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Texts and Traditions

by: Schiffman, Lawrence H.

Texts and Traditions

by: Schiffman, Lawrence H.

ISBN 13:
9780881254556
ISBN 10:
088125455X
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 11/01/1997
Publisher: Ktav Pub & Distributors Inc
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Preface

xxi

(2)

Acknowledgments

xxiii

1. Introduction

(6)

2. The Biblical Heritage

(58)

2.1 HISTORICAL SKETCH

(5)

2.1.1 Genesis 1-3: The Creation

(5)

2.2 A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CIVILIZATION

(9)

2.2.1 Genesis 6-9: Noah and the Flood

(4)

2.2.2 Genesis 11: The Tower of Babel

(1)

2.2.3 Genesis 22: The Sacrifice of Isaac

(1)

2.2.4 Genesis 27: The Rivalry of Jacob and Esau

(3)

2.3 REVELATION AND LAW

(7)

2.3.1 Exodus 1: Descent of Israel to Egypt

(1)

2.3.2 Exodus 12: The Night of the Exodus

(1)

2.3.3 Exodus 13-14: The Splitting of the Sea

(3)

2.3.4 Exodus 19-20: The Revelation at Sinai

(1)

2.3.5 Exodus 21-22: The Code of Civil Law

(2)

2.4 SACRIFICE AND PRIESTHOOD

(7)

2.4.1 Leviticus 1: The Sacrificial System

(2)

2.4.2 Leviticus 13: The Law of Skin Diseases

(1)

2.4.3 Numbers 28-30: The Festival Offerings

(5)

2.4.4 Leviticus 21: Laws of Purity for Priests

(1)

2.5 PROPHECY

(20)

2.5.1 Joshua 1: Joshua Succeeds Moses

(1)

2.5.2 Joshua 6: The Conquest of Jericho

(1)

2.5.3 Judges 4: The Battle against Sisera

(2)

2.5.4 Judges 13, 15-16: The Story of Samson

(4)

2.5.5 1 Samuel 8: The Desire for a King over Israel

(1)

2.5.6 1 Kings 18: Elijah Challenges Baal on Mt. Carmel

(2)

2.5.7 Isaiah 1: The Lord Chastises His Rebellious People

(3)

2.5.8 Isaiah 6: The Heavenly Vision

(2)

2.5.9 Isaiah 10-11: A Glimpse of the Messianic Era

(1)

2.5.10 Ezekiel 1: The Four Winged Creatures

(2)

2.5.11 Ezekiel 37: The Valley of the Dry Bones

(1)

2.6 WISDOM LITERATURE

(6)

2.6.1 Proverbs 8: The Character of Wisdom

(1)

2.6.2 Job 38: God's Infinite Powers

(2)

2.6.3 Ecclesiastes 3: The Nature of Man in Time

(1)

2.6.4 Psalm 1: The Wages of Righteousness and Sin

(1)

2.6.5 Psalm 130: Sin and Forgiveness

(1)

2.6.6 Psalm 150: Musical Praise of God

(1)

3. Judaism in the Persian Period

(56)

3.1 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

(3)

3.1.1 Ezra 1: Inaugurating the Return

(1)

3.1.2 The Declaration of Cyrus: The Rebuilding of Ancient Shrines

(2)

3.1.3 Ezra 1: The Vessels of the Temple

(1)

3.2 POLITICAL AFFAIRS

(20)

3.2.1 Elephantine Passover Papyrus: The Observance of Passover

(1)

3.2.2 Elephantine Temple Papyrus: The Destruction of the Temple at Elephantine

(2)

3.2.3 Marriage Contract from the Ananiah Archive: Document of Wifehood

(2)

3.2.4 Contract from the Ananiah Archive: Loan of Grain

(2)

3.2.5 Nehemiah 1-6: Rebuilding the Wall and Gates of Jerusalem

(5)

3.2.6 Ezra 3: The Beginning of Sacrifice

(1)

3.2.7 Ezra 7-8: The Arrival of Ezra

(3)

3.2.8 Nehemiah 7-8: The Reading of the Torah

(1)

3.2.9 Ezra 9-10: Expulsion of Foreign Wives

(2)

3.2.10 Josephus, Antiquities XI, 297-303: The High Priesthood and the Samaritans

(1)

3.3 THE SECOND TEMPLE

(3)

3.3.1 Ezra 3: The Renewal of Sacrifices

(1)

3.3.2 Ezra 6: The Order to Rebuild

(2)

3.4 THE SAMARITAN SCHISM

(7)

3.4.1 Ezra 4: The Samaritans and the Temple

(1)

3.4.2 Esdras 2: Opposition to the Temple

(1)

3.4.3 2 Kings 17: Samaritan Origins

(1)

3.4.4 Josephus, Antiquities XI, 75-108: The Restoration of the Temple

(4)

3.5 MIDRASH AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF JEWISH LAW

103

(3)

