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Principles of Writing Research Papers (Penguin Academics Series)

by: Lester, James D.; Lester, Jim D.

9780321426109

Principles of Writing Research Papers (Penguin Academics Series)

by: Lester, James D.; Lester, Jim D.

ISBN 13:
9780321426109
ISBN 10:
032142610X
Edition: 2nd
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 01/01/2007
Publisher: Longman
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Summary

The Principles of Writing Research Papersis the ultimate brief research reference. Pocket-sized and inexpensive, this research guide is priced to work as a supplement in any research-oriented course. Clear, step-by-step instructions on all aspects of the research process help students through this sometime intimidating task. Library Research, Web Research, Organizating research, Draft and revision, Plagiarism, Citations. General Interest: Research Writing

Preface

xiii

Finding a Scholarly Topic

1

(15)

Generating Ideas and Focusing the Subject

2

(6)

Relating Your Personal Ideas to a Scholarly Problem

2

(3)

Talking with Others to Find and Refine the Topic

5

(1)

Using Electronic Sources

6

(1)

Using Textbooks and Reference Books

7

(1)

Writing a Thesis, Enthymeme, or Hypothesis

8

(4)

Thesis Statement

9

(1)

Enthymeme

10

(1)

Hypothesis

11

(1)

Checklist

12

(1)

Drafting a Research Proposal

12

(2)

Writing a Short Research Proposal

12

(1)

Writing a Detailed Research Proposal

13

(1)

Establishing a Schedule

14

(2)

Your Research Project

15

(1)

Library Research

16

(21)

Finding Sources with Your Library Access

16

(1)

Using the Library's Book Catalog

17

(2)

Books

17

(1)

Journals

18

(1)

Internet Sites

18

(1)

Reference Books

18

(1)

Archives

19

(1)

Bibliographies

19

(1)

Searching the Library's Electronic Databases

19

(6)

General Databases

20

(2)

Databases by Discipline

22

(3)

Searching the Printed Bibliographies

25

(3)

Searching in General Bibliographies

25

(1)

Searching in the Specialized Bibliographies and Reference Works

26

(2)

Searching the Printed Indexes

28

(2)

Starting with a General Index to Periodicals

28

(1)

Searching Indexes to Topics in the Humanities

29

(1)

Searching Indexes to Topics in the Social Sciences

29

(1)

Searching Indexes to Topics in the Physical Sciences

29

(1)

Searching Indexes to Discipline-Specific Information

30

(1)

Searching Biographies

30

(1)

Searching Newspaper Indexes

31

(1)

Searching the Indexes to Pamphlet Files

32

(1)

Searching Government Documents

33

(1)

Searching for Essays within Books

34

(1)

Building Your Research Journal

34

(3)

Your Research Project

35

(2)

Searching the World Wide Web

37

(16)

Using a Search Engine

37

(2)

Using General Search Engines

37

(2)

Checklist

39

(1)

Using Search Engines Devoted to Academic Disciplines

39

(6)

Humanities

39

(2)

Social Sciences

41

(2)

Sciences

43

(2)

Accessing Online Sources

45

(8)

Internet Home Pages

45

(1)

Internet Articles on the Web

45

(1)

Journal Articles on the Web

46

(1)

Magazine Articles on the Web

46

(1)

News Sources

47

(1)

Books on the Web

48

(1)

E-mail Discussion Groups

49

(1)

Archives

49

(1)

Checklist

50

(2)

Your Research Project

52

(1)

Field Research: Collecting Data Outside the Library

53

(10)

Conducting Research within a Discipline

53

(2)

The Social Scientists

53

(1)

The Physical Scientists

54

(1)

The Applied Scientists

54

(1)

The Humanists

54

(1)

Investigating Local Sources

55

(3)

Interviewing Knowledgeable People

55

(1)

Writing Letters and Corresponding by E-mail

56

(1)

Reading Personal Papers

57

(1)

Attending Lectures and Public Addresses

57

(1)

Investigating Government Documents

57

(1)

Examining Audiovisual Materials, the Internet, and Television

58

(1)

Conducting a Survey with a Questionnaire

59

(1)

Conducting Experiments, Tests, and Observations

60

(3)

Checklist

62

(1)

Your Research Project

62

(1)

Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals

63

(14)

Using the Correct Academic Model (Paradigm)

63

(8)

A General All-Purpose Model

64

(1)

Academic Pattern for the Interpretation of Literature and Other Creative Works

64

(1)

