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Techniques in Organic Chemistry

by: Mohrig, Jerry R.; Hammond, Christina Noring; Schatz, Paul F.

Techniques in Organic Chemistry

by: Mohrig, Jerry R.; Hammond, Christina Noring; Schatz, Paul F.

ISBN 13:
9780716769354
ISBN 10:
0716769352
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2006
Publisher: W. H. Freeman

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Summary

"Techniques in Organic Chemistry" is the most comprehensive and detailed presentation of lab techniques available for organic chemistry students--and the least expensive. It combines specific instructions for 3 different kinds of laboratory glassware (miniscale, standard-taper microscale, )Williamson microscale) and offers extensive coverage of spectroscopic techniques, and a strong emphasis on safety issues. The techniques manual can be packaged with either version of Mohrig, "Modern Projects and Experiments in Organic Chemistry, " with an instructor's own experiments through Freeman Custom Publishing, or may be purchased separately.

PART 1 BASIC TECHNIQUES

(174)

1 Safety in the Laboratory and Protecting the Environment

(20)

Safety in The Laboratory

(14)

1.1 Causes of Laboratory Accidents

(3)

1.2 Safety Features in the Laboratory

(1)

1.3 Preventing Accidents

(2)

1.4 What to Do If an Accident Occurs

(2)

1.5 Chemical Toxicology

(2)

1.6 Where to Find Chemical Safety Information

(4)

Protecting the Environment

(6)

1.7 Green Chemistry

(1)

1.8 How Can a Laboratory Procedure Be Made Green?

(3)

1.9 Atom Economy and Reaction Efficiency

(2)

2 Laboratory Glassware

(8)

2.1 Desk Equipment

(1)

2.2 Standard Taper Miniscale Glassware

(3)

2.3 Microscale Glassware

(2)

2.4 Cleaning and Drying Laboratory Glassware

(2)

3 The Laboratory Notebook

(4)

3.1 Organization of the Laboratory Notebook

(3)

3.2 Calculation of the Percent Yield

(1)

4 Using Handbooks and Online Databases

(4)

4.1 Handbooks

(4)

4.2 Online Resources

(1)

5 Measuring Mass and Volume

(9)

5.1 Weighing

(3)

5.2 Measuring Volume

(6)

6 Heating and Cooling Methods

(9)

6.1 Boiling Stones

(1)

6.2 Heating Devices

(6)

6.3 Cooling Methods

(1)

6.4 Laboratory Jacks

(1)

7 Assembly of Reaction Apparatus and Planning a Chemical Reaction

(19)

Assembly of Reaction Apparatus

(14)

7.1 Refluxing a Reaction Mixture

(2)

7.2 Addition of Reagents During a Reaction

(2)

7.3 Anhydrous and Inert Atmosphere Reaction Conditions

(7)

7.3a ANHYDROUS REACTION CONDITIONS

(2)

7.3b INERT ATMOSPHERE REACTION CONDITIONS

(5)

7.4 Removal of Noxious Vapors

(3)

Planning a Chemical Reaction

(5)

7.5 Library Work

(1)

7.6 Modifying the Scale of a Reaction and Carrying It Out

(4)

8 Extraction and Drying Organic Liquids

(25)

Extraction

(18)

8.1 Understanding How Extraction Works

(3)

8.2 Miniscale Extractions

(2)

8.3 Additional Information About Extractions

(2)

8.4 Summary of Miniscale Extraction Procedure

(1)

8.5 Using Pasteur Pipets to Transfer Liquids in Microscale Operations

(1)

8.6 Microscale Extractions

(6)

8.6a EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES COMMON TO ALL MICROSCALE EXTRACTIONS

(2)

8.6b MICROSCALE EXTRACTIONS WITH AN ORGANIC PHASE DENSER THAN WATER

(1)

8.6c MICROSCALE EXTRACTIONS WITH AN ORGANIC PHASE LESS DENSE THAN WATER

(2)

8.7 Sources of Confusion in Extractions

(1)

Drying Organic Liquids and Recovering the Product

(7)

8.8 Drying Agents

(2)

8.9 Methods for Separating Drying Agents from Organic Liquids

(1)

8.10 Recovery of the Organic Product from the Dried Extraction Solution

(3)

8.11 Sources of Confusion in Drying Liquids

(1)

9 Recrystallization

100

(16)

9.1 Theory of Recrystallization

100

(1)

9.2 Choice of Recrystallization Solvent

101

(2)

9.3 How to Select a Proper Recrystallization Solvent

103

(1)

9.4 Planning and Carrying Out Successful Recrystallizations

104

(2)

9.5 Miniscale Procedure for Recrystallizing a Solid

106

(4)

9.6 Summary of the Miniscale Recrystallization Procedure

110

(1)

9.7 Microscale Recrystallization Methods

111

(3)

9.7a RECRYSTALLIZING LESS THAN 300 MILLIGRAMS OF A SOLID

111

(1)

9.7b RECRYSTALLIZING UP TO 150 MILLIGRAMS OF A SOLID IN A CRAIG TUBE

112

(2)

9.8 Summary of Microscale Recrystallization Procedures

114

(1)

9.9 Sources of Confusion

114

(2)

10 Melting Points and Melting Ranges

116

(1)

10.1 Melting Point Theory

117

(2)

10.2 Apparatus for Determining Melting Ranges

119

(2)

10.3 Determining Melting Ranges

121

(2)

10.4 Mixture Melting Point

123

(1)

10.5 Thermometer Calibration

124

(1)

10.6 Summary of Mel-Temp Melting-Point Determinations

125

(1)

10.7 Sources of Confusion

125

(2)

11 Boiling Points and Distillation

127

(1)

11.1 Determination of Boiling Points

128

(2)

