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Research in Education : Evidence-Based Inquiry

ISBN: 9780205455300 | 0205455301
Edition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Pub. Date: 1/1/2010

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SummaryTable of Contents
This substantially revised text, with a new title to emphasize changes, provides a comprehensive, highly accessible, and student friendly introduction to the principles, concepts, and methods currently used in educational research. This text provides a balanced combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and enables students to master skills in reading, understanding, critiquing, and conducting research. the treatment of qualitative research is parallel to that of quantitative research to enable students to better understand all approaches to research, including mixed-method, concept analysis, historical, and secondary analysis, and to be able to apply new federal standards for evaluating research. This text uses extensive examples from different journals, thoughtful pedagogy that includes instructional aids, instructional tests, key terms, application problems, concept maps, criteria for evaluating studies, and a comprehensive website.
Prefacexi
PART I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
1(114)
Introduction to Evidence-Based Inquiry
2(19)
... MORE3(1)
Educational Research in the Twenty-First Century
3(3)
Why Is Educational Research Important?
4(1)
Developing Knowledge to Improve Educational Practices
5(1)
Research as Scientific, Evidence-Based Inquiry
6(6)
Guiding Principles of Scientific, Evidence-Based Inquiry
7(2)
Definition of Research
9(1)
The Characteristics of Educational Research
9(2)
The Research Process
11(1)
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches
12(2)
The Functions of Research: Basic, Applied, Evaluation, and Action
14(1)
Basic Research
14(1)
Applied Research
14(1)
Evaluation Research
15(1)
Action Research
15(1)
Limitations of Educational Research
15(3)
Summary
18(1)
Research Navigator Notes
19(1)
Check Yourself
19(1)
Application Problems
20(1)
Notes
20(1)
Research and Designs and Reading Research Reports
21(29)
Key Terms
22(1)
Research Designs
22(1)
Quantitative Research Designs
23(3)
Experimental Designs
23(1)
Nonexperimental Designs
24(2)
Quantitative Research Designs
26(1)
Interactive Methods
26(1)
Noninteractive Methods
27(1)
Mixed-Method Research Designs
27(2)
Explanatory Designs
28(1)
Exploratory Designs
28(1)
Triangulation Designs
28(1)
Reading and Understanding Research Reports
29(18)
How to Read Quantitative Research: Anatomy of an Experimental Example
29(2)
Guidelines for Evaluating Quantitative Research
31(9)
How to Read Qualitative Research: Anatomy of a Qualitative Example
40(1)
Guidelines for Evaluating Qualitative Research
40(7)
Summary
47(1)
Research Navigator Notes
48(1)
Check Yourself
48(1)
Application Problems
48(1)
Note
49(1)
Research Problems: Statements, Questions, and Hypotheses
50(24)
Key Terms
51(1)
The Nature of Research Problems
51(2)
Sources of Problems
52(1)
Formal Problem Statements
52(1)
Problem Formulation in Quantitative Research
53(7)
The Logic of Constructs, Variables and Operational Definitions
54(2)
Problem Formulation
56(1)
Specific Research Questions and Hypotheses
57(3)
Problem Formulation in Qualitative Research
60(5)
The Logic of Qualitative Field Records, Descriptions, and Abstractions
61(2)
Problem Reformulation
63(1)
Statements of Qualitative Research Purposes and Questions
64(1)
Problem Formulation in Mixed-Method Research
65(2)
The Significance of Problem Selection
67(2)
Standards of Adequacy for Problem Statements
69(2)
Summary
71(1)
Research Navigator Notes
71(1)
Check Yourself
72(1)
Application Problems
72(2)
Literature Review
74(25)
Key Terms
75(1)
Functions of a Review of Related Literature
75(1)
Purposes of a Literature Review
75(1)
Steps in Writing a Review of the Literature
76(1)
Sources for a Literature Review
76(5)
Sources for Secondary Literature
77(2)
Sources for Primary Literature
79(2)
Steps in Conducting an Electronic Search
81(8)
Step 1: Use Secondary Sources to Locate Reviews and Related Literature
82(1)
Step 2: Refine the Research Problem for Key Concepts
83(1)
Step 3: Select and Search Appropriate Journal Indexes and Databases
84(2)
Step 4: Search Primary and/or Secondary Literature
86(2)
Step 5: Analyze Sources and Examine for Relevance
88(1)
Evaluate, Summarize, and Analyze Primary Sources
89(1)
Organizing and Writing a Literature Review
90(3)
Quantitative Reviews of Literature
90(2)
Qualitative Reviews of Literature
92(1)
Meta-Analysis Literature Reviews
93(3)
The Research Process
95(1)
Standards of Adequacy
96(1)
Summary
96(1)
Research Navigator Notes
97(1)
Check Yourself
97(1)
Application Problems
97(1)
Notes
98(1)
Educational Research on the Internet
99(16)
James Glaphery
Key Terms
100(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Internet for Educational Research
100(1)
An Internet Research Strategy
101(5)
Choosing the Right Internet Search Tool
101(3)
Beyond Webpages: Scholarly Communication
104(1)
Known Locations
105(1)
Education Websites
106(4)
Government Websites
106(1)
Institute of Education Sciences
106(2)
Online Journals, Reviews, and Abstracts
108(1)
Statistics
109(1)
Professional Associations
109(1)
Clearinghouses
109(1)
Evaluating and Citing Sources on the Internet
110(1)
Evaluating Internet Resources
110(1)
Citing Internet Resources
111(1)
Putting It All Together: An Internet Search
111(2)
Summary
113(1)
Research Navigator Notes
113(1)
Check Yourself
113(1)
Application Problems
114(1)
PART II QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS
115(198)
Designing Quantitative Research
116(32)
Key Terms
117(1)
The Purpose of Research Design
117(2)
Subjects: Populations and Samples
119(11)
What Is a Population?