3.5.1 Nehemiah 8: The Building of the Booths

103

(1)

3.5.2 Nehemiah 10: The Oath of the Covenant

104

(2)

3.6 THE LITERATURE OF THE PERIOD

106

(11)

3.6.1 1 Chronicles 28-9: The Kingdom of David and Solomon

106

(3)

3.6.2 Haggai 1: Rebuilding the House of the Lord

109

(1)

3.6.3 Haggai 2: Recalling the Splendor of the First Temple

110

(1)

3.6.4 Zechariah 3-14: The Prophecy of Restoration

111

(4)

3.6.5 Malachi 2-3: The Last of the Prophets

115

(2)

3.7 THE CANONIZATION OF THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES

117

(4)

3.7.1 Josephus, Against Apion I, 37-43: Authenticity of the Scripture

117

(1)

3.7.2 Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 14b-15a: The Order of Scripture

118

(1)

3.7.3 Mishnah Yadayim 3:5: The Debate over the Biblical Canon

119

(1)

3.7.4 Tosefta Yadayim 2:14: The Biblical Canon and Divine Inspiration

120

(1)

4. The Hellenistic Age

121

(50)

4.1 HELLENISM AS A CULTURAL PHENOMENON

125

(5)

4.1.1 Pausanias, Description of Greece, Book I: The Greek Cultural Institutions

125

(5)

4.2 UNDER PTOLEMIES AND SELEUCIDS

130

(12)

4.2.1 Josephus, Antiquities XI, 321-47: Alexander and the Jews

130

(3)

4.2.2 Babylonian Talmud Yoma 69a: The Meeting of Alexander and the High Priest

133

(1)

4.2.3 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 1-9: Alexander's Successors

134

(2)

4.2.4 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 129-46: Antiochus III Conquers Jerusalem

136

(2)

4.2.5 Zenon Papyri: Jews in Hellenistic Egypt

138

(3)

4.2.6 Vienna Papyrus: Jewish Military Settlers in Ptolemaic Palestine

141

(1)

4.3 THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE AND PRIESTHOOD

142

(3)

4.3.1 Josephus, Against Apion I, 195-99: Hecateus of Abdera on Jerusalem

142

(1)

4.3.2 Ben Sira 50: The Glory of the High Priest

143

(2)

4.4 THE GEROUSIA

145

(2)

4.4.1 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 138-9: King Antiochus' Favorable Attitude to the Jews

145

(1)

4.4.2 1 Maccabees 12: Letter to the Spartans

146

(1)

4.4.3 1 Maccabees 14: Letter from the Spartans

146

(1)

4.5 HELLENISTIC TRENDS IN PALESTINIAN JUDAISM

147

(4)

4.5.1 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 156-85: The Ascendancy of the Tobiads

147

(4)

4.6 HELLENISTIC REFORM AND THE MACCABEAN REVOLT

151

(20)

4.6.1 2 Maccabees 3-6: The Hellenistic Reform and the Onset of Persecution

151

(5)

4.6.2 1 Maccabees 1-4: The Maccabean Uprising

156

(4)

4.6.3 1 Maccabees 4-6: The Rededication of the Temple

160

(3)

4.6.4 2 Maccabees 11: Letters of Antiochus

163

(1)

4.6.5 1 Maccabees 7-10: The Final Hasmonean Victory

164

(7)

5. Judaism in the Hellenistic Diaspora

171

(60)

5.1 THE EARLY HISTORY OF BABYLONIAN JEWRY

175

(5)

5.1.1 Josephus, Antiquities XX, 17-95: The Conversion of the House of Adiabene

175

(5)

5.2 JEWS IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

180

(4)

5.2.1 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 62-73: The Temple of Onias

180

(2)

5.2.2 Josephus, Against Apion II, 51-5: An Anti-Semitic Pogrom

182

(1)

5.2.3 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 348-55: Cleopatra's Jewish Generals

183

(1)

5.3 POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

184

(8)

5.3.1 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 119-21: Jews as Seleucid Soldier Citizens

184

(1)

5.3.2 Josephus, Antiquities XII, 147-53: Antiochus and the Jews

185

(1)

5.3.3 Josephus, Antiquities XIV, 185-267: Jewish Legal Status in the Roman World

186

(6)

5.4 RELIGIOUS LIFE

192

(7)

5.4.1 Inscriptions from the Catacombs: Evidence of Jewish Religious Life in Rome

192

(3)

5.4.2 Dedicatory Inscriptions: Evidence of Jewish Religious Life in Hellenistic Egypt

195

(2)

5.4.3 The Aphrodisias Inscription: Evidence for God-Fearers

197

(2)

5.5 ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE HELLENISTIC WORLD

199

(4)

5.5.1 Tacitus, Historiae V, 4-5: Jewish Origins and Rituals

199

(2)

5.5.2 Plutarch, Questiones Convivales IV, Question 5: The Jewish Abstention from Pork

201

(1)

