| What is the Truth? Astrology and Science | p. 262 |
| Summary | p. 264 |
| Important Terms | p. 264 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 264 |
| Notes | p. 265 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 266 |
| WebTutor | p. 266 |
| Sampling Distributions, Sampling Distribution of the Mean, the Normal Deviate (z) Test | p. 267 |
| Introduction | p. 267 |
| Sampling Distributions | p. 268 |
| The Normal Deviate (z) Test | p. 272 |
| Summary | p. 294 |
| Important Terms | p. 294 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 294 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 296 |
| WebTutor | p. 296 |
| Student's t Test for Single Samples | p. 297 |
| Introduction | p. 297 |
| Comparison of the z and t Tests | p. 298 |
| The Sampling Distribution of t | p. 299 |
| t and z Distributions Compared | p. 301 |
| First Word Utterances Experiment Revisited | p. 302 |
| Calculating t[subscript obt] from Original Scores | p. 303 |
| Conditions Under Which the t Test Is Appropriate | p. 308 |
| t Distribution: Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean | p. 308 |
| Testing the Significance of Pearson r | p. 313 |
| Summary | p. 316 |
| Important Terms | p. 317 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 317 |
| Notes | p. 320 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 320 |
| WebTutor | p. 320 |
| Student's t Test for Correlated and Independent Groups | p. 321 |
| Introduction | p. 322 |
| Student's t Test for Correlated Groups | p. 323 |
| z and t Tests for Independent Groups | p. 329 |
| z Test for Independent Groups | p. 330 |
| Student's t Test for Independent Groups | p. 333 |
| Power of the t Test | p. 341 |
| Correlated Groups and Independent Groups Designs Compared | p. 342 |
| Evaluating the Effect of the Independent Variable Using Confidence Intervals-Independent Groups Design | p. 345 |
| Summary | p. 349 |
| Important Terms | p. 350 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 350 |
| Notes | p. 356 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 357 |
| WebTutor | p. 357 |
| Introduction to the Analysis of Variance | p. 358 |
| Introduction: The F Distribution | p. 359 |
| F Test and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | p. 360 |
| Overview of the One-Way Analysis of Variance Technique | p. 361 |
| Analyzing Data with the ANOVA Technique | p. 366 |
| Logic Underlying the One-Way ANOVA | p. 370 |
| The Relationship Between the Analysis of Variance and the t Test | p. 374 |
| Assumptions Underlying the Analysis of Variance | p. 374 |
| Size of Effect | p. 375 |
| Power of the Analysis of Variance | p. 376 |
| Multiple Comparisons | p. 377 |
| What is the Truth? Much Ado About Almost Nothing | p. 388 |
| Summary | p. 390 |
| Important Terms | p. 391 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 391 |
| Notes | p. 395 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 396 |
| WebTutor | p. 396 |
| Introduction to Two-Way Analysis of Variance | p. 397 |
| Introduction to the Two-Way Analysis of Variance-Qualitative Presentation | p. 397 |
| Quantitative Presentation of the Two-Way Analysis of Variance | p. 401 |
| Analyzing an Experiment with Two-Way ANOVA | p. 408 |
| Multiple Comparisons | p. 422 |
| Assumptions Underlying the Two-Way ANOVA | p. 423 |
| Summary | p. 423 |
| Important Terms | p. 424 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 424 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 426 |
| WebTutor | p. 426 |
| Chi-Square and Other Nonparametric Tests | p. 427 |
| Introduction: Distinction Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests | p. 428 |
| Chi-Square (X[superscript 2]) | p. 429 |
| The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test | p. 443 |
| The Mann-Whitney U Test | p. 446 |
| The Kruskal-Wallis Test | p. 452 |
| What is the Truth? Statistics and Applied Social Research-Useful or "Abuseful"? | p. 457 |
| Summary | p. 459 |
| Important Terms | p. 460 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 460 |
| Notes | p. 467 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 468 |
| WebTutor | p. 468 |
| Review of Inferential Statistics | p. 469 |
| Introduction | p. 469 |
| Terms and Concepts | p. 470 |
| Process of Hypothesis Testing | p. 471 |
| Single Sample Designs | p. 472 |
| Two-Condition Experiments: Correlated Groups Design | p. 474 |
| Independent Groups Design: Two Groups | p. 476 |
| Multigroup Experiments | p. 478 |
| Two-Way Analysis of Variance, F Test | p. 481 |
| Analyzing Nominal Data | p. 483 |
| Choosing the Appropriate Test | p. 484 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 486 |
| Book Companion Website | p. 492 |
| Appendixes | p. 493 |
| Review of Prerequisite Mathematics | p. 495 |
| Equations | p. 505 |
| Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems | p. 513 |
| Tables | p. 528 |
| Glossary | p. 553 |
| Index | p. 557 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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