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Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

by: Edwards, III, George C.; Wayne, Stephen J.

Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

by: Edwards, III, George C.; Wayne, Stephen J.

ISBN 13:
9780534604028
ISBN 10:
0534604021
Edition: 7th
Format: Paperback
Copyright: 07/20/2005
Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Presidential Leadership: An Introduction. 2. The Nomination Process. 3. The Presidential Election. 4. The President and the Public. 5. The President and the Media. 6. The President's Office. 7. Presidential Decision Making. 8. The Psychological Presidency. 9. The President and the Executive Branch. 10. The President and Congress. 11. The President and the Judiciary. 12. Domestic Policy Making. 13. Budgetary and Economic Policy Making. 14. Foreign and Defense Policy Making. 15 The Unilateral Presidency. Appendix A: Methods for Studying the Presidency. Appendix B: Non-electoral Succession, Removal and Tenure. Appendix C: Provisions of the Constitution of the United States That Relate to the Presidency. Appendix D: 2004 Electoral and Popular Vote Summary.

PREFACE

xvi

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

xix

1 PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP: AN INTRODUCTION

(27)

The Original Presidency

(4)

The Creation of the Institution

(2)

The Scope of Article II

(2)

The Evolution of the Presidency

(5)

Policy-Making Roles

(1)

Organizational Structure

(2)

Public Dimensions

(2)

Problems of Contemporary Leadership

(2)

Approaches to Studying the Presidency

(6)

Legal

(1)

Institutional

(1)

Political Power

(1)

Psychological

(1)

Summary

(1)

Orientation and Organization of This Book

(5)

Thinking about Leadership: Two Perspectives

(3)

Conceptual Focus

(1)

A Preview

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Notes

(3)

2 THE NOMINATION PROCESS

(31)

The Evolution of the System

(2)

Changes in the Political Arena

(11)

Party Reforms

(3)

Campaign Finance

(4)

Public Relations

(4)

The Quest for the Nomination: A Strategic Game Plan

(4)

Non-Front-Runners

(1)

Pulpit Candidates

(1)

Front-Runners

(3)

The Noncompetitive Phase of the Nomination Process

(8)

Launching the Presidential Campaign: The National Conventions

(5)

Characteristics of the Nominees

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Exercises

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Notes

(3)

3 THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

(41)

The Strategic Environment

(13)

The Electoral College

(5)

The Polity

(5)

Financial Considerations

(1)

News Coverage

(2)

The Presidential Campaign

(11)

Creating an Organization

(3)

Designing an Image

(1)

Projecting a Partisan Appeal

(1)

Building a Winning Coalition

(2)

Media Tactics

(3)

The Meaning of the Election

(10)

Predictions and Polls

(2)

Analyzing the Results

(6)

Assessing the Mandate

(1)

Converting the Electoral Coalition for Governance

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Discussion Questions

(1)

Web Exercises

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Notes

(4)

4 THE PRESIDENT AND THE PUBLIC

100

(54)

Understanding Public Opinion

101

(5)

Americans' Opinions

101

(1)

Public Opinion Polls

102

(2)

Presidential Election Results

104

(1)

Mail from the Public

105

(1)

Acting Contrary to Public Opinion

105

(1)

Public Expectations of the President

106

(6)

High Expectations

107

(3)

Contradictory Expectations

110

(2)

Public Approval of the President

112

(11)

Levels of Approval

113

(1)

Party Identification

114

(1)

Positivity Bias

114

(2)

The Persistence of Approval

116

(1)

Long-Term Decline

117

(1)

Personality or Policy?

118

(1)

Personal Characteristics

119

(1)

Issues

120

(2)

Rally Events

122

(1)

Leading the Public

123

(23)

Direct Opinion Leadership

124

(4)

Framing Issues

128

(2)

The Use of Symbols

130

(4)

Public Relations

134

(4)

Success of Opinion Leadership

138

(4)

Information Control

142

(4)

Conclusion

146

(1)

Discussion Questions

147

(1)

Web Exercises

147

(1)

Selected Readings

147

(1)

Notes

148

(6)

5 THE PRESIDENT AND THE MEDIA

154

(39)

The Evolution of Media Coverage

155

(1)

Relations between the President and the Press

156

(12)

The White House Press Corps

157

(1)

The Presidential Press Operation

157

(2)

The Presidential Press Conference

159

(3)

Services for the Press

162

(4)

Managing the News

166

(2)

Press Coverage of the President

168

(10)

Leaks

168

(3)

Superficiality

171

(3)

Bias

174

(4)

Media Effects

178

(7)

Setting the Public's Agenda

178

(1)

Media Framing and Priming

179

(2)

Public Knowledge

181

(1)

Limiting the President's Options

182

(1)

Undermining the President

183

(1)

Limits on Media Effects

184

(1)

Conclusion

185

(1)

Discussion Questions

186

(1)

Web Exercises

186

(1)

Selected Readings

187

(1)

Notes

187

(6)

6 THE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE

193

(30)

Organizing Executive Advice

194

(10)

The Evolution of the Cabinet

194

(4)

The Creation of a Presidential Bureaucracy

198

(3)

Consequences of Structural Change

201

(3)

Providing a Presidential Staffing System

204

(14)

The Early Years

204

(1)

The Personalized White House, 1939 to 1960

204

(1)

The Institutionalized White House, 1960 to the Present

205

(6)