5.5.3 Seneca, De Superstitione: Popularity of Jewish Ethics

202

(1)

5.5.4 Juvenal, Satires XIV, 96-106: Judaism as a Mystery Religion

202

(1)

5.6 THE LITERATURE OF THE HELLENISTIC DIASPORA

203

(28)

5.6.1 Philo, Embassy to Gaius 132-4, 349-67: The Attitude of Gaius toward the Jews

203

(3)

5.6.2 Josephus, Against Apion I, 223-311: The Origins of the Jewish People

206

(3)

5.6.3 Josephus, Against Apion II, 80-111: Jewish Worship Defended

209

(2)

5.6.4 The Letter of Aristeas: How the Jewish Law was Translated from Hebrew into Greek

211

(7)

5.6.5 Babylonian Talmud Megillah 9a-b: Translation of the Torah into Greek

218

(2)

5.6.6 The Works of Philo: A Survey of his Ideas

220

(11)

6. Sectarianism in the Second Commonwealth

231

(70)

6.1 THE HASMONEAN DYNASTY

235

(31)

6.1.1 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 179-83: The Ascendancy of Jonathan

235

(1)

6.1.2 1 Maccabees 12-15: Jonathan's Death and the Reign of Simon

236

(3)

6.1.3 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 225-9: The Death of Simon

239

(1)

6.1.4 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 230-300: The Reign of John Hyrcanus

240

(7)

6.1.5 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 301-23: The Reign of Aristobulus

247

(3)

6.1.6 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 356-83: The Reign of Alexander Janneus

250

(3)

6.1.7 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 398-432: Queen Salome Alexandra

253

(5)

6.1.8 Josephus, Antiquities XIV, 4-79: Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus

258

(8)

6.1.9 Babylonian Talmud Sotah 49b: Hyrcanus and Aristobulus at War

266

(1)

6.2 PHARISEES AND SADDUCEES

266

(9)

6.2.1 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 171-3: The Sects and God's Role in Human Affairs

266

(1)

6.2.2 Josephus, War II, 119-66: Three Philosophical Schools

267

(1)

6.2.3 Josephus, Antiquities XVIII, 11-17: More about the Pharisees and Sadducees

268

(1)

6.2.4 Acts 23: The Pharisees and Sadducees on Resurrection

269

(1)

6.2.5 Mishnah Yadayim 4:6-8: The Pharisee-Sadducee Debate

269

(2)

6.2.6 Mishnah Hagigah 2:7: The Pharisees and Ritual Purity

271

(1)

6.2.7 Mishnah Sotah 3:4: A Negative View of the Pharisees

271

(1)

6.2.8 Mishnah Eruvin 6:2: The Sadducees and the Law of Eruv

272

(1)

6.2.9 Mishnah Makkot 1:6: The Debate over the Punishment of False Witnesses

272

(1)

6.2.10 Mishnah Parah 3:7: Purification at Sunset

273

(1)

6.2.11 Mishnah Niddah 4:2: The Pharisaic Ruling on Sadducee Women

273

(1)

6.2.12 Babylonian Talmud Qiddushin 66a: King Alexander Janneus and the Pharisees

274

(1)

6.3 APOCALYPTICS AND ASCETICS

275

(26)

6.3.1 Josephus, Antiquities XVIII, 18-22: The Doctrines of the Essenes

275

(1)

6.3.2 Josephus, War II, 119-61: The Life of the Essenes

276

(5)

6.3.3 Pliny, Natural History V, xv: The Solitary Essenes

281

(1)

6.3.4 Philo, Every Good Man is Free XII, 75-87: Description of the Essenes

282

(3)

6.3.5 Rule of the Community I-VII: The Teachings and Structure of the Dead Sea Sect

285

(7)

6.3.6 Damascus Document I-XII: The History and Self-image of the Dead Sea Sectarians

292

(9)

7 Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, and the Dead Sea Scrolls

301

(68)

7.1 THE APOCRYPHA

306

(30)

7.1.1 Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1: The Status of Those Who Read the Apocrypha

306

(1)

7.1.2 Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin 10:1 (28a): On the Status of Apocryphal Books

306

(1)

7.1.3 Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 100b: The Books of the Early Christians

307

(1)

7.1.4 Ecclesiastes Rabbah 12:12: On the Study of Apocryphal Books

307

(1)

7.1.5 Book of Tobit 11-12: The Reward of the Righteous

308

(2)

7.1.6 Book of Judith 4-16: The Pious Heroine

310

(10)

7.1.7 Greek Esther 13-14: The Letter and the Prayer

320

(1)

7.1.8 Song of the Three Young Men 1-68: Supplication and Thanksgiving

321

(2)

7.1.9 Book of Susanna 1-64: Daniel Rescues Susanna

323

(3)

7.1.10 Baruch 1-5: The Destruction of the Temple and the Exile

326

(3)