119(1)
Probability Sampling
119(6)
Nonprobability Sampling
125(2)
Sample Size
127(3)
Data Collection Techniques
130(3)
Instrument Validity
130(1)
Instrument Reliability
130(1)
Sources for Locating and Evaluating Existing Instruments
131(2)
Developing Instruments
133(1)
Procedures
133(1)
Design Validity
134(8)
Statistical Conclusion Validity
135(1)
Internal Validity
136(4)
Construct Validity
140(1)
External Validity
141(1)
Ethical and Legal Considerations
142(4)
Ethics of Research
142(3)
Legal Constraints
145(1)
Summary
146(1)
Research Navigator Notes
146(1)
Check Yourself
146(1)
Application Problems
147(1)
Note
147(1)
Descriptive Statistics
148(29)
Key Terms
149(1)
Introduction to Descriptive Statistics
149(4)
Types of Statistics
150(1)
Scales of Measurement
151(1)
Types of Descriptive Analysis
152(1)
Graphic Portrayals of Data
153(6)
Frequency Distribution or Count: A Picture of a Group
153(2)
Stem-and-Leaf Displays
155(1)
Histograms and Bar Graphs
155(2)
Frequency Polygons
157(2)
Measures of Central Tendency
159(3)
Mean
159(1)
Median
159(1)
Mode
160(1)
Relationships among Measures of Central Tendency
161(1)
Measures of Variability
162(7)
Range
162(1)
Standard Deviation
163(2)
Box-and-Whisker Plot
165(1)
Standard Scores
166(1)
Outliers
167(2)
Measures of Relationship
169(4)
Scatterplot
169(2)
Bivariate Correlation
171(2)
Summary
173(2)
Research Navigator Notes
175(1)
Check Yourself
175(1)
Application Problems
175(1)
Note
176(1)
Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
177(37)
Key Terms
178(1)
Fundamentals of Quantitative Measurement: Technical Adequacy
178(11)
Validity
179(4)
Reliability
183(6)
Paper-and-Pencil Tests
189(5)
Standardized Tests
189(1)
Norm and Criterion-Referenced Interpretation
190(1)
Aptitude Tests
191(1)
Achievement Tests
191(2)
Alternative Assessments
193(1)
Personality, Attitude, Value, and Interest Inventories
194(1)
Questionnaires
194(9)
Justification
194(1)
Defining Objectives
195(1)
Writing Questions and Statements
195(2)
Types of Items
197(3)
Item Format
200(1)
General Format
201(1)
Pilot Testing
202(1)
Interview Schedules
203(4)
Preparing the Interview
204(1)
During the Interview
205(2)
Observation Schedules
207(3)
Justification
208(1)
Defining Observational Units
208(1)
Recording Observations
208(1)
Training Observers
209(1)
Unobtrusive Measures
210(1)
Summary
210(2)
Research Navigator Notes
212(1)
Check Yourself
212(1)
Application Problems
212(1)
Notes
213(1)
Nonexperimental Research Designs and Surveys
214(38)
Key Terms
215(1)
Simple Descriptive Designs
215(3)
A Word about Relationships in Nonexperimental Research
218(1)
Comparative Designs
219(2)
Correlational Designs
221(12)
Bivariate Correlational Studies
222(2)
Prediction Studies
224(4)
Interpreting Correlational Research
228(5)
Survey Research
233(7)
What Is Survey Research?