11.2 Distillation and Separation of Mixtures

130

(3)

11.3 Simple Distillation

133

(9)

11.3a MINISCALE SHORT-PATH DISTILLATION

137

(1)

11.3b MICROSCALE DISTILLATION USING STANDARD-TAPER APPARATUS

138

(2)

11.3c MICROSCALE DISTILIATION USING WILLIAMSON APPARATUS

140

(2)

11.4 Fractional Distillation

142

(4)

11.5 Azeotropic Distillation

146

(1)

11.6 Vacuum Distillation

147

(6)

11.7 Steam Distillation

153

(3)

11.8 Sources of Confusion

156

(2)

12 Sublimation

158

(1)

12.1 Assembling the Apparatus for a Sublimation

158

(2)

12.2 Carrying Out a Sublimation

160

(1)

13 Refractometry

161

(1)

13.1 Theory of Refractometry

161

(1)

13.2 The Refractometer

162

(1)

13.3 Steps in Determining a Refractive Index

163

(1)

13.4 Temperature Correction

164

(1)

14 Optical Activity and Enantiomeric Analysis

165

(1)

14.1 Mixtures of Optical Isomers: Separation/Resolution

165

(3)

14.2 Polarimetry

168

(2)

14.3 Using Polarimeter Tubes

170

(1)

14.4 Specific Rotation

171

(1)

14.5 Enantiomeric Excess (Optical Purity)

172

(1)

14.6 Modern Methods of Enantiomeric Analysis

172

(3)

PART 2 CHROMATOGRAPHY

175

(1)

15 Thin-Layer Chromatography

177

(50)

15.1 Introduction to Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

177

(2)

15.2 Plates for Thin-Layer Chromatography

179

(2)

15.3 Sample Application

181

(2)

15.4 Development of a TLC Plate

183

(1)

15.5 Visualization Techniques

184

(2)

15.6 Summary of TLC Procedure

186

(1)

15.7 How to Choose a Developing Solvent When None Is Specified

186

(2)

15.8 Sources of Confusion

188

(2)

16 Gas-liquid Chromatography

190

(1)

16.1 Instrumentation for CC

191

(1)

16.2 Types of Columns and Liquid Stationary Phases

192

(2)

16.3 Detectors

194

(2)

16.4 Recorders

196

(1)

16.5 Practical GC Operating Procedures

197

(3)

16.6 Sources of Confusion

200

(2)

16.7 Identification of Components Shown on a Chromatogram

202

(1)

16.8 Quantitative Analysis

203

(3)

17 Liquid Chromatography

206

(1)

17.1 Adsorbents

207

(1)

17.2 Elution Solvents

208

(2)

17.3 Amount of Adsorbent and Column Dimensions

210

(2)

17.4 Preparation of a Chromatography Column

212

(4)

17.4a PREPARATION OF A MINISCALE COLUMN

212

(1)

17.4b PREPARATION OF A WILLIAMSON MICROSCALE COLUMN

213

(1)

17.4c PREPARATION AND ELUTION OF A MICROSCALE COLUMN

214

(2)

17.5 Sample Application and Elution Techniques

216

(3)

17.6 Summary of Column Chromatography Procedure

219

(1)

17.7 Flash Chromatography

219

(2)

17.8 Sources of Confusion

221

(2)

17.9 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

223

(4)

PART 3 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

227

(1)

18 Infrared Spectroscopy

228

18.1 IR Spectra

228

(1)

18.2 Molecular Vibrations

228

(5)

18.3 IR Instrumentation

233

(2)

18.4 Operating an FTIR Spectrometer

235

(1)

18.5 Techniques of Sample Preparation

236

(7)

18.6 Interpreting IR Spectra

243

(13)

18.7 A Procedure for Interpreting an IR Spectrum

256

(2)

18.8 A Case Study

258

(1)

18.9 Sources of Confusion

259

(8)

19 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

267

(2)

NMR Instrumentation and Sample Preparation

269

(7)

19.1 NMR Instrumentation

269

(2)

19.2 Preparing Samples for NMR Analysis

271

(5)

19.3 Summary of Steps for Preparing an NMR Sample

276

(1)

Interpreting ¹H NMR Spectra

276

(45)

19.4 NMR Information

276

(1)

19.5 How Many Types of Protons Are Present?

276

(1)

19.6 Counting Protons (Integration)

277

(1)

19.7 Chemical Shift

278

(6)

19.8 Quantitative Estimation of Chemical Shifts

284

(10)

19.9 Spin-Spin Coupling (Splitting)

294

(10)

19.10 Sources of Confusion

304

(7)

19.11 Two Case Studies

311

(7)

19.12 Advanced Topics in ¹H-NMR

318

(3)

¹³C and Two-Dimensional NMR

321

19.13 ¹³C NMR

321

(8)

19.14 Determining Numbers of Protons on Carbon Atoms

329

(2)

19.15 Two-Dimensional Correlated Correlated Spectroscopy (2D COSY)

331

(10)

20 Mass Spectrometry

341

20.1 Mass Spectrometers

312

(34)

20.2 Mass Spectra and the Molecular Ion

346

(3)

20.3 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

349

(2)

20.4 Mass Spectral Libraries

351

(2)

20.5 Fragmentation of the Molecule

353

(5)

20.6 A Case Study

358

(2)

20.7 Sources of Confusion

360

Appendix A Computational Chemistry

AP-1

Appendix B The literature of Organic Chemistry

AP-12

Appendix C Integrated Spectroscopy Problems

AP-18

Index

I-1

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Techniques in Organic Chemistry

Techniques in Organic Chemistry

9780716769354

0716769352

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Techniques in Organic Chemistry

Techniques in Organic Chemistry

9780716769354

0716769352

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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