7.1.11 The Letter of Jeremiah 6:1-7: Prediction of the Babylonian Exile

329

(1)

7.1.12 Book of Ben Sira 1-24: The Wisdom of a Sage

330

(3)

7.1.13 Wisdom of Solomon 1-6: Righteousness and Foolishness

333

(3)

7.2 PSEUDEPIGRAPHA

336

(18)

7.2.1 1 Enoch, Book of Watchers: Enoch's Vision

336

(4)

7.2.2 1 Enoch 93: Enoch's Vision of the Future

340

(1)

7.2.3 1 Enoch 106: Fragment of the Book of Noah

341

(1)

7.2.4 Book of Jubilees: The Book of Division

342

(10)

7.2.5 Testament of Levi 1-13: The Sanctity of the Priesthood

352

(2)

7.3 DEAD SEA SCROLLS

354

(15)

7.3.1 Habakkuk Pesher I-XI: The Coming of the Final Age

354

(2)

7.3.2 Thanksgiving Scroll V-VII: A Hymn of Praise

356

(3)

7.3.3 The Scroll of the War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness I-II: The Thirty-Five Year's War

359

(2)

7.3.4 The Temple Scroll LVI-LVII: The Law of the King

361

(2)

7.3.5 Miqzat Ma`ase ha-Torah: Laws of Sacrifice and Purity

363

(2)

7.3.6 Aramaic Apocalypse I-II: The "Son of God" Text

365

(1)

7.3.7 Psalms Scroll 22:1-15: Apostrophe to Zion

366

(3)

8. The Jewish-Christian Schism

369

(60)

8.1 JUDEA UNDER ROMAN RULE

372

(13)

8.1.1 Josephus, War I, 160-79: The Last Revolts of the Hasmoneans

372

(2)

8.1.2 Josephus, War I, 199-358: Antipater and Herod's Rise to Power

374

(11)

8.2 HERODIAN RULE

385

(10)

8.2.1 Josephus, War I, 386-673: Personal Life and Rule of Herod

385

(10)

8.3 JUDEA UNDER THE PROCURATORS

395

(12)

8.3.1 Tacitus, Historiae V, 9:1-3: The Roman Conquest of Judea

395

(2)

8.3.2 Josephus, War II, 167-404: Jewish Law Clashes with Roman Rule

397

(10)

8.4 THE RISE OF THE EARLY CHURCH

407

(7)

8.4.1 Mark 1-13: The Teachings of Jesus

407

(7)

8.5 PARTING OF THE WAYS

414

(4)

8.5.1 Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 28b: The Composition of the Blessing against the Heretics

414

(1)

8.5.2 The Eighteen Benedictions: The Benediction against the Heretics

415

(1)

8.5.3 Tosefta Hullin 2:20-21: Laws Distancing Jews from the Heretics

415

(1)

8.5.4 Tosefta Hullin 2:24: Rabbi Eliezer and the Heretic

416

(1)

8.5.5 Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot 9:1 (12d-13a): Rabbi Simlai Refutes the Trinity

417

(1)

8.5.6 Babylonian Talmud Gittin 45b: A Torah Written by a Heretic

418

(1)

8.6 JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS IN THE EARLY CENTURIES

418

(11)

8.6.1 Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho: Proofs of Christianity from the Old Testament

418

(3)

8.6.2 Aphrahat: The Rejection of Israel

421

(3)

8.6.3 Epiphanius, Panarion 29: The Nazarenes

424

(5)

9. Revolt and Restoration

429

(68)

9.1 THE GREAT REVOLT

434

(35)

9.1.1 Josephus, War II, 405-48: The First Stage of the Revolt

434

(5)

9.1.2 Josephus, War III, 1-7: The Appointment of Vespasian as General

439

(1)

9.1.3 Josephus, War IV, 1-82: The Battle at Gamala

439

(3)

9.1.4 Josephus, War V, 1-84, 269-88: The Battle of Jerusalem

442

(4)

9.1.5 Josephus, War X, 420-565: The Siege of Jerusalem

446

(4)

9.1.6 Tacitus, Historiae V, 10-14: The Roman Earthworks at Jerusalem

450

(3)

9.1.7 Babylonian Talmud Gittin 56a-b: The Rabbinic Account of the Siege

453

(4)

9.1.8 Josephus, War VI, 149-266: The Final Roman Victory

457

(5)

9.1.9 Dio Cassius, Historia Romana LXVI, 4-7: A Roman Account of the Revolt

462

(2)

9.1.10 Josephus, War VII, 252-404: The Siege of Masada

464

(5)

9.2 DESTRUCTION AND ITS AFTERMATH

469

(3)

9.2.1 Suetonius, Life of Domitian 12:2: The Jewish Tax and Hidden Jews

469

(1)

9.2.2 Mishnah Gittin 5:6: Restoring the Land to the Jewish People

470

(1)

