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Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer A Comprehensive Introduction

by: Wendisch, Manfred; Yang, Ping

Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer A Comprehensive Introduction

by: Wendisch, Manfred; Yang, Ping

ISBN 13:
9783527408368
ISBN 10:
3527408363
Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 04/16/2012
Publisher: Wiley-VCH

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Summary

Aimed at the senior undergraduate and graduate level, this textbook fills the gap between general introductory texts offering little detail and very technical, advanced books written for mathematicians and theorists rather than experimentalists in the field. The result is a concise course in atmospheric radiative processes, tailored for one semester. The authors are accomplished researchers who know how to reach their intended audience and provide here the content needed to understand climate warming and remote sensing for pollution measurement. They also include supplementary reading for planet scientists and a problems and solutions manual. Equally suitable reading for geophysicists, physical chemists, astronomers, environmental chemists and spectroscopists.

Preface	p. XI
Introduction	p. I
Brief Survey of Atmospheric Radiation	p. 1
A Broadbrush Picture of the Atmospheric Radiation Budget	p. 3
Solar and Terrestrial Thermal Infrared Spectra in a Cloudless Atmosphere	p. 6
The Greenhouse Effect	p. 7
Relevance to the Interpretation of Spaceborne Observations	p. 9
Notation and Math Refresher	p. 11
Physical Dimensions and Prefixes	p. 11
Some Rules and Conventions	p. 13
Vector Algebra Brief	p. 13
Major Vector Operations	p. 13
Use of Index Notation	p. 15
Dirac ¿5-Function	p. 18
Geometry	p. 20
Directions	p. 20
Solid Angle	p. 20
Angle between Two Directions	p. 22
Orthogonal Functions	p. 22
Legendre Polynomials	p. 23
Legendre Functions	p. 24
Quadrature Formula	p. 26
Problems	p. 27
Fundamentals	p. 29
Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation	p. 29
Maxwell's Equations and Plane-Wave Solutions	p. 29
Wavelength, Frequency, Wavenumber, Dispersion Relation, and Phase Speed	p. 31
Coherence, Incoherence, and Polarization	p. 32
Wave-Particle Duality	p. 33
Atmospheric EM Radiation Spectrum	p. 34
Basic Radiometric Quantities	p. 36
Radiant Energy Flux, Flux Density, and Radiance	p. 36
Radiant Energy Density and Radiance	p. 38
Irradiance, Emittance, Exitance, and Actinic Radiation	p. 40
Relation between Upward, Downward, and Net Actinic Flux Densities and Radiance	p. 41
Isotropic Radiation Field	p. 43
Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmissivity	p. 43
Blackbody and Graybody Radiation: Basic Laws	p. 43
Planck's Law	p. 43
Wien's Displacement Law	p. 45
Stefan-Boltzmann Law	p. 47
Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien's Approximations	p. 48
Emissivity and Kirchhof s Law	p. 48
Problems	p. 51
Interactions of EM Radiation and Individual Particles	p. 59
Overview	p. 59
Complex Index of Refraction	p. 60
Decomposition of Electric Field Vector	p. 62
Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix	p. 63
Stokes Vector	p. 64
Degree of Polarization	p. 66
Mueller Matrix	p. 67
Optical Properties of Individual Particles	p. 70
Optical Parameters	p. 70
Optical Theorem	p. 73
Spherical Particles (Lorenz-Mie Theory)	p. 75
Assumptions and Goals	p. 75
Efficiency Factors: Q_ext,Mie, Q_sca,Mie, Q_abs,Mie	p. 76
Single-Scattering Albedo:¿_Mie	p. 78
Elements of the Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix	p. 78
Elements of the Mueller Matrix	p. 79
Polarization	p. 80
Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: P_unp,Mie	p. 82
Asymmetry Factor: g_unp,Mie	p. 83
Rayleigh Scattering and Oscillating Electric Dipole	p. 84
Amplitudes Scattering Matrix and Mueller Matrix	p. 84
Degree of Polarization	p. 86
Rayleigh Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: P_unp,Rayl	p. 86
Scattering Cross Section and Efficiency Factor	p. 88
Extinction and Absorption Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors	p. 88
Rayleigh Scattering as an Approximation of Lorenz-Mie Theory	p. 89
Rayleigh Scattering in the Atmosphere	p. 91
Scattering by Nonspherical Individual Particles	p. 93
Analytical Approaches	p. 93
Mueller Matrix	p. 94
Phase Function	p. 95
Integrated Optical Properties	p. 97
Geometric-Optics Method for Light Scattering by Large Particles	p. 99
Directional Changes Due to Reflection and Transmission (Refraction) at a Plane Interface: Snel's Law	p. 101
The n² Law	p. 105
Fresnel Formulas for Reflection and Transmission	p. 106
Radiant Energy Changes for Transmission (Plane Interface)	p. 109
Radiant Energy Changes for Reflection (Plane Interface)	p. 111
Ray-Tracing Technique	p. 114
Diffraction	p. 116
Rainbow and Halo	p. 122
Problems	p. 125