Academic Pattern for the Analysis of History

65

(1)

Academic Pattern for Advancing Philosophical and Religious Ideas

65

(1)

Academic Pattern for the Review of a Performance

66

(1)

Academic Pattern for Advancing Your Ideas and Theories

67

(1)

Academic Pattern for Argument and Persuasion Papers

68

(1)

Academic Model for a Comparative Study

68

(1)

Academic Pattern for Laboratory Investigation or Field Report

69

(1)

Academic Pattern for Scientific Analysis

70

(1)

Academic Pattern for Report of Empirical Research

70

(1)

Using Your Thesis to Control the Outline

71

(2)

Argument

71

(1)

Cause and Effect

72

(1)

Evaluation

72

(1)

Comparison

73

(1)

Writing an Outline

73

(4)

Topic Outline

74

(1)

Sentence Outline

75

(1)

Your Research Project

75

(2)

Finding and Reading the Best Sources

77

(9)

Understanding the Assignment

77

(2)

Primary and Secondary Sources

77

(1)

Guide to Academic Sources

78

(1)

Identifying the Best Source Materials

79

(4)

Scholarly Book

80

(1)

Biography

80

(1)

Scholarly Article

80

(1)

Sponsored Web Site

81

(1)

Interview

81

(1)

Experiment, Test, or Observation

81

(1)

Trade Book

81

(1)

Encyclopedia

82

(1)

Popular Magazine

82

(1)

Newspaper

82

(1)

E-mail Discussion Group

83

(1)

Individual Web Site

83

(1)

Internet Chat Conversations

83

(1)

Evaluating a Source

83

(3)

Relevance

83

(1)

Authority

84

(1)

Accuracy

84

(1)

Currency

84

(1)

Your Research Project

85

(1)

Writing Effective Notes

86

(24)

Honoring the Conventions of Research Style

86

(1)

Checklist

87

(1)

Writing Personal Notes

87

(1)

Writing Direct Quotation Notes

88

(2)

Quoting the Primary Sources

89

(1)

Quoting the Secondary Sources

89

(1)

Writing Paraphrased Notes

90

(1)

Writing Summary Notes

91

(3)

Use the Summary to Review Briefly an Article or Book

92

(1)

Use the Summary to Write an Annotated Bibliography

92

(1)

Use the Summary in a Plot Summary Note

93

(1)

Use the Summary to Create an Abstract

93

(1)

Writing Notes from Field Research

94

(1)

Using Your Notes to Write an Annotated Bibliography

94

(4)

Using Your Notes to Write a Review of the Literature

98

(12)

Your Research Project

109

(1)

Drafting the Paper in an Academic Style

110

(18)

Writing for Your Field of Study

110

(1)

Academic Style in the Humanities

111

(1)

Focusing Your Argument

111

(5)

Persuading, Inquiring, and Negotiating

112

(1)

Maintaining a Focus with Ethical and Logical Appeals

113

(1)

Focusing the Final Thesis Sentence or Hypothesis

113

(2)

Checklist

115

(1)

Designing an Academic Title

116

(1)

Drafting the Paper

117

(4)

Writing with Unity and Coherence

117

(1)

Writing in the Proper Tense

117

(1)

Using the Language of the Discipline

118

(1)

Using Source Materials to Enhance Your Writing

118

(1)

Writing in the Third Person

118

(1)

Writing with the Passive Voice in an Appropriate Manner

119

(1)

Placing Graphics Effectively in a Research Essay

119

(1)

Avoiding Sexist and Biased Language

119

(2)

Creating an Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

121

(4)

Writing the Introduction

121

(1)

Writing the Body of the Research Paper

122

(2)

Writing the Conclusion of the Paper

124

(1)

Revising the Rough Draft

125

(3)

Editing Before Printing the Final Manuscript

125

(1)

Using the Computer to Edit Your Text

126

(1)

Participating in Peer Review

126

(1)

Checklist

126

(1)

Proofreading

127

(1)

Checklist

127

(1)

Your Research Project

127

(1)

Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism

128

(11)

Using Sources to Enhance Your Credibility

128

(1)

Identifying Bias in a Source

129

(1)

Honoring Property Rights

130

(1)

Avoiding Plagiarism

131

(6)

Checklist

132

(1)

Common Knowledge Exceptions

132

(1)

Borrowing from a Source Correctly

133

(3)

Checklist

136

(1)

Seeking Permission to Publish Material on Your Web Site

137

(2)

