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Speech Science An Integrated Approach to Theory and Clinical Practice (with CD-ROM)

ISBN: 9780205480258 | 020548025X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Pearson
Pub. Date: 7/28/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
Speech Science integrates scientific material on the acoustics, anatomy, and physiology of speech production and perception with state-of-the-art instrumental techniques used in clinical practice. #xA0; Each chapter presenting theoretical information is followed by a corresponding chapter on clinical application, demonstrating the connections between scientific theory and clinical management of communication disorders. To reinforce this link, case studies and questions in each clinical application chapter help students focus on how scientific p... MORE
Forewordxiii
Preface to Second Editionxv
Acknowledgmentsxvi
Introduction
1(6)
... MORE
3(4)
The Nature of Sound
7(43)
Air Pressure
8(24)
Measurement of Air Pressure
8(2)
Movement of Air
10(1)
Air Pressure, Volume, and Density
11(1)
Sound: Changes in Air Pressure
12(2)
Elasticity and Inertia
14(2)
Wave Motion of Sound
16(1)
Characteristics of Sound Waves
17(1)
Frequency and Period
17(4)
Velocity and Wavelength
21(1)
Sound Absorption and Reflection
21(1)
Constructive and Destructive Interference
22(2)
Pure Tones and Complex Waves
24(3)
Speech as a Stream of Complex Periodic and Aperiodic Waves
27(1)
Visually Depicting Sound Waves: Waveforms and Spectra
27(5)
Attributes of Sounds
32(10)
Frequency and Pitch
33(1)
Human Range of Hearing
34(1)
Amplitude and Intensity
34(1)
Amplitude
34(1)
Intensity
35(1)
Decibel Scale
36(5)
Advantages of the Decibel Scale
41(1)
Auditory Area
41(1)
Resonance
42(8)
Free and Forced Vibration
42(2)
Types of Resonators
44(1)
Acoustic Resonators
44(1)
Acoustic Resonators as Filters
44(1)
Bandwidth
45(1)
Cutoff Frequencies
46(1)
Resonance Curves
47(1)
Parameters of a Filter
48(1)
Types of Filters
48(1)
Summary
49(1)
Review Exercises
49(1)
Clinical Application Frequency and Intensity Variables
50(18)
Vocal Frequency and Amplitude
51(10)
Frequency Variables
52(1)
Average Fundamental Frequency
52(3)
Frequency Variability
55(1)
Maximum Phonational Frequency Range
56(1)
Amplitude and Intensity Variables
57(1)
Average Amplitude Level
57(1)
Amplitude Variability
58(1)
Dynamic Range
59(1)
Voice Range Profile
59(2)
Breakdowns in Control of Vocal Frequency and Amplitude
61(5)
Voice Disorders
61(3)
Neurological Disorders
64(2)
Clinical Study
66(2)
Background
66(1)
Acoustic Measures
66(1)
Clinical Questions
66(1)
Summary
67(1)
Review Exercises
67(1)
The Respiratory System
68(34)
The Structure and Mechanics of the Respiratory System
69(33)
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
69(1)
Bronchial Tree
69(5)
Muscles of Respiration
74(3)
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
77(1)
Muscles of the Abdomen
77(1)
Pleural Linkage
78(1)
Moving Air Into and Out of the Lungs
79(1)
Inhalation
79(1)
Exhalation
80(1)
Rate of Breathing
80(1)
Lung Volumes and Capacities
81(1)
Resting Expiratory Level
82(1)
Lung Volumes
83(1)
Tidal Volume
83(1)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
84(1)
Expiratory Reserve Volume
84(1)
Residual Volume
85(1)
Dead Air
85(1)
Lung Capacities
86(1)
Vital Capacity
86(1)
Functional Residual Capacity
