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Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

by: Meyer, Jerrold S.; Quenzer, Linda F.

Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

by: Meyer, Jerrold S.; Quenzer, Linda F.

ISBN 13:
9780878935345
ISBN 10:
0878935347
Format: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/18/2004
Publisher: Sinauer Associates is an imprint of Oxford University Press
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Summary

Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst. Textbook discusses how drugs and other substances affect cognitive performance and behavior. Topics include principles of pharmacology, drug abuse, dependence, addiction, opiates, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, marijuana, hallucinogens, and more. Features full-color and halftone images, and graphs.

Preface

xvi

Principles of Pharmacology

(30)

Pharmacology: The Science of Drug Action

(3)

Pharmacokinetic Factors Determining Drug Action

(14)

Methods of drug administration influence the onset of drug action

(4)

Multiple factors modify drug absorption

(2)

Drug distribution is limited by selective barriers

(3)

Depot binding alters the magnitude and duration of drug action

(1)

Biotransformation and elimination of drugs contributes to bioavailability

(4)

Pharmacodynamics: Drug--Receptor Interactions

(6)

Extracellular and intracellular receptors have several common features

(3)

Dose--response curves describe receptor activity

(1)

The therapeutic index calculates drug safety

(1)

Receptor antagonists compete with agonists for binding sites

(2)

Biobehavioral Effects of Chronic Drug Use

Repeated drug exposure can cause tolerance

(3)

Chronic drug use can cause sensitization

Herbal Medicine---Panacea or Hazard?

(3)

Naming Drugs

(14)

Drug Categories

(11)

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

(30)

Cells of the Nervous System

(6)

Neurons have three major external features

(3)

Characteristics of the cell membrane are critical for neuron function

(2)

Glial cells provide vital support for neurons

(1)

Electrical Transmission within a Neuron

(7)

Ion distribution is responsible for the cell's resting potential

(2)

Local potentials are small, transient changes in membrane potential

(1)

Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens voltage-gated Na+ channels, producing an action potential

(1)

Drugs and poisons alter axon conduction

(3)

Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral divisions

(5)

CNS functioning is dependent on structural features

(1)

The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting embryological development

(4)

The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas

Epilepsy

(3)

Finding Your Way in the Nervous System

(14)

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

(26)

Chemical Signaling between Nerve Cells

(1)

Neurotransmitter Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

(7)

Neurotransmitters encompass several different kinds of chemical substances

(1)

Classical transmitters and neuropeptides are synthesized by different mechanisms

(1)

Chemicals that don't act like typical neurotransmitters are sometimes called neuromodulators

(1)

Neurotransmitter release involves the exocytosis and recycling of synaptic vesicles

(3)

Several mechanisms control the rate of neurotransmitter release by nerve cells

(1)

Neurotransmitters are inactivated by reuptake and by enzymatic breakdown

(1)

Neurotransmitter Receptors and Second-Messenger Systems

(6)

There are two major families of neurotransmitter receptors

(3)

Second messengers work by activating specific protein kinases in a cell

(1)

Tyrosine kinase receptors mediate the effects of neurotrophic factors

(2)

Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission

(2)

The Endocrine System

Endocrine glands can secrete multiple hormones

(3)

Mechanisms of hormone action vary

(1)

Why is the endocrine system important to pharmacologists?

Just Say No

(8)

Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Psychostimulants

(4)

Methods of Research in Neurobehavioral Pharmacology

(30)

Techniques in Neuropharmacology

(1)

Multiple Neurobiological Techniques for Assessing the CNS

(15)

Stereotaxic surgery is needed for accurate in vivo measures of brain function

(5)

Neurotransmitters, receptors, and other proteins can be quantified and visually located in the CNS

(5)

New tools are used for imaging the structure and function of the brain

100

(4)

Genetic engineering helps neuroscientists to ask and answer new questions

104

(1)

Techniques in Behavioral Pharmacology

105

(1)

Evaluating Animal Behavior

105

(1)

Animal testing needs to be valid and reliable to produce useful information

107

(1)

A wide variety of behaviors are evaluated by psychopharmacologists

108

(5)

Operant conditioning techniques provide a sensitive measure of drug effects

113

Using the Techniques of Neuropsycho-pharmacology

106

(3)

Drug Development and Testing

109

(10)

Catecholamines

119

(20)

Catecholamine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

120

(4)

Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

120

(1)

Catecholamines are stored in and released from synaptic vesicles

121

(2)

