Rent 9780534639914 | Sensation and Perception : Media Edition

Summary Table of Contents

Long regarded as the gold standard in sensation and perception texts, E. Bruce Goldstein's SENSATION AND PERCEPTION has helped more than 100,000 students make the connection between perception and physiology. Goldstein has crafted an easier-to-understand, and more student-friendly book, without sacrificing the text's comprehensive examination of sensation and perception. Goldstein takes readers on an intriguing journey through their senses, and chronicles scientists' efforts to understand the fascinating behind the scenes activity that allows u... MOREs to perceive. With balanced coverage of all senses, this book offers an integrated examination of how the senses work together. Goldstein shows readers how seemingly simple experiences are actually extremely complex mechanisms and examines both the psychophysical and physiological underpinnings of perception. All material is presented in a way students find interesting and easy to follow. The book's visually dynamic presentation includes numerous color plates that are presented as visual topic essays. In addition, more than 50 hands-on demonstrations illustrate perceptual experiences. All are simple enough for students to do and are seamlessly integrated into the flow of the text.

Part 1: INTRODUCTION TO PERCEPTION. 1. The Psychophysical Approach: Linking Stimulation and Perception. Method of limits. Demonstration, Trial-by-trial method of limits. DL by method of limits, Experiment: Judging differences in size. Measurement Fluctuation and error, Experiment: How accurately can you match size? Adjustment and PSE, Experiment: Length matching. Constant stimuli, Experiment: Judging length. Just noticeable difference, Experiment: Adjust length so just noticeably different. DL vs. Weight, Plot a graph of difference threshold vs. standard stimulus. Weber''s law and Weber fraction, Plot a graph demonstrating Weber''s law. Response compression and expansion, Review different types of magnitude estimation functions. Experiment: Scaling Vision, Magnitude estimation of line length and brightness. 2. The Physiological Approach: Linking Stimulation and Neural Firing. Structure of neuron, Identify parts of a neuron. Oscilloscopes and intracellular recording, Demonstrates oscilloscope measuring resting potential. Phases of action potential, Slide a slider and watch sodium and potassium flow. Nerve impulse coding and stimulus strength, Vary pressure and watch firing rate increase. Synaptic transmission, Identify pre- and post-synaptic neurons and watch nerve firing. Lock and key neurotransmitter action, Drag neurotransmitters to correct sites on membrane. Excitation and inhibition, Vary excitation and inhibition and watch effect on firing rate. Cortical areas, Review location of cortical receiving areas. Part 2: RECEPTORS AND NEURAL PROCESSING. 1. The Stimulus for Vision and the Structure of the Visual System. The Visual Pathways, Identify visual system structures and see animation of signal''s journey from eye to brain. The Human Eye, Identify components of the eye. Cross section of the retina, Identify types of neurons in the retina. 2. The First Transformations: Light, Receptors and Electricity. Visual path within the eyeball, Animation showing electrical signals traveling through the retina and into the optic nerve. 3. Visual Pigments and Perception. Dark adaptation of the rods and cones, Animation of rod and cone adaptation curves. Types of cones, Review cone absorption spectra. 4. Neural Processing by Convergence. Receptor wiring and sensitivity, Demonstrates why rods are more sensitive than cones. Receptor wiring and acuity, Demonstrates why cones have better acuity than rods. 5. Neural Processing By Excitation and Inhibition. Simple neural circuits, Stimulate receptors and notice how different types of circuits work. Mapping receptive fields, Demonstration of center-surround receptive field mapping. Stimulus size and receptive fields, Vary spot size and see how firing rate changes. Receptive fields and stimulus size and shape, Vary bar width and see how firing rate changes. Lateral inhibition, See how increasing lateral inhibition decreases firing rate. Demonstration: Receptive field mapping, Map receptive fields of ganglion cells. 6. Neural Processing and Perception. Lateral inhibition in the Hermann grid, See how lateral inhibition explains the dark spots on the grid. Intensity and brightness, Move slider to see difference between intensity and brightness distributions. Mach bands, See how Mach bands can be explained by receptive fields. Simultaneous contrast, Vary intensities and see how brightness changes in a contrast display. Demonstration: Mach bands - You create intensity distributions. The program calculates perceptual response functions. (Baro InSight demonstration). Part 3: THE LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS AND STRIATE CORTEX. 1. Information Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1). Simple cells in the cortex, See how simple cell firing depends on orientation of a bar. Complex cells in the cortex, See how complex cell firing depends on orientation and direction of movement. Calculating grating contrast, Vary intensities of light and dark bars of a grating. Demonstration: Receptive field mapping - Map receptive