233(1)
Conducting Survey Research
234(4)
Internet-Based Surveys
238(2)
Ex Post Facto Designs
240(3)
Characteristics of Ex Post Facto Research
240(1)
Conducting Ex Post Facto Research
241(2)
Standards of Adequacy
243(1)
Summary
244(1)
Research Navigator Notes
245(1)
Check Yourself
245(1)
Application Problems
245(7)
Experimental and Single-Subject Research Designs
252(35)
Key Terms
253(1)
Introduction to Experimental Research
253(5)
Characteristics of Experimental Research
254(1)
Strengths and Limitations of Experimental Research
255(2)
Planning Experimental Research
257(1)
Experimental Validity
258(4)
Statistical Conclusion Validity
258(1)
Internal Validity
258(1)
Construct Validity
259(2)
External Validity
261(1)
Pre-Experimental Designs
262(5)
Notation
262(1)
Single-Group Posttest-Only Design
263(1)
Single-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
264(2)
Nonequivalent Groups Posttest-Only Design
266(1)
Randomized Experimental Designs
267(6)
Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
267(2)
Randomized Pretest-Posttest Comparison Group Design
269(3)
Randomized Posttest-Only Control and Comparison Group Designs
272(1)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
273(5)
Nonequivalent Groups Pretest-Posttest Control and Comparison Group Designs
273(2)
Time-Series Designs
275(3)
Single-Subject Designs
278(4)
A-B Design
279(1)
A-B-A Design
280(1)
Multiple-Baseline Designs
281(1)
Standards of Adequacy
282(1)
Summary
283(1)
Research Navigator Notes
283(1)
Check Yourself
283(1)
Application Problems
284(2)
Note
286(1)
Inferential Statistics
287(26)
Key Terms
288(1)
Logic of Inferential Statistics
288(3)
Probability
288(1)
Error in Sampling and Measurement
289(2)
Null and Alternative Hypotheses
291(1)
Level of Significance
292(2)
Errors in Hypothesis Testing
293(1)
Interpreting Level of Significance
293(1)
Magnitude of Effect
294(3)
Comparing Two Means: The t-Test
297(4)
Comparing Two or More Means: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
301(7)
One-Way Analysis of Variance
301(1)
Post Hoc and Planned Comparison Procedures
302(1)
Factorial Analysis of Variance
303(4)
Analysis of Covariance
307(1)
Nonparametric Tests
308(2)
Multivariate Analyses
310(1)
Summary
311(1)
Research Navigator Notes
312(1)
Check Yourself
312(1)
Application Problems
312(1)
PART III QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS
313(86)
Designing Qualitative Research
314(25)
Key Terms
315(1)
Purposes, Research Questions, and Case Study Design
315(4)
Research Approach and Orientation
315(1)
Purpose and Research Questions
316(1)
Case Study Design
316(1)
Significance and Justification
317(2)
Purposeful Sampling Strategies
319(3)
Site Selection
319(1)
Comprehensive Sampling
319(1)
Maximum Variation Sampling
320(1)
Network Sampling
321(1)
Sampling by Case Type
321(1)
Sample Size
321(1)
Phases of Data Collection and Analysis Strategies
322(2)
Validity of Qualitative Designs
324(3)
Strategies to Enhance Validity
324(3)
Reflexivity in Qualitative Research
327(3)
Interpersonal Subjectivity and Reflexivity
327(1)
Strategies to Enhance Reflexivity
328(2)
Extension of Qualitative Findings
330(3)
Design Components to Generate Extension of Findings
330(3)
Research Ethics: Roles and Reciprocity
333(2)
Ethical Dilemmas in Fieldwork
334(1)
Research Ethics in Fieldwork
334(1)
Standards of Adequacy
335(1)
Summary
336(1)
Research Navigator Notes
337(1)
Check Yourself
337(1)
Application Problems
337(1)
Notes
338(1)
Qualitative Strategies
339(24)
Key Terms
340(1)
Multimethod Strategies
340(1)
Foreshadowed Problems and Reformulations
341(1)
Question Reformulations
341(1)
Focus of Data Collection Strategies
341(1)
Entry into the Field
342(4)
Site Selection and Mapping the Field
342(2)
Selection of Interviewees
344(1)
Research Role
344(2)
Participant Observation
346(4)
Onsite Participant Observation
347(1)
Prolonged Data Collection
347(1)
Intensive Observing and Listening
347(1)
Corroborating Field Observations
348(1)
Salient Field Observations
348(1)
Field Notes and Reflex Records
348(2)
In-Depth Interviews
350(6)
Types of Interviews and Specialized Applications
350(2)
Qualitative Questions, Probes, and Pauses