86(1)
Total Lung Capacity
86(1)
Development of Lung Volumes and Capacities
87(1)
Differences between Breathing for Life and Breathing for Speech
87(1)
Location of Air Intake
88(1)
Ratio of Time for Inhalation versus Exhalation
89(1)
Volume of Air Inhaled per Cycle
90(1)
Muscle Activity for Exhalation
90(2)
Air Pressures and Flows in Respiration
92(1)
Air Pressures
93(2)
Airflow
95(1)
Lung Volume and Chest-Wall Shape
96(1)
Breathing Patterns for Speech
97(2)
Changes in Speech Breathing over the Lifespan
99(1)
Summary
100(1)
Review Exercises
101(1)
Clinical Application Respiratory Breakdowns That Affect Speech Production
102(13)
Conditions That Affect Speech Breathing
104(8)
Parkinson's Disease
104(1)
Cerebellar Disease
105(1)
Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
106(1)
Cerebral Palsy
107(2)
Mechanical Ventilation
109(1)
Voice Disorders
110(1)
Hearing Impairment
111(1)
Clinical Study
112(3)
Background
112(1)
Clinical Observations
112(1)
Acoustic Measures
113(1)
Clinical Questions
113(1)
Summary
113(1)
Review Exercises
114(1)
The Phonatory System
115(41)
The Vocal Mechanism
116(22)
Laryngeal Skeleton
116(1)
Bones and Cartilages
116(3)
Joints of the Larynx
119(2)
Valves within the Larynx
121(1)
Aryepiglottic Folds
122(1)
False Vocal Folds
122(1)
True Vocal Folds
123(1)
Cover-Body Model
123(1)
Glottis
124(1)
Muscles of the Larynx
125(1)
Extrinsic Muscles
125(2)
Intrinsic Muscles
127(3)
Myoelastic--Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation
130(1)
Vertical and Longitudinal Phase Differences during Vibration
130(2)
Voice Fundamental Frequency
132(1)
Voice Intensity
132(1)
Pressures Involved in Phonation
132(1)
The Complex Sound Wave of the Human Voice
133(1)
Glottal Spectrum
133(1)
Harmonic Spacing
134(2)
Nearly Periodic Nature of the Human Voice
136(1)
Sources of Jitter and Shimmer
136(1)
Measurement of Jitter and Shimmer
137(1)
Vocal Registers and Vocal Quality
138(4)
Vocal Registers
138(2)
Physiologic and Acoustic Bases of Pulse and Falsetto Registers
140(1)
Pulse
140(1)
Falsetto
141(1)
Spectral Characteristics of Pulse and Falsetto
141(1)
Use of Different Registers in Singing and Speaking
141(1)
Voice Quality
142(14)
Normal Voice Quality
143(2)
Abnormal Voice Qualities
145(1)
Acoustic Characteristics of Breathy and Rough or Hoarse Voice
146(1)
Breathy Voice
146(1)
Rough or Hoarse Voice
147(1)
Ways of Measuring Registers and Quality
148(1)
Electroglottography
148(3)
EGG and Register
151(2)
EGG Slope Quotients
153(1)
Summary
154(1)
Review Exercises
155(1)
Clinical Application Measures of Jitter, Shimmer, and Quality
156(11)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures
156(9)
Jitter and Shimmer Measures in Communication Disorders
157(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
158(1)
Parkinson's Disease
158(1)
Endotracheal Intubation
159(1)
Laryngeal Cancer
159(1)
Functional Voice Problems
160(1)
Stuttering
160(1)
Measures of Voice Quality
161(1)
Need for Objective Measures of Voice Quality
161(1)
Aging
162(1)
EGG and Vocal Disorders
163(1)
EGG and Spasmodic Dysphonia
163(1)
EGG and Parkinson's Disease
164(1)
Clinical Study
165(2)
Background
165(1)
Clinical Observations
165(1)
Acoustic Measures
165(1)
Clinical Questions
165(1)
Summary
166(1)
Review Exercises
166(1)
The Articulatory System
167(65)
Articulators of the Vocal Tract
168(19)
Oral Cavity