Introduction to Perception

(34)

The Importance of Perception

(2)

The Perceptual Process

... MORE

(4)

The Environmental Stimulus and the Attended Stimulus

(1)

The Stimulus on the Receptors

(1)

Transduction

(1)

Neural Processing

(1)

Perception

(1)

Recognition

(1)

Action

(1)

Knowledge

(1)

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing

(1)

Studying the Perceptual Process

(3)

Levels of Analysis

(1)

Cognitive Influences on Perception

(2)

Cross-Talk Between the Levels of Analysis

(1)

The Psychophysical Approach: Linking Stimulation and Perception

(2)

Description: The Phenomenological Method

(1)

Recognition: Categorizing a Stimulus

(1)

Detection

(1)

Summary Table 1.1

(5)

Perceiving Magnitude: Magnitude Estimation

(2)

Searching

(1)

Other Methods

(1)

The Physiological Approach: Linking Stimulation and Neural Firing

(10)

The Physiological Approach: Early History

(1)

Neurons and Electrical Signals

(1)

Recording Electrical Signals in Neurons

(2)

Basic Properties of Action Potentials

(1)

Chemical and Electrical Events at the Synapse

(1)

Basic Structure of the Brain

(2)

Studying Brain Activity in Humans

(2)

The Approach in This Book

(2)

Studying Perception at the Psychophysical and Physiological Levels

(1)

Going Beyond Perception to Study Recognition and Action

(1)

Considering Perception Across the Senses

(1)

Focusing on Cutting-Edge Research on Plasticity and Brain Imaging

(1)

How to Get the Most Out of This Book

(1)

Summary Table 1.2

(1)

Study Questions

(4)

Receptors and Neural Processing

(42)

The Stimulus for Vision and the Structure of the Visual System

(3)

Light: The Stimulus for Vision

(2)

The Visual System

(1)

The First Transformations: Light, Receptors, and Electricity

(8)

Light Is Reflected into the Eye and Focused on the Retina

(3)

Light Stimulates the Rod and Cone Receptors

(5)

Visual Pigments and Perception

(6)

Dark Adaptation of the Rods and Cones

(3)

Spectral Sensitivity of the Rods and Cones

(2)

Neural Processing by Convergence

(1)

The Convergence of Rod and Cone Signals

(1)

Summary Table 2.1

(3)

The Rods Are More Sensitive in the Dark than the Cones

(2)

The Cones Result in Better Detail Vision than the Rods

(1)

Neural Processing by Excitation and Inhibition

(6)

Introduction to Neural Circuits

(2)

Introduction to Receptive Fields

(3)

Lateral Inhibition

(1)

Neural Processing and Perception

(7)

Lateral Inhibition and the Hermann Grid

(2)

Lateral Inhibition and Mach Bands

(2)

Lateral Inhibition and Simultaneous Contrast

(3)

Brain Scan: Going Beyond the Information on the Retina

(1)

Across the Senses: The Indirectness of Perception

(1)

Summary Table 2.2

(1)

Study Questions

(3)

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Striate Cortex

(32)

Information Flow and Organization in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

(3)

Information Flow in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

(1)

Organization by Left and Right Eyes

(1)

Organization as a Retinotopic Map

(1)

Organization by Types of Ganglion Cells Arriving at the LGN

(1)

Information Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)

(8)

The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Orientation, Length, and Movement

(3)

The Psychophysics of Orientation Detectors

(3)

The Physiology of Neurons That Respond to Spatial Frequency

(4)

The Psychophysics of Spatial Frequency Analyzers

Brain Scan: The Oblique Effect in the Striate Cortex

(5)

Summary Table 3.1

(1)

Organization of the Striate Cortex

(5)

The Retinotopic Map on the Cortex

(1)

Location Columns

(1)

Orientation Columns

(2)

Ocular Dominance Columns

(1)

Hypercolumns

(1)

Representation of an Object in the Striate Cortex

(1)

The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing for Orientation

100

(3)

Across the Senses: Maps and Columns

103

(1)

Summary Table 3.2

104

(1)

Study Questions

105

(4)

Higher-Level Visual Processing

109

(36)

Higher-Level Processing in the Striate Cortex (V1)

110

(2)

Processing Streams in the Extrastriate Cortex

112

(5)

Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``Where''

112

(3)

Streams for Information About ``What'' and ``How''

115

(2)

Modularity in the Extrastriate Cortex

117

(6)

Middle Temporal Cortex (MT): A Module for Movement

118

(1)

Inferotemporal Cortex (IT): A Module for Form

118

(5)

Brain Scan: The Human Face Area

123

(1)

Summary Table 4.1

124

The Sensory Code: How Objects Are Represented in the Visual System

123

(4)

Specificity Coding

124

(1)

Distributed Coding

124

(3)

How Do Neurons Become Specialized?