9.2.3 Tosefta Sotah 15:10-15: Mourning for the Destroyed Temple

471

(1)

9.3 FROM TEMPLE TO SYNAGOGUE

472

(3)

9.3.1 Beth Alpha Synagogue: A "Rabbi"

472

(1)

9.3.2 The Inscription in the Ein Gedi Synagogue: The "Secret of the Town"

472

(2)

9.3.3 Corinth: A Synagogue

474

(1)

9.3.4 Rome: An Archisynagogue

474

(1)

9.3.5 The Theodotus Inscription in Jerusalem: The Functions of the Synagogue

474

(1)

9.4 RESTORATION OF AUTONOMY: THE AUTHORITY OF THE RABBIS

475

(4)

9.4.1 Babylonian Talmud Berakhot 27b-28a: The Impeachment of Rabban Gamliel

475

(4)

9.5 JOSEPHUS: HISTORIAN OF THE GREAT REVOLT

479

(8)

9.5.1 Josephus, Life 1-24, 80-83: The Autobiography of a Historian

479

(3)

9.5.2 Josephus, Life 414-30: Josephus after the Revolt

482

(2)

9.5.3 Josephus, War, Preface 6-16: Writing the History of the Jewish War

484

(2)

9.5.4 Josephus, Antiquities XIV, 1-3: Josephus' Philosophy of History

486

(1)

9.6 THE BAR KOKHBA REVOLT

487

(7)

9.6.1 Dio Cassius, Historia Romana LXIX, 12-14: A Roman Account of the Bar Kokhba Revolt

487

(1)

9.6.2 Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History IV, 6: A Christian Account of the Bar Kokhba Revolt

488

(1)

9.6.3 The Bar Kokhba Letters: Day-to-Day Conduct of the Revolt

489

(2)

9.6.4 Jerusalem Talmud Ta`anit 4:6 (68d-69a): Rabbi Akiva and Bar Kokhba

491

(2)

9.6.5 Babylonian Talmud Gittin 57a: The Destruction of Betar

493

(1)

9.7 REBUILDING FOR THE FUTURE

494

(3)

9.7.1 Song of Songs Rabbah to 2:5 (no. 3): The Sages of Usha

494

(1)

9.7.2 Modestinus, Corpus Jurus Civilis: Digesta 48:8:11: Circumcision Limited to Jews

495

(2)

10. Mishnah: The New Scripture

497

(64)

10.1 FROM PHARISEES TO RABBIS

503

(14)

10.1.1 Mishnah Hagigah 2:2-3, Tosefta Hagigah 2:8, 10: Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees

503

(1)

10.1.2 Josephus, Antiquities XIV, 168-84: Herod's Trial before the Sanhedrin

504

(3)

10.1.3 Josephus, Antiquities XV, 2-3, 368-70: Sameas and Pollio

507

(1)

10.1.4 Tosefta Pesahim 4:13: Hillel's Rise to Power

508

(1)

10.1.5 Jerusalem Talmud Pesahim 6:1 (33a): Another Version of Hillel's Rise to Power

509

(2)

10.1.6 Sifre Deuteronomy 113: Hillel as Legislator

511

(1)

10.1.7 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 30b-31a: The Patience of Hillel

512

(3)

10.1.8 Acts 5: Words of Rabban Gamaliel I

515

(1)

10.1.9 Josephus, Life 191-8: Simeon ben Gamliel I

515

(2)

10.1.10 Josephus, War I, 110-12: The Pharisees in Power

517

(1)

10.2 WRITTEN AND ORAL TORAH

517

(5)

10.2.1 Josephus, Antiquities XIII, 297: The Pharisees and Sadducees on the Traditions of the Fathers

517

(1)

10.2.2 Philo, The Special Laws IV, 143-150: Written and Unwritten Law

518

(1)

10.2.3 Mark 7: The Pharisees and Purity

519

(1)

10.2.4 Megillat Ta`anit: The Law of the Sadducees and the Boethusians

520

(1)

10.2.5 Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 4:1 (74a): Oral and Written Transmission of the Law

521

(1)

10.2.6 Babylonian Talmud Temurah 14b: Prohibition on the Writing of the Oral Law

521

(1)

10.2.7 Sifre Deuteronomy 351: The Antiquity of the Concept of Oral Law

522

(1)

10.3 TANNAITIC ACADEMIES

522

(9)

10.3.1 Babylonian Talmud Eruvin 54b: The Teaching of the Oral Law

522

(1)

10.3.2 Mishnah Avot 1-5: The Ethics and Wisdom of the Rabbis

523

(4)

10.3.3 Babylonian Talmud Bava Mezia 59a-b: The Bet Midrash and Divine Law

527

(2)

10.3.4 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 1-2: The First Generations of the Tannaim

529

(2)

10.4 MIDRASH AND MISHNAH

531

(4)

10.4.1 Sifra: The Thirteen Hermeneutical Rules of Rabbi Ishmael

531

(1)