352(2)
Question Sequence
354(1)
Interview Logistics
355(1)
Interview Records, Transcripts, and Elaborations
355(1)
Documents and Artifact Collection
356(2)
Types of Artifacts
356(2)
Analysis and Interpretation of Artifact Collections
358(1)
Field Observations and Supplementary Techniques
358(2)
Field Observations
359(1)
Supplementary Techniques
359(1)
Standards of Adequacy for Qualitative Strategies
360(1)
Summary
361(1)
Research Navigator Notes
361(1)
Check Yourself
362(1)
Application Problems
362(1)
Notes
362(1)
Qualitative Data Analysis
363(36)
Key Terms
364(1)
Inductive Analysis: An Overview
364(2)
The Process of Inductive Analysis
364(1)
Analytical Styles
365(1)
Interim Analysis
366(1)
Organizing, Coding and Categorizing
367(6)
Organizing the Data
367(3)
Forming Categories
370(2)
Combining Emic and Etic Terms
372(1)
Discovering Patterns
373(4)
Techniques of Pattern Seeking
374(2)
Plausibility of Patterns
376(1)
Electronic Qualitative Data Analysis
377(3)
Creating a Data Storage System
377(1)
Combining Manual and Electronic Data Analysis
378(1)
Using QDA Software Programs
379(1)
Variations in Narrative Structure and Representation
380(16)
Audience and Authorial Presence
381(1)
Framing the Narrative and Presenting the Participants' Language
381(1)
Narrative Structures and Visual Representations
382(14)
Summary
396(1)
Research Navigator Notes
396(1)
Check Yourself
397(1)
Application Problems
397(1)
Notes
398(1)
PART IV EMERGING METHODS OF RESEARCH
399(22)
Mixed-Method Designs, Secondary Data Analysis, and Action Research
400(21)
Key Terms
401(1)
Mixed-Method Designs by Angela L. Snyder
401(5)
Types of Mixed-Method Designs
402(1)
Notation System
402(3)
Conducting Mixed-Method Research
405(1)
Secondary Data Analysis by Kirsten Barrett
406(8)
Defining Secondary Data
406(1)
Reasons for Using Secondary Data
406(1)
Considerations for Using Secondary Data
407(3)
Protecting Human Subjects
410(1)
Myths about Secondary Data
410(2)
Combining Secondary Data with Primary Data Collection
412(1)
Research Articles and Secondary Data
413(1)
Action Research
414(4)
Defining Action Research
414(1)
Conducting and Using Action Research
415(2)
Evaluating Action Research
417(1)
Summary
418(1)
Research Navigator Notes
419(1)
Check Yourself
419(1)
Application Problems
419(1)
Note
420(1)
PART V ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
421(16)
Concept Analysis and Historical Research
422(15)
Key Terms
423(1)
Overview and Purposes of Analytical Research
423(1)
Analysis of Educational Concepts
424(1)
Analysis of Historical Events in Education
425(8)
Topics and Justifications
425(1)
Location and Criticism of Sources
426(5)
Facts, Generalizations, and Analytical Explanations
431(2)
Oral History
433(1)
Credibility Standards for Analytical Research
434(1)
Summary
434(1)
Research Navigator Notes
435(1)
Check Yourself
435(1)
Application Problems
435(1)
Notes
436(1)
PART VI EVALUATION AND POLICY RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS
437(18)
Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis
438(17)
Key Terms
439(1)
Purposes and Definition of Evaluation Research
439(3)
Purposes and Roles of Evaluation
439(1)
Definition and Types of Evaluation
440(1)
Standards for Judging the Quality of Evaluation Research
440(2)
Selected Approaches to Evaluation
442(6)
Objectives-Oriented Evaluation
442(2)
Decision-Oriented Evaluation
444(2)
Participant-Oriented Evaluation
446(2)
Policy Analysis
448(2)
Characteristics of Policy Analysis
448(1)
Methods of Policy Analysis
448(2)
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis: Potential Benefits and Limitations
450(1)
Credibility of Evaluation and Policy Reports
451(1)
Summary
452(1)
Research Navigator Notes
452(1)
Check Yourself
453(1)
Application Problems
453(1)
Notes
454(1)
Answers to Application Problems455(7)
Appendix A Guidelines for Writing Research Proposals462(5)
Appendix B Guidelines for Writing Research Reports467(3)
Appendix C Glossary470(9)
Appendix D Calculations for Selected Descriptive and Inferential Statistics479(18)
References497(4)
Name Index501(6)
Subject Index507

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