127

(2)

Is Neural Selectivity Shaped by Evolution?

127

(1)

Evidence That Neural Selectivity Is Shaped by Experience

127

(2)

Connecting Physiology and Perception

129

(1)

Visual Attention: Visual and Neural Selectivity

130

(4)

The Selectivity of Attention

130

(1)

Can We See Without Attention?

131

(2)

Attention Affects Neural Responding

133

(1)

The Binding Problem: Combining Information from Different Areas

134

(3)

The Plasticity of Perception: Improved Neural Response Leads to Improved Perception

137

(1)

Across the Senses: Neurons That Respond to Vision and Touch

138

(2)

Summary Table 4.2

140

(1)

Study Questions

141

(4)

Perceiving Objects

145

(40)

The Gestalt Approach to Perceptual Organization: How Elements Are Grouped

146

(10)

The Beginnings of Gestalt Psychology

146

(2)

The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization

148

(5)

The Gestalt ``Laws'' Are Really Heuristics

153

(2)

More Principles of Perceptual Organization

155

(1)

Quantitative Measurement of the Grouping Effects

155

(1)

Perceptual Segregation: How Objects Are Separated

156

(5)

The Gestalt Approach to Figure-Ground Segregation

156

(2)

Modern Ideas About Figure-Ground Segregation

158

(3)

Summary Table 5.1

161

How Objects Are Constructed

160

(10)

Marr's Computational Approach to Object Perception

160

(3)

Feature Integration Theory

163

(5)

The Recognition-by-Components Approach

168

(2)

Brain Scan: Representation of Global Three-Dimensional Structure

170

(2)

Why Are There So Many Approaches to Object Perception?

171

(1)

The Intelligence of Object Perception

172

(6)

Why Computers Have Trouble Perceiving Objects

172

(3)

Heuristics: ``Best Guesses'' for Perception

175

(2)

Top-Down Processing and Object Perception

177

(1)

The Plasticity of Perception: The Co-Occurrence Effect

178

(1)

Across the Senses: Object Perception Across the Senses

179

(2)

Summary Table 5.2

181

(1)

Study Questions

182

(3)

Perceiving Color

185

(40)

Four Questions About Color

186

(4)

What Are Some Functions of Color Vision?

186

(1)

What Physical Attributes Are Associated with Color?

187

(2)

How Can We Describe Color Experience?

189

(1)

What Is the Neural Code for Color?

189

(1)

The Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

190

(5)

Color-Matching Experiments

190

(1)

Trichromatic Theory

190

(1)

Physiology of Trichromatic Theory

191

(4)

Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision

195

(5)

The Phenomenological Observations

195

(2)

Opponent-Process Theory

197

(1)

The Physiology of Opponent-Process Theory

197

(3)

What We Still Don't Know About the Code for Color

200

(1)

Brain Scan: Distributed Nature of Color Representation in the Human Cortex

201

(1)

Summary Table 6.1

201

Color Deficiency

200

(4)

Monochromatism

202

(1)

Dichromatism

203

(1)

Physiological Mechanisms of Receptor-Based Color Deficiency

203

(1)

Cortical Color Blindness

204

(1)

Creating Color Experience

204

(2)

Color Constancy

206

(3)

Chromatic Adaptation

207

(2)

The Effect of Surroundings

209

(1)

Memory and Color

209

(1)

Lightness Constancy

209

(7)

Intensity Relationships: The Ratio Principle

210

(1)

Lightness Perception in Three-Dimensional Scenes

210

(6)

The Plasticity of Perception: Color Vision as an Adaptation to the Environment

216

(2)

Across the Senses: How Color Affects Taste and Smell

218

(1)

Summary Table 6.2

219

(1)

Study Questions

220

(5)

Perceiving Depth and Size

225

(44)

Oculomotor Cues

226

(1)

Monocular Cues

227

(6)

Pictorial Cues

227

(4)

Movement-Produced Cues

231

(2)

Binocular Depth Cues

233

(9)

Binocular Disparity and Stereopsis

233

(4)

Corresponding Retinal Points

237

(2)