10.4.2 Mishnah Bava Qamma 6:4-5: Restitution for Damage by Fire

532

(2)

10.4.3 Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Nezeqin 14: Restitution for Damage by Fire

534

(1)

10.5 HALAKHAH AND AGGADAH

535

(2)

10.5.1 Babylonian Talmud Hagigah 14a: Defining the Aggadah

535

(1)

10.5.2 Jerusalem Talmud Hagigah 1:8 (76a): Revelation of the Oral Law

536

(1)

10.5.3 Jerusalem Talmud Horayot 3:5 (48c): The Power of Aggadah

536

(1)

10.5.4 Jerusalem Talmud Sheqalim 5:1 (48c): Separation of Halakhah and Aggadah

537

(1)

10.6 THE REDACTION OF THE MISHNAH

537

(10)

10.6.1 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 3: The Mishnah

537

(6)

10.6.2 Mishnah Shabbat 23:1-2: Permitted Activities on the Sabbath

543

(1)

10.6.3 Mishnah Bava Mezia 1:2-4: Property Disputes

544

(1)

10.6.4 Mishnah Rosh ha-Shanah 1:1-9: The Fixing of the Calendar

545

(2)

10.6.5 Jerusalem Talmud Horayot 3:5 (48c): Alternative Mishnah Collections

547

(1)

10.7 OTHER TANNAITIC TEXTS

547

(14)

10.7.1 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 4: The Tosefta

547

(3)

10.7.2 Tosefta Rosh ha-Shanah 1:1-14: More on the Fixing of the Calendar

550

(3)

10.7.3 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 5: The Baraitot, Sifra, and Sifre

553

(1)

10.7.4 Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael, Beshallah: Moses and the Bones of Joseph

554

(3)

10.7.5 Sifra Emor 5: Logic and Scripture

557

(4)

11. Formative Judaism Comes of Age

561

(58)

11.1 DECLINE OF HELLENISTIC JUDAISM

565

(6)

11.1.1 Acts 15: The Acceptance of Gentile Converts into Christianity

565

(3)

11.1.2 Dio Cassius, Historia Romana LXVIII, 32:1-3: The Jewish Uprising

568

(1)

11.1.3 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History IV, 1-5: The Jewish Uprising

569

(1)

11.1.4 Mishnah Sotah 9:14: Persecutions under Quietus

570

(1)

11.1.5 Seder Olam Rabbah 30: Chronology of Revolts

570

(1)

11.2 UNDER BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY

571

(25)

11.2.1 Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin 2:1 (19d-20a): The Patriarchate and the Sages

571

(1)

11.2.2 Babylonian Talmud Avodah Zarah 10a-11a: Antoninus and Rabbi

572

(2)

11.2.3 Libanius, Letter to the Patriarch: The Politics of Byzantine Rule

574

(2)

11.2.4 Codex Theodosianus: Laws Concerning the Jews

576

(7)

11.2.5 The Novels of the Sainted Theodosius Augustus: Treatment of Jews, Samaritans, Heretics and Pagans

583

(3)

11.2.6 Jerome, Chronicon for 352: The Gallus Revolt

585

(1)

11.2.7 Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History II, 33: The Gallus Revolt

586

(1)

11.2.8 Sozomenus, Ecclesiastical History V, 22: Julian the Apostate Tries to Rebuild the Temple

586

(2)

11.2.9 Emperor Julian, To the Community of the Jews: The Redress of Oppressive Measures

588

(1)

11.2.10 Codex Justinianus 1: Anti-Jewish Legislation

589

(1)

11.2.11 Chronicon Paschale: The Samaritan Rebellion of 484

590

(1)

11.2.12 Procopius of Caesarea, Buildings V, vii: The First Samaritan Rebellion

591

(2)

11.2.13 Procopius of Caesarea, Anecdota XI, 13-31: Religious Compulsion in the Christian Roman Empire

593

(1)

11.2.14 Chronicon Paschale: The Samaritan Revolt of 529

594

(1)

11.2.15 Antiochus Strategos: The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614

595

(1)

11.3 BY THE RIVERS OF BABYLON

596

(23)

11.3.1 Josephus, Antiquities XVIII, 310-79: A Jewish Babylonian Principality

596

(7)

11.3.2 Jerusalem Talmud Yevamot 12:1 (12c): The Tannaitic Movement in Babylonia

603

(1)

11.3.3 Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 32b: The Great Tannaitic Sages

604

(1)

11.3.4 Mishnah Yevamot 16:7: The Tannaitic Tradition in Babylonia

604

(1)

11.3.5 Genesis Rabbah 46:11: The Circumcision of the Sons of Ptolemy

605

(1)

11.3.6 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 9-10: The Amoraim

605

(4)

11.3.7 Seder Olam Zuta, 9-10: History of the Exilarchs

609

(1)

11.3.8 Babylonian Talmud Horayot 11b: The Status of the Exilarch vs. the Patriarch

610

(1)