Catecholamine inactivation occurs through a combination of reuptake and metabolism

123

(1)

Organization and Function of the Dopaminergic System

124

(8)

Two important dopaminergic cell groups are found in the midbrain

124

(4)

There are five main subtypes of dopamine receptors organized into D1- and D2-like families

128

(1)

Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists affect locomotor activity and other behavioral functions

129

(3)

Organization and Function of the Noradrenergic System

132

The ascending noradrenergic system originates in the locus coeruleus

132

(2)

The cellular effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine are mediated by α- and β-adrenergic receptors

134

(1)

Adrenergic agonists can stimulate arousal and eating behavior

134

(1)

A number of medications work by stimulating or inhibiting peripheral adrenergic receptors

135

Parkinson's Disease---A ``Radical'' Death of Dopaminergic Neurons?

126

(4)

Using ``Gene Knockout'' Animals to Study the Dopaminergic System

130

(9)

Acetylcholine and Serotonin

139

(24)

Acetylcholine

140

(1)

Acetylcholine Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

140

(4)

Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase

140

(1)

Many different drugs and toxins can alter acetylcholine storage and release

140

(1)

Acetylcholinesterase is responsible for acetylcholine breakdown

141

(3)

Organization and Function of the Cholinergic System

144

(7)

Cholinergic neurons play a key role in the functioning of both the peripheral and central nervous systems

144

(2)

There are two acetylcholine receptor subtypes, nicotinic and muscarinic

146

(5)

Serotonin

151

(1)

Serotonin Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

151

(4)

Serotonin synthesis is regulated by the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and the availability of the serotonin precursor tryptophan

151

(2)

The processes that regulate storage, release, and inactivation are similar for serotonin and the catecholamines

153

(2)

Organization and Function of the Serotonergic System

155

The serotonergic system originates from cell bodies in the brain stem and projects to all forebrain areas

155

(2)

There is a large family of serotonin receptors, most of which are metabotropic

157

Botulinum Toxin---Deadly Poison, Therapeutic Remedy, and Cosmetic Aid

142

(6)

Alzheimer's Disease---A Tale of Two Proteins

148

(8)

Fen--Phen and the Fight against Fat

156

(7)

Glutamate and GABA

163

(22)

Glutamate

164

(1)

Glutamate Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

164

(2)

Neurons generate glutamate from the precursor glutamine

164

(1)

Glutamate is released from vesicles and removed from the synaptic cleft by both neuronal and glial transport systems

164

(2)

Organization and Function of the Glutamatergic System

166

(10)

Glutamate is the neurotransmitter used in many excitatory pathways in the brain

166

(1)

Both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors mediate the synaptic effects of glutamate

167

(2)

NMDA receptors play a key role in learning and memory

169

(4)

High levels of glutamate can be toxic to nerve cells

173

(3)

GABA

176

(1)

GABA Synthesis, Release, and Inactivation

176

(2)

GABA is synthesized by the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase

176

(1)

Specific transporter proteins are used to transport GABA into synaptic vesicles and nerve terminals following release

176

(2)

Organization and Function of the GABAergic System

178

Some GABAergic neurons are interneurons, while others are projection neurons

178

(1)

The actions of GABA are mediated by ionotropic GABAA receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors

178

Role of Glutamate Receptors in Long-Term Potentiation

170

(10)

What Is the Endogenous Ligand for the Benzodiazepine Receptor?

180

(5)

Drug Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction

185

(30)

Introduction to Drug Abuse and Addiction

186

(4)

Drugs of abuse are widely consumed in our society

186

(1)

Drug use in our society has increased and become more heavily regulated over time

186

(4)

Features of Drug Abuse and Dependence

190

(6)

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder

190

(1)

There are two types of progressions in drug use

191

(1)

Which drugs are the most addictive?

192

(4)

Models of Drug Abuse and Dependence

196

(11)

The physical dependence model emphasizes the withdrawal symptoms associated with drug abstinence

196

(2)

The positive reinforcement model is based on the rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs

198

(4)

Two recent approaches to drug addiction are the incentive-sensitization and opponent-process models

202

(2)

The disease model treats addiction as a medical disorder

204

(3)

Toward a Comprehensive Model of Drug Abuse and Dependence

207

Three types of factors are involved in experimental substance use

207

(1)

Different factors are involved in the development and maintenance of compulsive substance use

208

The ``Gateway'' Theory of Drug Use

193

(7)

Drugs of Abuse and the Neural Mechanisms of Reward

200

(15)

Alcohol

215

(30)

Psychopharmacology of Alcohol

216

(15)

Alcohol has a long history of use

216

(1)

What is an alcohol and where does it come from?