Your Research Project

138

(1)

Blending Reference Material into Your Writing

139

(43)

Blending Reference Citations into Your Text

139

(2)

Making a General Reference without a Page Number

139

(1)

Beginning with the Author and Ending with a Page Number

140

(1)

Putting the Page Number Immediately after the Name

140

(1)

Putting the Name and Page Number at the End of the Borrowed Material

140

(1)

Citing the Source Where No Author Is Listed

141

(1)

Citing the Title of a Magazine Article

141

(1)

Citing the Title of a Report

142

(1)

Citing the Name of a Publisher or a Corporate Body

142

(1)

Citing Nonprint Sources That Have No Page Number

142

(1)

Citing Internet Sources

143

(3)

Identifying the Source with Name or Title

143

(1)

Identifying the Nature of the Information and Its Credibility

143

(1)

Omitting Page and Paragraph Numbers to Internet Citations

144

(1)

Checklist

145

(1)

Citing Indirect Sources

146

(1)

Citing Frequent Page References to the Same Work

147

(1)

Citing Material from Textbooks and Large Anthologies

148

(1)

Adding Extra Information to In-text Citations

149

(3)

One of Several Volumes

150

(1)

Two or More Works by the Same Writer

150

(1)

Several Authors in One Citation

151

(1)

Additional Information with the Page Number

151

(1)

Punctuating Citations Properly and with Consistency

152

(3)

Commas and Periods

152

(1)

Semicolons and Semicolons

153

(1)

Question Marks and Exclamation Marks

154

(1)

Single Quotation Marks

155

(1)

Indenting Long Quotations

155

(2)

Citing Poetry

157

(3)

Quoting Two Lines of Poetry or Less

157

(1)

Quoting Three Lines of Poetry or More

158

(1)

Indenting Turnovers for Long Lines of Poetry

158

(1)

Retaining Internal Quotations within a Block

159

(1)

Providing Translations

159

(1)

Handling Quotations from a Play

160

(1)

Altering Initial Capitals in Some Quoted Matter

160

(1)

Omitting Quoted Matter with Ellipsis Points

161

(3)

Context

161

(1)

Correctness

161

(1)

Omission within a Sentence

161

(1)

Omission at the End of a Sentence

162

(1)

Omission at the Beginning of a Sentence

162

(1)

Omission of Complete Sentences and Paragraphs

162

(1)

Omissions in Poetry

163

(1)

Avoid Excessive Use of Ellipsis Points

163

(1)

Ellipsis in the Original

164

(1)

Altering Quotations with Parentheses and Brackets

164

(2)

Parentheses

165

(1)

Brackets

165

(1)

Use Brackets to Clarify

165

(1)

Use Brackets to Establish Correct Grammar within an Abridged Quotation

165

(1)

Use Brackets to Note the Addition of Underlining

165

(1)

Use Brackets to Substitute a Proper Name for a Pronoun

166

(1)

Use Brackets with Sic to Indicate Errors in the Original

166

(1)

Use Brackets with Ellipsis Points

166

(1)

Formatting the Paper in MLA Style

166

(2)

Title Page or Opening Page

166

(1)

Outline

167

(1)

The Text of the Paper

167

(1)

Content Endnotes Page

167

(1)

Appendix

168

(1)

Works Cited

168

(1)

Writing a Literary Paper in MLA Style

168

(14)

Your Research Project

181

(1)

Works Cited: MLA Style

182

(57)

Formatting the Works Cited Page

183

(2)

Bibliography Form---Books

185

(18)

Bibliography Form---Periodicals

203

(7)

Bibliography Form---Newspapers

210

(2)

Bibliography Form---Government Documents

212

(2)

Electronic Sources

214

(11)

Citing Sources Found on CD-ROM

225

(3)

Other Electronic Sources

228

(1)

Bibliography Form---Other Sources

229

(10)

Preparing Electronic Research Projects

239

(7)

Using Word Processing to Create Electronic Documents

240

(1)

Building a Slide Show

241

(1)

Creating Pages with Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

242

(2)

Using a Web Page Editor to Create Web Pages

242

(1)

Citing Your Sources in a Web Research Paper

243

(1)

Using Graphics in Your Electronic Research Paper

244

(1)

Creating Your Own Digital Graphics

244

(1)

Delivering Your Electronic Research Paper to Readers

245

(1)

Checklist

245

(1)

Appendix: Glossary of MLA Manuscript Style

246

(9)

Credits

255

(2)

Index

257

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