11.3.9 Babylonian Talmud Hullin 92a: The Two Princes

611

(1)

11.3.10 Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma 58b: Judgment of the Exilarch

611

(1)

11.3.11 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 48a: Lax Observance in the Home of the Exilarch

612

(1)

11.3.12 Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 55a: The Law of the Land

612

(1)

11.3.13 Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon 11: The Last of the Amoraim and the Savoraim

613

(4)

11.3.14 Morning Service for Sabbaths and Festivals: Prayer for the Scholars

617

(2)

12. The Sea of the Talmud

619

(52)

12.1 AMORAIC SCHOOLS

622

(2)

12.1.1 Genesis Rabbah 97:13: The Migrations of the Sanhedrin

622

(1)

12.1.2 Babylonian Talmud Eruvin 54b-55a: Amoraic Pedagogy

623

(1)

12.2 FROM AMORAIC INTERPRETATION TO TALMUDIC TEXTS

624

(3)

12.2.1 The Rehov Inscription: Agricultural Precepts of the Land of Israel

624

(3)

12.3 THE PALESTINIAN TALMUD

627

(6)

12.3.1 Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot 2:5 (5a): Distraction in Prayer

627

(1)

12.3.2 Jerusalem Talmud Bava Mezia 2:5 (8b): The Return of Lost Articles

627

(1)

12.3.3 Jerusalem Talmud Pesahim 10:1 (37a-c): Preparing for the Seder

628

(5)

12.4 THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD

633

(5)

12.4.1 Babylonian Talmud Bava Mezia 21b-24a: Lost and Found

633

(4)

12.4.2 Babylonian Talmud Qiddushin 31b: The Proper Treatment of Parents

637

(1)

12.4.3 Babylonian Talmud Pesahim 25b: Murder by Command

638

(1)

12.5 THE EXEGETICAL AND HOMILETICAL MIDRASHIM

638

(18)

12.5.1 Lamentations Rabbah, Proem 21: The Leper and the Temple

638

(2)

12.5.2 Exodus Rabbah, 1:18-26: The Early Life of Moses

640

(3)

12.5.3 Pesiqta de-Rav Kahana 25:1-4: A Penitential Homily

643

(4)

12.5.4 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 30a-b: The Soul of Man is the Lamp of the Lord

647

(3)

12.5.5 Targum to Exodus 20:1-14: The Ten Commandments

650

(3)

12.5.6 Targum Jonathan to Judges 5: An Aggadic Translation

653

(3)

12.6 JEWISH LITURGY

656

(15)

12.6.1 The Weekday Amidah: Themes of Jewish Prayer

656

(3)

12.6.2 The Qedushah: The Mystical Praise of God

659

(1)

12.6.3 The Additional Amidah for Rosh ha-Shanah: Themes of the Day of Remembrance

660

(6)

12.6.4 Concluding Service for the Day of Atonement: A Last-Minute Prayer for Forgiveness

666

(1)

12.6.5 A Qedushta by Yannai: On the Recitation of the Shema

667

(1)

12.6.6 A Liturgical Poem for the Sabbath Preceding Passover: Miracles that Occurred at Night

668

(3)

13. The Life of Torah

671

(78)

13.1 THE WORLD OF THE AGGADAH

677

(5)

13.1.1 Babylonian Talmud Pesahim 56a: The Oneness of God and the Children of Israel

677

(1)

13.1.2 Deuteronomy Rabbah, Va-Ethanan 2:35: The Reading of the Shema

678

(1)

13.1.3 Midrash Tanhuma, Vayera 6: The Oneness of God

679

(1)

13.1.4 Midrash Tanhuma, Vayera 5: God as the Master of the Universe

680

(2)

13.1.5 Exodus Rabbah, Shemot 2:5: The Revelation at the Thorn Bush

682

(1)

13.2 THE DAILY LIFE OF THE JEW

682

(17)

13.2.1 Mishnah Berakhot 1:1-4: Laws Regarding Recitation of the Shema

682

(2)

13.2.2 The Benedictions Before the Morning Shema: Accepting God and His Commandments

684

(3)

13.2.3 The Shema: Affirming Faith in God and His Commandments

687

(2)

13.2.4 The Benediction After the Morning Shema: Remembering the Redemption from Egypt

689

(1)

13.2.5 Benedictions for the Evening Shema: Liturgy as Interpretation

690

(2)

13.2.6 Mishnah Berakhot 3:1-4: Rules of Prayer

692

(1)

13.2.7 Mishnah Berakhot 4:1-7: The Times of Prayer

693

(1)

13.2.8 Mishnah Berakhot 5:1-3: The Proper Intentions in Prayer

694

(1)

13.2.9 Mishnah Berakhot 6:1-4: The Blessings Over Food

694

(1)

13.2.10 Grace After Meals: Thanking God the Provider

695

(2)