217

(1)

The pharmacokinetics of alcohol determine its bioavailability

218

(4)

Chronic alcohol use leads to both tolerance and physical dependence

222

(2)

Alcohol affects many organ systems

224

(7)

Neurochemical Effects of Alcohol

231

(6)

Animal models are vital to alcohol research

231

(1)

Alcohol acts on multiple neurotransmitters

232

(5)

Alcoholism

237

Defining alcoholism and estimating its incidence prove difficult

237

(2)

The causes of alcoholism are multimodal

239

(2)

Multiple treatment options provide hope for rehabilitation

241

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

220

(5)

The Role of Expectation in Alcohol-Enhanced Human Sexual Response

225

(2)

Alcohol and Aggression

227

(18)

The Opiates

245

(30)

Narcotic Analgesics

246

(3)

The opium poppy has a long history of use

246

(1)

Minor differences in molecular structure determine behavioral effects

247

(1)

Bioavailability predicts both physiological and behavioral effects

248

(1)

Opioids have their most important effects on the CNS and on the gastrointestinal tract

248

(1)

Opioid Receptors and Endogenous Neuropeptides

249

(7)

Receptor binding studies identified and localized opioid receptors

249

(1)

Three major opioid receptor subtypes exist

250

(3)

Several families of naturally occurring opioid peptides bind to these receptors

253

(1)

Opiate receptor--mediated cellular changes are inhibitory

254

(2)

Opioids and Pain

256

(4)

The two components of pain have distinct features

256

(2)

Opioids inhibit pain transmission at spinal and supraspinal levels

258

(2)

Opioid Reinforcement, Tolerance, and Dependence

260

(6)

Animal testing shows significant reinforcing properties

260

(1)

Dopaminergic and nondopaminergic components contribute to opioid reinforcement

261

(1)

The consequences of long-term opiate use include tolerance, sensitization, and dependence

262

(2)

Several brain areas contribute to the opioid abstinence syndrome

264

(1)

Neurobiological adaptation and rebound constitute tolerance and withdrawal

264

(1)

Environmental cues have a role in tolerance, drug abuse, and relapse

265

(1)

Treatment Programs for Opiate Addiction

266

Detoxification is the first step in the therapeutic process

269

(1)

Treatment goals and programs rely on pharmacological support and counseling

269

Opiate Bioassay

251

(16)

Role of NMDA Receptors in Tolerance and Dependence

267

(4)

Narcotics Anonymous

271

(4)

Psychomotor Stimulants: Cocaine and the Amphetamines

275

(28)

Cocaine

276

(1)

Background and History

276

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine

277

(2)

Mechanisms of Cocaine Action

279

(1)

Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cocaine

280

(6)

Cocaine stimulates mood and behavior

280

(1)

Cocaine's physiological effects are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system

281

(1)

Dopamine plays a key role in the subjective and behavioral effects of cocaine and other psycho-stimulants

282

(1)

Brain imaging allows researchers to explore the neural mechanisms of psychostimulant action in human subjects

283

(2)

The behavioral and subjective effects of psycho-stimulants involve activation of several DA receptor subtypes

285

(1)

Cocaine Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cocaine Exposure

286

(6)

Experimental cocaine use may escalate over time to a pattern of cocaine abuse and dependence

286

(1)

Chronic psychostimulant exposure can give rise to tolerance or sensitization

286

(2)

Binge cocaine use has been linked to a specific abstinence syndrome

288

(1)

Repeated or high-dose cocaine use can have serious health consequences

288

(1)

Pharmacological, behavioral, and psychosocial methods are used to treat cocaine abuse and dependence

288

(4)

The Amphetamines

292

(1)

Background and History

292

(2)

Basic Pharmacology of Amphetamine

294

(1)

Mechanisms of Amphetamine Action

294

(1)

Behavioral and Neural Effects of Amphetamine

295

(1)

Amphetamine is a psychostimulant that has therapeutic uses

295

(1)

High doses or chronic use of amphetamine or methamphetamine can cause psychotic reactions as well as brain damage

295

(1)

MDMA---The Entactogenic Amphetamine

296

Your Brain on Cocaine

289

(8)

Psychostimulants and ADHD

297

(6)

Nicotine and Caffeine

303

(24)

Nicotine

304

(1)

Background and History

304

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of Nicotine and Its Relationship to Smoking

304

(2)

Mechanisms of Action

306

(1)

Behavioral and Physiological Effects

307

(6)

Nicotine elicits different mood changes in smokers compared to nonsmokers

307

(1)

Nicotine enhances cognitive function

307

(2)

Nicotine's reinforcing effects are mediated by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system

309

(1)

Nicotine produces a wide range of physiological effects

309

(1)

Nicotine is a toxic substance that can be fatal at high doses

310

(1)

Chronic exposure to nicotine induces tolerance and dependence

310

(3)

Cigarette Smoking

313

(6)

How many people smoke, and who are they?