Random-Dot Stereogram

239

(1)

Disparity Information in the Brain

240

(3)

The Correspondence Problem

243

Brain Scan: Stereopsis in the Brain

242

(2)

Depth Information Across Species

244

(3)

Summary Table 7.1

247

(1)

Perceiving Size

248

(6)

The Holway and Boring Experiment

248

(2)

Size Constancy

250

(4)

Visual Illusions

254

(7)

The Muller-Lyer Illusion

254

(3)

The Ponzo Illusion

257

(1)

The Ames Room

258

(1)

The Moon Illusion

259

(2)

The Plasticity of Perception: Sensitive Periods in the Development of Binocular Vision

261

(3)

Across the Senses: Visual and Auditory Space

264

(1)

Summary Table 7.2

265

(1)

Study Questions

266

(3)

Perceiving Movement

269

(32)

Four Ways to Create Perception of Movement

272

(4)

Real Movement

272

(1)

Apparent Movement

272

(1)

Induced Movement

273

(2)

Movement Aftereffect

275

(1)

Studying Movement Perception

275

(1)

Neural Feature Detectors and Movement Perception

276

(3)

A Neural Circuit for a Directionally Selective Neuron

277

(1)

Neural Firing and Judging the Direction of Movement

277

(2)

Corollary Discharge Theory: Taking Eye Movements into Account

279

(4)

Information for Movement in the Optic Array

283

(1)

Local Disturbances in the Optic Array

283

(1)

Global Optical Flow

283

(1)

Summary Table 8.1

284

(1)

Perceptual Organization and Movement Perception

285

(5)

Movement Creates Perceptual Organization

285

(5)

The Intelligence of Movement Perception

290

(4)

Heuristics and Movement Perception

290

(2)

Meaning and Movement Perception

292

(2)

Brain Scan: Brain Activity During Apparent Movement by the Human Body

294

(1)

The Plasticity of Perception: Selective Rearing and Movement Perception

294

(1)

Across the Senses: Movement Perception Across the Senses

295

(2)

Summary Table 8.2

297

(1)

Study Questions

298

(3)

Perception and Action

301

(30)

Perception and the Moving Observer

302

(5)

Gibson's Ecological Approach to Perception

302

(1)

Environmental Information and Perception: Ecological Optics

303

(2)

Optic Flow: Self-Produced Information for Perception

305

(2)

Visual Control of Action

307

(9)

Moving Through the Environment

308

(2)

Posture and Balance

310

(2)

Colliding

312

(2)

Catching a Fly Ball

314

(1)

Somersaulting

315

(1)

Summary Table 9.1

316

(4)

Neural Mechanisms for the Visual Control of Action

315

(3)

Judging Slant Based on the Potential for Action

318

(2)

Grasping Objects: Where Perception Meets the Motor System

320

(4)

The Neural Pathway for Perception and Action

321

(1)

Mixing Vision and Action in the Parietal Lobe

321

(1)

Neurons for Recognizing the Actions of Others

321

(2)

What Are Mirror Neurons For?

323

(1)

Brain Scan: The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG): A Way to Measure Rapid Activity in Humans

324

(1)

Across the Senses: Action, Hearing, and Vision

325

(1)

Summary Table 9.2

326

(1)

Study Questions

327

(4)

Sound, the Auditory System, and Pitch Perception

331

(44)

The Functions of Hearing

332

(2)

The Sound Stimulus: Pressure Changes in the Air

334

(5)

The Sound Stimulus Produced by a Loudspeaker

334

(1)

Specifying the Amplitude of a Sound Stimulus

335

(2)

Specifying the Frequencies of Complex Sound Stimuli

337

(2)

Sound as a Perceptual Response: The Experience of Hearing

339

(4)

The Range of Hearing

339

(1)

Loudness

339

(3)

Pitch

342

(1)

Timbre

343

(1)

Summary Table 10.1

343

(1)

Auditory System: Structure and Function

343

(8)

The Outer Ear

344

(1)

The Middle Ear

345

(2)

The Inner Ear

347

(3)

The Auditory Pathways

350

(1)

Frequency Analysis in the Cochlea and Auditory Nerve

351

(10)

Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing

351

(3)

Physiological Evidence for Place Coding

354

(1)

Psychophysical Masking and Place Coding

355

(1)

The Basilar Membrane as a Frequency Analyzer

356

(3)

Why Are the Tuning Curves So Narrow?