168(1)
Lips
169(2)
Teeth
171(1)
Dental Occlusion
172(1)
Hard Palate
173(1)
Soft Palate
174(2)
Muscles of the Velum
176(2)
Velopharyngeal Closure
178(1)
Tongue
179(1)
Muscles of the Tongue
180(1)
Tongue Movements for Speech
181(2)
Pharynx
183(1)
Muscles of the Pharynx
184(1)
Nasal Cavities
185(1)
Valves of the Vocal Tract
185(2)
Traditional Classification System of Consonants and Vowels
187(9)
Place of Articulation of English Consonants
188(1)
Manner of Articulation of English Consonants
188(1)
Stops
188(2)
Fricatives
190(1)
Affricates
190(1)
Nasals
191(2)
Glides
193(1)
Liquids
193(1)
Voicing
194(1)
Vowel Classification
194(2)
Vocal Tract Resonance
196(29)
Characteristics of the Vocal Tract Resonator
197(2)
Vocal Tract Filtering of the Glottal Sound Wave
199(1)
Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production
199(2)
Formant Frequencies Related to Oral and Pharyngeal Volumes
201(3)
Vowel Formant Frequencies
204(2)
F1/F2 Plots
206(1)
Spectrographic Analysis of Sounds
206(2)
Vowels
208(1)
Diphthongs
208(3)
Glides
211(1)
Liquids
212(1)
Stops
213(7)
Fricatives
220(4)
Affricates
224(1)
Nasals
224(1)
The Production of Speech Sounds in Context
225(7)
Coarticulation
226(1)
Suprasegmentals
227(1)
Intonation
228(1)
Stress
229(1)
Duration
230(1)
Summary
231(1)
Review Exercises
231(1)
Clinical Application Breakdowns in Production of Vowels and Consonants
232(18)
Source-Filter Theory and Problems in Speech Production
233(15)
Dysarthria
234(1)
Vowel Duration Measurements
234(1)
Vowel Formant Measurements
235(3)
Consonant Measures
238(2)
Hearing Impairment
240(1)
Segmental Problems
240(1)
Suprasegmental Problems
241(1)
Instrumentation in Treatment Programs for Deaf Speakers
242(1)
Palatometry and Glossometry
243(1)
Phonological Disorders
244(2)
Tracheotomy
246(1)
Cleft Palate
247(1)
Clinical Study
248(2)
Background
248(1)
Clinical Observations
248(1)
Acoustic Measures
248(1)
Clinical Questions
248(1)
Summary
249(1)
Review Exercises
249(1)
The Auditory System
250(35)
Parts of the Ear
251(10)
Outer Ear
251(1)
Tympanic Membrane
252(1)
Middle Ear
253(1)
Ossicles
253(1)
Muscles
253(1)
Auditory Tube
254(1)
Functions of the Middle Ear
254(1)
Inner Ear
255(2)
Cochlea
257(2)
Basilar Membrane
259(1)
Cochlear Function
259(2)
Perception of Speech
261(12)
Segmentation Problem
261(1)
Instrumental Analysis of Vowel and Consonant Perception
262(1)
Perception of Vowels and Diphthongs
262(1)
Vowels
262(3)
Diphthongs
265(1)
Perception of Consonants
266(1)
Categorical Perception
266(1)
Multiple Acoustic Cues in Consonant Perception
267(1)
Influence of Coarticulation
268(1)
Liquids
268(1)
Glides
268(1)
Nasals
269(1)
Stops
269(2)
Fricatives
271(1)
Affricates
272(1)
The Role of Context in Speech Perception
272(1)
Immittance Audiometry, Otoacoustic Emissions, and Cochlear Implants
273(12)
Immittance Audiometry
274(1)
Tympanograms
274(1)
Tympanometric Procedure
275(1)
Tympanogram Shapes
276(3)
Advantages of Tympanometry
279(1)
Otoacoustic Emissions
280(1)
Spontaneous and Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions
280(1)
Cochlear Implants
281(3)
Summary
284(1)
Review Exercises
284(1)
Clinical Application Perceptual Problems in Hearing Impairment, Language and Reading Disability, and Articulation Deficits
285(16)
Hearing Loss
286(6)
Vowel Perception
287(1)
Consonant Perception
287(3)
Cochlear Implants
290(1)