313

(1)

Cigarette smokers progress through a series of stages in their smoking behavior

314

(1)

Why do smokers smoke?

314

(2)

Smoking is a major cause of illness and premature death

316

(1)

Behavioral and pharmacological strategies are used to treat tobacco dependence

317

(2)

Caffeine

319

(1)

Background

319

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of Caffeine

319

(1)

Behavioral and Physiological Effects

320

(1)

Acute subjective and behavioral effects of caffeine depend on dose and prior exposure

320

(1)

Regular caffeine use leads to tolerance and dependence

321

(1)

Mechanisms of Action

321

Why Do Tobacco Plants Make Nicotine?

311

(12)

Is Caffeine a Substance of Abuse?

323

(4)

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

327

(20)

Background and History of Marijuana

328

(1)

Basic Pharmacology of Marijuana

329

(2)

Mechanisms of Action

331

(2)

Cannabinoid effects are mediated by cannabinoid receptors

331

(1)

Endocannabinoids are cannabinoid agonists synthesized by the brain

331

(2)

Acute Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Cannabinoids

333

(7)

Cannabis consumption produces a dose-dependent state of intoxication in humans

333

(4)

Marijuana use can lead to deficits in cognition and psychomotor performance

337

(1)

Animals show a variety of behavioral and physiological responses to cannabinoid administration

337

(1)

Cannabinoids are reinforcing to both humans and animals

338

(2)

Cannabis Abuse and the Effects of Chronic Cannabis Exposure

340

Cannabis use typically begins in adolescence and peaks during young adulthood

340

(1)

Tolerance and dependence can develop from chronic cannabinoid exposure

341

(2)

Chronic cannabis use may lead to adverse behavioral and health effects

343

Therapeutic Uses of Cannabinoids

334

(10)

Does Chronic Cannabis Use Cause Persistent Cognitive Deficits?

344

(3)

Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

347

(18)

Hallucinogenic Drugs

348

(1)

Mescaline

348

(1)

Mescaline is obtained from the peyote cactus

348

(1)

Psilocybin, DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT

348

(2)

``Magic mushrooms'' are the source of psilocybin and other hallucinogens

348

(2)

Other naturally occurring hallucinogens include DMT and 5-MeO-DMT

350

(1)

LSD

350

(2)

LSD is a synthetic compound based on ergot alkaloids

350

(2)

Pharmacology of Hallucinogenic Drugs

352

(6)

Different hallucinogenic drugs vary in potency but have a similar time course of action

352

(1)

Hallucinogens produce a complex set of psychological and physiological responses

352

(1)

Hallucinogenic drugs share a common indoleamine or phenethylamine structure

353

(1)

Hallucinogens are 5-HT2 receptor agonists

354

(2)

What is the neural mechanism by which hallucinations are produced?

356

(1)

Hallucinogenic drugs cause problems for some users

356

(2)

PCP and Ketamine

358

(1)

Background and History

358

(1)

Pharmacology of PCP and Ketamine

358

PCP and ketamine produce a state of dissociation

358

(1)

PCP and ketamine exhibit potent reinforcing effects

359

(1)

PCP and ketamine are noncompetitive antagonists of NMDA receptors

360

(1)

Ketamine is an increasingly popular drug of abuse

360

(2)

PCP and ketamine have provided new insights into the neurochemistry of schizophrenia

362

The Discovery of LSD

351

(10)

Getting High on Cough Syrup

361

(4)

Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

365

(20)

Inhalants

366

(1)

Background

366

(1)

Behavioral and Neural Effects

367

(2)

Many inhalant effects are similar to alcohol intoxication

367

(1)

Rewarding and reinforcing effects have been demonstrated in animals

367

(1)

Inhalants reduce central nervous system (CNS) excitability by acting on specific ionotropic receptors

367

(1)

Significant health risks are associated with inhalant abuse

368

(1)