Volumetric (Bulk) Optical Properties	p. 133
Particle Size Distribution	p. 133
Analytical Descriptions	p. 133
Integrated Microphysical Parameters	p. 134
Parameterizations	p. 135
Volumetric (Bulk) Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction	p. 136
Problems	p. 140
Radiative Transfer Equation	p. 143
Optical Thickness	p. 144
Lambert-Bouguer Law	p. 144
Differential and Exponential Forms	p. 144
Application to Direct Solar Irradiance _dir,¿	p. 146
General Formulation of the RTE	p. 147
Spectral Photon Density Function	p. 147
Radiative Transfer Equation in Scattering Media	p. 149
Photon Budget Equation	p. 153
3D Time-Dependent and Stationary RTE for Total Radiance	p. 153
3D Stationary RTE for Diffuse Radiance	p. 254
ID RTE for a Horizontally Homogeneous Atmosphere	p. 156
Independent Variables	p. 156
Standard Form of ID RTE for Diffuse Radiance	p. 157
Downward Diffuse Radiance	p. 161
Upward Radiance	p. 165
Problems	p. 169
Numerical and Approximate Solution Techniques for the RTE	p. 173
Legendre and Fourier Expansions	p. 173
Expansion of Phase Function in Terms of Legendre Polynomials	p. 173
Truncation of Phase Function and Similarity Principle	p. 175
Atmospheric Angular Coordinates	p. 178
The Delta-M Method (DMM) and Delta-Fit Methods (DFM)	p. 181
Fourier Expansions of Diffuse Radiance and Irradiance	p. 185
Equations for Fourier Modes of Diffuse Radiance	p. 187
Net Radiative Flux Density in a Nonabsorbing Atmosphere	p. 188
Method of Successive Order of Scattering (MSOS)	p. 191
Adding-Doubling Method (A-DM)	p. 193
Simplified Example	p. 193
Generalization for Radiances	p. 196
Application to Flux Densities	p. 202
Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM)	p. 205
Spherical Harmonics Method (SHM)	p. 209
Monte Carlo Method (MCM)	p. 212
Basic Principle	p. 213
Backward (Inverse) Monte Carlo Method (BMCM)	p. 216
Two-Stream Approximation (TSA)	p. 222
Classical Approach	p. 222
TSA Based on RTE	p. 227
Problems	p. 230
Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases	p. 233
Interactions of Photons and Gas Molecules	p. 233
Types of Molecular Energy E_mol	p. 233
Photon Absorption and Emission	p. 234
Allowed Quantized Energies and Frequencies (Wavelengths)	p. 235
Energy Level Probability in Thermal Equihbrium	p. 235
Examples of Energy Transitions	p. 237
Structure of Gas Molecules	p. 237
Molecular Rotational Energy E_{n_rot}	p. 238
Molecular Vibrational Energy E_{n_vib}	p. 238
Line Spectra for Single-Atomic Gases	p. 239
Molecular Electron Orbital Energy E_{n_orb}	p. 239
Line Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom	p. 240
Molecular Absorption/Emission Line Spectra	p. 244
Molecular Rotational Spectra	p. 244
Ratio of Molecular Electron Orbital and Rotational Energies	p. 246
Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules	p. 247
Combined Molecular Vibration-Rotation Spectra	p. 248
Examples of Atmospheric Gas Spectra	p. 252
Three General Types of Spectra	p. 252
Infrared (IR) - Combined Vibrational and Rotational Transitions	p. 252
Near Infrared (NIR) to Visible (VIS)	p. 253
Visible (VIS) to Ultraviolet (UV)-Electron Orbital Transitions	p. 254
Approximations of Absorption/Emission line Shapes	p. 256
Lorentz Line Shape of the Absorption Coefficient Collision Broadening	p. 257
Thermal Doppler Line Shape	p. 258
Voigt Line Shape-Combined Collision and Doppler Broadening	p. 259
Spectral Transmissivity and Absorptivity	p. 260
Weak-Line and Strong-Line Approximations	p. 261
Line-By-Line Method (LBLM)	p. 264
Band Models	p. 264
Scaling Techniques for Inhomogeneous Path	p. 266
The k-Distribution Method	p. 267
The Correlated k-Distribution Method (CKDM)	p. 270
Application of the CKDM to Satellite Remote Sensing	p. 271
Problems	p. 272
Terrestrial Radiative Transfer	p. 275
Downward Spectral Radiation	p. 276
Diffuse Downward Radiance I_diff.¿^↓	p. 276
Diffuse Downward Irradiance F_diff,¿^↓	p. 282
Upward Terrestrial Spectral Radiation	p. 287
Diffuse Upward Radiance I_diff,¿^↑	p. 287
Diffuse Upward Irradiance F_diff,¿^↑	p. 288
Example of Simulated Spectra	p. 288
Downward and Upward Radiances	p. 288
Influence of Cirrus on Terrestrial Spectral Irradiance	p. 289
Broadband Terrestrial Radiative Transfer	p. 291
Impact of Cirrus on Irradiance	p. 291
Radiative Cooling and Heating	p. 293
Problems	p. 298
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Constants	p. 301
Acronyms	p. 301
Subscripts and Superscripts	p. 302
Greek Symbols	p. 305
Latin Symbols	p. 306
Physical Constants	p. 309
Mathematical Constants	p. 309
References	p. 311
Index	p. 319
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer A Comprehensive Introduction

Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer A Comprehensive Introduction

9783527408368

3527408363

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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