13.2.11 Mishnah Berakhot 9:1-3: Other Daily Blessings

697

(1)

13.2.12 Mishnah Qiddushin 1:7: The Obligation of the Commandments

698

(1)

13.3 SANCTUARIES IN TIME

699

(16)

13.3.1 Mishnah Shabbat 7:1-2: The Thirty-Nine Acts of Forbidden Labor on the Sabbath

699

(1)

13.3.2 Mishnah Shabbat 12:1-3: Sabbath Labor

699

(1)

13.3.3 Mishnah Pesahim 1:1-4: The Search for Leaven

700

(1)

13.3.4 Mishnah Pesahim 10:2-9: The Passover Seder

701

(2)

13.3.5 The Passover Haggadah: Retelling the Exodus

703

(3)

13.3.6 Mishnah Bikkurim 3:1-6: The Ceremony of the First Fruits in the Temple

706

(1)

13.3.7 Mishnah Sukkah 1:1-11: The Building of a Sukkah

707

(1)

13.3.8 Mishnah Sukkah 3:1-7: Lulav and Etrog

708

(2)

13.3.9 Mishnah Sukkah 5:1-4: The Water Drawing Ceremony

710

(1)

13.3.10 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 21b: The Significance of Hanukkah

711

(1)

13.3.11 `Al ha-Nissim: Additional Prayer for Hanukkah

712

(1)

13.3.12 Mishnah Megillah 1:1-2: The Holiday of Purim

713

(1)

13.3.13 Mishnah Megillah 2:1-2: The Reading of the Scroll of Esther

714

(1)

13.3.14 Mishnah Ta`anit 4:6-7: Days of National Mourning

714

(1)

13.4 THE SANCTIFIED TABLE

715

(4)

13.4.1 Leviticus 11: Permitted and Forbidden Animals

715

(2)

13.4.2 Mishnah Hullin 1:1-2: Laws of Ritual Slaughter

717

(1)

13.4.3 Mishnah Hullin 8:1-4: Separation of Meat and Milk

718

(1)

13.5 MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY

719

(7)

13.5.1 Mishnah Ta`anit 4:8: Choosing a Spouse

719

(1)

13.5.2 Mishnah Qiddushin 1:1: The Law of Marriage

720

(1)

13.5.3 Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 8a: The Marriage Benedictions

721

(1)

13.5.4 Babatha's Ketubah: An Early Marriage Contract

722

(1)

13.5.5 Papyrus Yadin 18: Jewish Marriage Contract in Greek

723

(2)

13.5.6 Mishnah Gittin 1, 3, 9: The Law of Divorce

725

(1)

13.5.7 Murabba`at Aramaic Papyrus (Mur 19 ar): Writ of Divorce

726

(1)

13.6 RITUAL PURITY AND IMPURITY

726

(5)

13.6.1 Mishnah Niddah 2:4, 6: Some Laws of Purity

726

(1)

13.6.2 Mishnah Niddah 4:1-2: The Laws of Purity and Jewish Sectarians

727

(1)

13.6.3 Mishnah Miqva'ot 2:2-4, 8:1: The Fitness of a Ritual Pool

728

(2)

13.6.4 Mishnah Yadayim 1:1-4: Hand Washing

730

(1)

13.7 LIFE CYCLE

731

(1)

13.7.1 Mishnah Shabbat 18-19: From Birth to Circumcision

731

(1)

13.7.2 Mishnah Avot 5:21: Stages of Life

732

(1)

13.8 STUDY IN THE SERVICE OF GOD

732

(3)

13.8.1 Qinyan Torah: The Acquisition of the Torah

732

(3)

13.9 THE MYSTIC WAY

735

(14)

13.9.1 Mishnah Hagigah 2:1: Teaching the Secrets of the Torah

735

(1)

13.9.2 Jerusalem Talmud Hagigah 2:1 (77a): Merkavah Speculation

735

(2)

13.9.3 Jerusalem Talmud Hagigah 2:1 (77a-77c): Four Who Entered the Pardes

737

(4)

13.9.4 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 33b: Rabbi Simeon bar Yohai and the Cave

741

(3)

13.9.5 Ma`aseh Merkavah: A Mystical Prayer

744

(2)

13.9.6 Horvat Kanaf Amulet: Incantation against Fever and Pain

746

(1)

13.9.7 Aramaic Magic Bowl: The Expulsion of Lilith

747

(1)

13.9.8 Aramaic Magic Bowl: For Protection of the Family

748

(1)

14. Epilogue: The Hegemony of the Babylonian Talmud

749

(14)

14.1.1 Nathan ha-Bavli: The Babylonian Academy

750

(2)

14.1.2 Nathan ha-Bavli: The Installation of an Exilarch

752

(4)

14.1.3 Sefer ha-Qabbalah VI: The Succession of Geonim

756

(7)

Bibliography

763

(6)

Index of Sources

769

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088125455X

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