359

(1)

Another Way to Signal Frequency: The Timing of Nerve Firing

359

(2)

Summary Table 10.2

361

(1)

Frequency Analysis in the Cortex

361

(5)

Processing Simple Tones

361

(1)

Processing Complex Sound Stimuli

362

(4)

The Plasticity of Perception: Stimulation Changes in the Auditory Cortex

366

(2)

Brain Scan: Musicians Have Larger Auditory Areas

368

(1)

Across the Senses: Cross-Modality Experience: Bright Tones and Colored Words

368

(2)

Summary Table 10.3

370

(1)

Study Questions

371

(4)

Auditory Localization, Sound Quality, and the Auditory Scene

375

(34)

Auditory Localization: Locating Single Sounds in Space

376

(10)

Information for Azimuth

377

(3)

Information for Elevation

380

(1)

Information for Distance

381

(1)

The Precedence Effect

382

(3)

The Physiological Basis for Localization

385

(1)

Brain Scan: A Motion Area in the Auditory Cortex

386

(4)

Summary Table 11.1

390

(1)

Sound Quality: What a Stimulus Sounds Like

391

(4)

Quality Determined by Characteristics of the Sound Source

391

(1)

Quality Determined by Characteristics of Rooms: Architectural Acoustics

392

(1)

Identifying Environmental Sounds

393

(2)

Auditory Scene Analysis: Identifying Sound Sources

395

(7)

The Problem of Auditory Scene Analysis Principles of Auditory Grouping

396

(6)

Across the Senses and Plasticity: How Vision Can Affect Hearing

402

(3)

Summary Table 11.2

405

(1)

Study Questions

406

(3)

Speech Perception

409

(26)

The Speech Stimulus

410

(3)

Phonemes: Sounds and Meanings

410

(1)

The Acoustic Signal: Patterns of Pressure Changes

411

(2)

Problems Posed by the Speech Stimulus

413

(3)

The Segmentation Problem

413

(1)

The Variability Problem

413

(3)

Stimulus Dimensions of Speech Perception

416

(4)

The Search for Invariant Acoustic Cues: Matching Physical Energy and Phonemes

416

(1)

Categorical Perception: An Example of Constancy in Speech Perception

417

(2)

The Multimodal Nature of Speech Perception: Information from Hearing and Vision

419

(1)

Brain Scan: Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading

420

(1)

Summary Table 12.1

421

(1)

Cognitive Dimensions of Speech Perception

421

(4)

Meaning and Segmentation

422

(1)

Meaning and Phoneme Perception

423

(1)

Meaning and Word Perception

423

(1)

Speaker Characteristics

424

(1)

The Physiology of Speech Perception

425

(2)

Neural Responses to Speech and Complex Sounds

425

(1)

Localization of Function

426

(1)

Is Speech ``Special''?

427

(2)

The Plasticity of Perception: Differences Between American and Japanese Listeners

429

(1)

Across the Senses: Tadoma: ``Hearing'' with Touch

430

(1)

Summary Table 12.2

431

(1)

Study Questions

432

(3)

The Cutaneous Senses

435

(38)

The Skin and Its Receptors

437

(7)

The Skin

437

(1)

Mechanoreceptors in the Skin

437

(6)

Thermoreceptors: The Neural Response to Temperature

443

(1)

Neural Processing for Touch

444

(7)

Mechanoreceptors and the Perception of Details

444

(2)

Processing in the Cortex

446

(5)

Summary Table 13.1

451

(1)

Tactile Object Recognition

451

(5)

Passive Touch and Active Touch

451

(1)

Identifying Objects by Haptic Exploration

452

(1)

The Physiology of Active Touch

453

(3)

The Plasticity of Perception: Plasticity in the Cutaneous System

456

(4)

Summary Table 13.2

460

(1)

Pain Perception: Neural Firing and Cognitive Influences

460

(2)

The Anatomy and Experience of Pain

461

(1)

Cognitive and Experiential Aspects of Pain Perception

462

(2)

Gate Control Theory

464

(1)

Pain Control by Endorphins

465

Brain Scan: Where Is the Unpleasantness of Pain Signaled in the Brain?

