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Thinking Critically : A Concise Guide

ISBN: 9780618348824 | 0618348824
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Pub. Date: 9/17/2003

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SummaryTable of Contents
Designed as a brief, supplemental text for any course in which critical thinking is a key component, this Concise version of Chaffee's acclaimed Thinking Critically teaches the fundamental thinking, reasoning, reading, and writing abilities that students need for academic success. This streamlined text highlights skill development. Engaging exercises, discussion topics, reading, and writing assignments encouraging active participation and provide structured opportunities for students to develop thinking processes. Diverse readings and assignments covering a range of controversial topics--from AIDS and substance abuse to patriotism--guides students in thinking about complex issues.
Prefacexi
Thinking
1(35)
Living an ``Examined'' Life
4(2)
... MORE
Working Toward Goals
6(9)
Achieving Short-Term Goals
8(1)
Achieving Long-Term Goals
9(2)
Thinking Passage: My American Journey
11(1)
From My American Journey
11(4)
Colin Powell
Making Decisions
15(5)
An Organized Approach to Making Decisions
16(4)
Analyzing Issues
20(9)
What Is the Issue?
22(1)
What Is the Evidence?
23(3)
What Are the Arguments?
26(2)
What Is the Verdict?
28(1)
Final Thoughts
29(7)
Thinking Passage: Jurors' Reasoning Processes
32(1)
``Jurors Hear Evidence and Turn It into Stories''
32(4)
Daniel Goleman
Thinking Critically
36(41)
Thinking Actively
41(4)
Influences on Your Thinking
41(3)
Becoming an Active Learner
44(1)
Carefully Exploring Situations with Questions
45(4)
Thinking Independently
49(3)
Viewing Situations from Different Perspectives
52(5)
Supporting Diverse Perspectives with Reasons and Evidence
57(5)
Discussing Ideas in an Organized Way
62(9)
Listening Carefully
65(1)
Supporting Views with Reasons and Evidence
65(1)
Responding to the Points Being Made
66(1)
Asking Questions
66(1)
Increasing Understanding
66(1)
Looking Critically @ Evaluating Internet Information
67(4)
Becoming a Critical Thinker
71(6)
Thinking Passage: Liberty Versus Security
72(1)
``Liberty v Security'' by The Economist
72(5)
Solving Problems
77(31)
Thinking Critically About Problems
78(1)
Introduction to Solving Problems
79(3)
Solving Complex Problems
82(21)
Accepting the Problem
85(2)
Step 1: What Is the Problem?
87(4)
Step 2: What Are the Alternatives?
91(3)
Step 3: What Are the Advantages and/or Disadvantages of Each Alternative?
94(2)
Step 4: What Is the Solution?
96(3)
Step 5: How Well Is the Solution Working?
99(4)
Solving Nonpersonal Problems
103(5)
Thinking Passage: Living with Diversity
105(1)
``Racism Creeps into Campus Lives''
105(3)
Lisa Haarlander
Perceiving, Believing, and Knowing
108(47)
Actively Selecting, Organizing, and Interpreting Sensations
110(8)
People's Perceptions Differ
113(3)
Viewing the World Through Lenses
116(2)
What Factors Shape Perceptions?
118(15)
Five Accounts of the Assassination of Malcolm X
120(3)
Eight Accounts of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon Attacks
123(8)
Thinking Passage: Experiences Shape Your Perceptions
131(1)
``Acquired Knowledge''
131(2)
Anonymous
Thinking Critically About Perceptions
133(4)
Constructing Beliefs
137(2)
Believing and Knowing
139(3)
Knowledge and Truth
142(13)
Stages of Knowing
143(6)
Thinking Passage: Perceptions of Patriotism
149(1)
``Flag Fever: The Paradox of Patriotism''
150(5)
Blaine Harden
Reporting, Inferring, and Judging
155(35)
Reporting Factual Information
159(4)
Inferring
163(6)
Judging
169(14)
Differences in Judgments
170(3)
Thinking Critically About Moral Judgments
173(3)
The Thinker's Guide to Moral Decision-Making
176(6)
Why Be Moral?
182(1)
Final Thoughts
183(7)
Thinking Passage: Character and Intellect
184(1)
``The Disparity Between Intellect and Character''
184(6)
Robert Coles
Constructing Arguments
190(36)
Recognizing Arguments
194(9)
Cue Words for Arguments
196(1)
Thinking Passages: Legalizing Drugs
197(1)
``Drugs''
198(1)
Gore Vidal
``The Case for Slavery''
199(3)
A. M. Rosenthal
Arguments Are Inferences
202(1)
Evaluating Arguments
203(6)
Truth: How True Are the Supporting Reasons?
203(3)
Validity: Do the Reasons Support the Conclusion?
206(2)
The Soundness of Arguments
208(1)
Understanding Deductive Arguments
209(7)
Application of a General Rule
210(1)
Modus Ponens
211(1)
Modus Tollens
212(1)
Disjunctive Syllogism
213(3)
Final Thoughts
216(10)
Thinking Passage: Human Cloning
216(1)
``Cloning Human Beings'' by National Bioethics Advisory Commission
216(10)
Reasoning Critically
226(49)
Inductive Reasoning
227(1)
Empirical Generalization
228(5)
Is the Sample Known?
229(1)
Is the Sample Sufficient?
229(1)
Is the Sample Representative?
230(3)
Fallacies of False Generalization
233(3)
Hasty Generalization
233(1)
Sweeping Generalization
234(1)
False Dilemma
235(1)
Causal Reasoning
236(7)
The Scientific Method
237(6)
Causal Fallacies
243(4)
Questionable Cause
243(1)
Misidentification of the Cause
244(1)
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
244(1)
Slippery Slope
245(2)
Fallacies of Relevance
247(11)
Appeal to Authority
248(1)
Appeal to Tradition
249(1)
Bandwagon
249(1)
Appeal to Pity
250(1)
Appeal to Fear
251(1)
Appeal to Flattery
251(1)
Special Pleading
252(1)
Appeal to Ignorance
252(2)
Begging the Question
254(1)
Straw Man
255(1)
Red Herring
255(1)
Appeal to Personal Attack
256(1)
Two Wrongs Make a Right
257(1)
The Critical Thinker's Guide to Reasoning
258(17)
What Is My Initial Point of View?
258(1)
How Can I Define My Point of View More Clearly?
258(1)
What Is an Example of My Point of View?
259(1)
What Is the Origin of My Point of View?
259(1)
What Are My Assumptions?
260(1)
What Are the Reasons, Evidence, and Arguments That Support My Point of View?
260(2)
What Are Other Points of View on This Issue?
262(1)
What Is My Conclusion, Decision, Solution, or Prediction?
262(1)
What Are the Consequences?
263(1)
Thinking Passage: Critical Thinking and Obedience to Authority
264(1)
``Critical Thinking and Obedience to Authority''
265(10)
John Sabini
Maury Silver
Thinking Critically, Living Creatively
275(36)
Living Creatively
276(14)
``Can I Be Creative?''
277(4)
Becoming More Creative
281(9)
Living a Life Philosophy
290(21)
Choosing Freely
293(4)
Choosing ``the Good Life'
297(1)
The Meaning of Your Life
298(4)
Thinking Passage: Original Spin
302(1)
``Original Spin``
302(9)
Lesley Dormen
Peter Edidin
Glossary311(10)
Acknowledgments321(2)
Index323


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