Training for Cochlear Implant Users
290(1)
Otitis Media
291(1)
Language and Reading Disability
292(4)
Articulatory Problems
296(2)
Clinical Study
298(3)
Background
298(1)
Acoustic Measures
299(1)
Clinical Questions
299(1)
Summary
299(1)
Review Exercises
299(2)
The Nervous System
301(66)
Brain Tissue
302(4)
Glial Cells
302(1)
Neurons
303(2)
Types of Neurons
305(1)
Sensory Receptors
306(1)
Neuronal Function
307(4)
Conduction Velocity
311(1)
Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System
312(43)
Central Nervous System
312(1)
Meninges
312(2)
Ventricles
314(1)
Overview of Functional Brain Anatomy
314(2)
Cortex
316(3)
Lobes of the Brain
319(5)
Cortical Connections
324(2)
Subcortical Areas of the Brain
326(1)
Basal Nuclei
327(2)
Thalamus
329(1)
Hypothalamus
330(1)
Brainstem
331(1)
Midbrain
331(2)
Pons
333(1)
Medulla
333(1)
Cerebellum
333(3)
Spinal Cord
336(7)
Cranial Nerves
343(1)
CN V: Trigeminal
343(1)
CN VII: Facial
343(2)
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear
345(2)
CN IX: Glossopharyngeal
347(1)
CN X: Vagus
347(3)
CN XII: Hypoglossal
350(1)
Blood Supply to the Brain
350(5)
Motor Control Systems Involved in Speech Production
355(12)
Motor Cortex
356(1)
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
357(1)
Direct and Indirect Systems
358(3)
Motor Units
361(2)
Principles of Motor Control
363(1)
Feedback and Feedforward
363(2)
Efference Copy
365(1)
Summary
365(1)
Review Exercises
366(1)
Clinical Application Brain Function Measures
367(17)
Techniques for Imaging Brain Structure
368(2)
Computerized Tomography
368(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
369(1)
Techniques for Imaging Brain Function
370(4)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
370(1)
Positron Emission Tomography
371(1)
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
372(1)
Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials
373(1)
Use of Brain-Imaging Techniques in Communication Disorders
374(7)
Stuttering
375(2)
Parkinson's Disease
377(2)
Multiple Sclerosis
379(1)
Alzheimer's Disease
379(2)
Clinical Study
381(3)
Background
381(1)
Clinical Observations
381(1)
Findings
382(1)
Clinical Questions
382(1)
Summary
382(1)
Review Exercises
382(2)
Models and Theories of Speech Production and Perception
384(21)
Theories
385(1)
Models
386(2)
Speech Production
388(1)
The Serial-Order Issue
388(1)
Degrees of Freedom
388(1)
Context-Sensitivity Problem
389(1)
Theories of Speech Production
389(4)
Target Models
389(2)
Feedback and Feedforward Models
391(1)
Dynamic Systems Models
392(1)
Connectionist Models
392(1)
Speech Perception
393(3)
Linearity and Segmentation
393(1)
Speaker Normalization
394(1)
Basic Unit of Perception
395(1)
Specialization of Speech Perception
395(1)
Categories of Speech Perception Theories
396(1)
Active versus Passive
397(1)
Bottom-Up versus Top-Down
397(1)
Autonomous versus Interactive
397(1)
Theories of Speech Perception
397(8)
Motor Theory
397(2)
Acoustic Invariance Theory
399(1)
Direct Realism
399(2)
Trace Model
401(1)
Logogen Theory
401(1)
Cohort Theory
402(1)
Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception
402(1)
Native Language Magnet Theory
403(1)
Summary
404(1)
Review Exercises
404(1)
Appendix
405(2)
IPA Symbols for Consonants and Vowels
Glossary407(20)
References427(16)
Index443

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