462

(5)

Across the Senses: Parallels Between Touch and Vision

467

(1)

Summary Table 13.3

468

(1)

Study Questions

469

(4)

The Chemical Senses

473

(36)

Olfaction: Uses and Facts

475

(3)

The Olfactory System

478

(4)

The Olfactory Mucosa

478

(3)

The Brain

481

(1)

The Neural Code for Odor Molecules

482

(4)

The Response of ORNs

482

(1)

The Response of Glomeruli

483

(1)

The Olfactory Code Is a Pattern

484

(1)

Central Processing of Olfactory Information

485

(1)

Brain Scan: Sniff Responses in the Human Brain

486

(1)

Summary Table 14.1

487

(1)

The Taste System

487

(3)

The Tongue and Transduction

487

(2)

Central Destinations of Taste Signals

489

(1)

Taste Quality

490

(1)

The Four Basic Taste Qualities

490

(1)

The Genetics of Taste Experience

491

(1)

The Neural Code for Taste Quality

491

(4)

Distributed Coding

492

(1)

Specificity Coding

493

(1)

Is Coding Distributed or Specific?

493

(2)

The Perception of Flavor

495

(7)

Flavor = Taste + Olfaction

496

(2)

Changes in Flavor During a Meal

498

(1)

The Physiology of Flavor Perception

499

(3)

The Plasticity of Perception: Learning Smell-Taste Associations

502

(1)

Across the Senses: Seeing a Smell: A Colorometric Electronic Nose

503

(2)

Summary Table 14.2

505

(1)

Study Questions

506

(3)

Perceptual Development

509

(36)

Measuring Infant Perception

510

(3)

Problems in Measuring Infant Perception

510

(1)

Preferential Looking

511

(1)

Habituation

511

(2)

Infant Perceptual Capacities: Vision

513

(15)

Acuity and Contrast

513

(3)

Perceiving Objects

516

(5)

Perceiving Color

521

(2)

Perceiving Depth

523

(3)

Perceiving Movement

526

(2)

Summary Table 15.1

528

(1)

Infant Perceptual Capacities: Hearing and the Chemical Senses

528

(10)

Hearing

529

(2)

Speech Perception

531

(3)

Olfaction and Taste

534

(4)

The Plasticity of Perception: The Development of Myopia

538

(2)

Across the Senses: Intermodal Perception in Infants

540

(2)

Summary Table 15.2

542

(1)

Study Questions

543

(2)

Clinical Aspects of Vision and Hearing

545

(19)

Visual Impairment

546

(1)

How Can Vision Become Impaired?

546

(1)

Focusing Problems

547

(4)

Myopia

547

(1)

Hyperopia

547

(1)

Presbyopia

547

(1)

Astigmatism

547

(4)

Decreased Transmission of Light

551

(3)

What Is Blindness?

551

(1)

Corneal Disease and Injury

552

(1)

Clouding of the Lens (Cataract)

553

(1)

Damage to the Retina

554

(3)

Diabetic Retinopathy

554

(1)

Macular Degeneration

555

(1)

Detached Retina

556

(1)

Hereditary Retinal Degeneration

557

(1)

Optic Nerve Damage: Glaucoma

557

(1)

The Eye Examination

558

(7)

Who Examines Eyes?

559

(1)

What Happens During an Eye Exam?

559

(6)

Summary Table 16.1

565

HEARING IMPAIRMENT

564

(19)

How Can Hearing Become Impaired?

564

(2)

Conductive Hearing Loss

566

(1)

Outer-Ear Disorders

566

(1)

Middle-Ear Disorders

567

(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

567

(2)

Presbycusis

567

(1)

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

567

(1)

Tinnitus

568

(1)

Meniere's Disease

568

(1)

Neural Hearing Loss

569

(1)

The Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation

569

(3)

Who Examines Ears and Evaluates Hearing?

569

(1)

What Happens During an Ear Examination and Hearing Evaluation?

569

(3)

Managing Hearing Loss

572

(5)

The Plasticity of Perception: Decrease in Cortical Function Due to Aging

577

(1)

Across the Senses: Deafness and Visual Attention

578

(1)

Summary Table 16.2

579

(1)

Study Questions

580

(3)

Appendix A: Signal Detection: Procedure and Theory

583

(8)

Is There an Absolute Threshold?

583

(1)

A Signal Detection Experiment

584

(3)

Signal Detection Theory

587

(4)

Signal and Noise

587

(1)

Probability Distributions

587

(1)

The Criterion

588

(1)

The Effect of Sensitivity on the ROC Curve

589

(2)

Appendix B: Determining Spatial Frequencies Using Fourier Analysis

591

(4)

Glossary

595

(26)

References

621

(34)

Author Index

655

(8)

Subject Index

663

(16)

Credits

679

RENT TEXTBOOKS

Sensation and Perception : Media Edition

Why Rent from Knetbooks?

Top 5 reasons to order all your textbooks from Knetbooks:

Related Products