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate

369

(1)

Background

369

(1)

Behavioral and Neural Effects

370

(5)

GHB is a CNS-depressant and behaviorally sedating drug

370

(2)

Evidence for GHB reinforcement in animal studies has been inconsistent

372

(1)

There are two major hypotheses concerning the mechanism of action of GHB

372

(1)

GHB use and abuse has been growing

373

(2)

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

375

(1)

Background and History

375

(3)

Anabolic steroids are structurally related to testosterone

375

(1)

Anabolic steroids were developed to help build muscle mass and enhance athletic performance

376

(2)

Anabolic steroids are taken in specific patterns and combinations

378

(1)

Pharmacology of Anabolic Steroids

378

The mechanism of action of anabolic steroids is not fully understood

378

(1)

Many adverse side effects are associated with anabolic steroid use

379

(1)

Do anabolic steroids cause dependence?

380

``Date Rape'' Drugs

371

(10)

Anabolic Steroids and ``Roid Rage''

381

(4)

Affective Disorders

385

(26)

Characteristics of Affective Disorders

386

(6)

Major depression damages the quality of life

386

(1)

In bipolar disorder moods alternate from mania to depression

387

(1)

Risk factors for mood disorders are biological and environmental

387

(5)

Animal Models of Depression

392

(2)

Therapies for Affective Disorders

394

(7)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are the oldest antidepressant drugs

395

(2)

Tricyclic antidepressants are highly effective

397

(1)

Second-generation antidepressants have different side effects

398

(1)

Third-generation antidepressants have distinctive mechanisms of action

399

(1)

Electroconvulsive therapy is safe and highly effective

399

(1)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is easy to administer

399

(1)

Drugs for treating bipolar disorder stabilize the highs and the lows

399

(2)

Neurochemical Basis of Mood Disorders

401

(5)

Serotonin dysfunction contributes to mood disorders

402

(3)

Norepinephrine activity is altered by antidepressants

405

(1)

Norepinephrine and serotonin modulate one another

405

(1)

Neurobiological Models of Depression

406

Mood Disorders and Creativity

388

(5)

Sleep Deprivation Therapy

393

(1)

Stress--Diathesis Model of Depression

394

(17)

Anxiety Disorders

411

(30)

Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders

412

(8)

Anxiety is important for survival

412

(1)

Anxiety disorders are different from everyday worry

412

(6)

Animal models of anxiety are useful for drug testing

418

(2)

Drugs for Treating Anxiety

420

(10)

Barbiturates are the oldest sedative hypnotics

421

(2)

Benzodiazepines are highly effective for anxiety reduction

423

(5)

Second-generation anxiolytics produce distinctive clinical effects

428

(1)

Antidepressants relieve anxiety and depression

429

(1)

Neurochemical Basis of Anxiety and Anxiolytics

430

Multiple neurotransmitters mediate anxiety

431

Neurobiological Model of OCD

419

(6)

Treating Insomnia

425

(11)

Early Experience and Stress

436

(5)

Schizophrenia

441

(28)

Characteristics of Schizophrenia

442

(3)

There is no defining cluster of schizophrenic symptoms

442

(3)

Long-term outcome depends on pharmacological treatment

445

(1)

Preclinical Models of Schizophrenia

445

(2)

Classic Neuroleptics and Atypical Antipsychotics

447

(11)

Phenothiazines and butyrophenones are traditional neuroleptics

447

(4)

Dopamine receptor antagonism is responsible for antipsychotic action

451

(2)

Side effects are directly related to neurochemical action

453

(3)

Atypical antipsychotics are distinctive in several ways

456

(2)

Etiology of Schizophrenia

458

(5)

Abnormalities of brain structure and function occur in individuals with schizophrenia

458

(2)

Genetic, environmental, and developmental factors interact

460

(3)

Neurochemical Models of Schizophrenia

463

Abnormal dopamine function contributes to schizophrenic symptoms

463

(2)

The neurodevelopmental model integrates anatomical and neurochemical evidence

465

(2)

Glutamate and other neurotransmitters contribute to symptoms

467

The Functional Neuroanatomy of Hallucinations

443

(5)

Animal Model---Prepulse Inhibition of Startle

448

(16)

The Genain Quadruplets

464

(5)

Glossary

469

(22)

Illustration Credits

491

(2)

References

493

(22)

Author Index

515

(14)

Subject Index

529

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Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

9780878935345

0878935347

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior

9780878935345

0878935347

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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