Trends in White House Staffing

211

(1)

The Growth of the Vice Presidency

212

(4)

The President's Spouse

216

(2)

Conclusion

218

(1)

Discussion Questions

219

(1)

Web Exercises

219

(1)

Selected Readings

220

(1)

Notes

220

(3)

7 PRESIDENTIAL DECISION MAKING

223

(31)

Previous Commitments

224

(1)

Time Constraints

225

(1)

Organization and Style of Decision Making

226

(7)

White House Organization

226

(2)

The Form of Advice

228

(2)

Multiple Advocacy

230

(1)

Presidential Involvement

231

(2)

Relationships with Advisers

233

(6)

Disagreeing with the President

234

(1)

Discouraging Advice

235

(1)

Groupthink

236

(1)

Staff Rivalries

237

(1)

Loss of Perspective

237

(1)

Role Conceptions

238

(1)

Bureaucratic Politics and Decision Making

239

(11)

Organizational Parochialism

239

(2)

Maintaining the Organization

241

(2)

Organizational and Personal Influence

243

(2)

Bureaucratic Structure

245

(5)

Conclusion

250

(1)

Discussion Questions

250

(1)

Web Exercises

251

(1)

Selected Readings

251

(1)

Notes

252

(2)

8 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PRESIDENCY

254

(32)

Qualifications for Office

255

(1)

Social and Political Background

256

(2)

Physical Attributes and General Health

258

(2)

Psychological Orientation

260

(8)

Cognitive Dimensions

268

(7)

Impact of Worldviews

268

(3)

Managing Inconsistency

271

(4)

Presidential Style

275

(3)

White House Staff Relationships

278

(2)

Conclusion

280

(1)

Discussion Questions

281

(1)

Web Exercises

282

(1)

Selected Readings

282

(1)

Notes

283

(3)

9 THE PRESIDENT AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

286

(44)

Lack of Attention to Implementation

288

(1)

Communication of Presidential Decisions

289

(6)

Transmission

290

(3)

Clarity

293

(2)

Consistency

295

(1)

Resources

295

(8)

Money

295

(1)

Staff

296

(3)

Authority

299

(3)

Facilities and Equipment

302

(1)

Dispositions

303

(11)

White House Distrust

303

(2)

Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the President

305

(2)

Staffing the Bureaucracy

307

(6)

Limiting Discretion

313

(1)

The Bureaucratic Structure

314

(5)

Standard Operating Procedures

314

(2)

Fragmentation

316

(3)

Follow-Up

319

(4)

Conclusion

323

(1)

Discussion Questions

323

(1)

Web Exercises

323

(1)

Selected Readings

324

(1)

Notes

325

(5)

10 THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS

330

(48)

Formal Legislative Powers

331

(1)

Sources of Conflict between the Executive and Legislative Branches

332

(4)

Constituencies

333

(1)

Internal Structures

333

(2)

Information and Expertise

335

(1)

Time Perspectives

335

(1)

Agenda Setting

336

(1)

Party Leadership

336

(12)

Party Support of the President

337

(2)

Leading the Party

339

(9)

Public Support

348

(3)

Public Approval

348

(2)

Mandates

350

(1)

Evaluating Strategic Position

351

(2)

Presidential Legislative Skills

353

(14)

Congressional Liaison

353

(3)

Personal Appeals

356

(1)

Bargaining

357

(2)

Services and Amenities

359

(1)

Pressure

360

(1)

Consultation

361

(1)

Setting Priorities

362

(2)

Moving Quickly

364

(1)

Structuring Choice

364

(1)

The Context of Influence

365

(2)

The Impact of Legislative Skills

367

(1)

The Veto

367

(5)

Conclusion

372

(1)

Discussion Questions

373

(1)

Web Exercises

374

(1)

Selected Readings

374

(1)

Notes

375

(3)

11 THE PRESIDENT AND THE JUDICIARY

378

(31)

Judicial Selection

379

(12)

Selection of Lower-Court Judges

379

(3)

Backgrounds of Lower-Court Judges

382

(3)

Selection of Supreme Court Justices

385

(4)

Characteristics of Justices

389

(2)

President-Supreme Court Relations

391

(5)

Molding the Court

391

(2)

Arguments in the Courts

393

(1)

Enforcing Court Decisions

394

(1)

Other Relationships

395

(1)

Complying with the Court

396

(6)

Presidential Compliance

396

(4)

Deference to the President

400

(2)

Judicial Powers

402

(1)

Conclusion

403

(1)

Discussion Questions

404

(1)

Web Exercises

404

(1)

Selected Readings

405

(1)

Notes

405

(4)

12 DOMESTIC POLICY MAKING

409

(33)

The Development of a Policy-Making Role

410

(4)

Institutionalizing Presidential Initiatives

411

(1)

Changing Policy Environment

412

(2)

The Office of Management and Budget and the Executive Branch

414

(7)

Exercising Central Clearance

414

(1)

Issuing Statements of Administration Policy

415

(1)

Coordinating Executive Branch Advice

416

(1)

Reviewing Agency Regulations

416

(2)

Overseeing Executive Orders

418

(1)

Decision Making in and by the OMB

419

(2)

The Evolution of White House Policy Making

421

(5)

Structural Orientation

424

(1)

Stylistic Differences

425

(1)

Strategies for Policy Making

426

(9)

Accommodating External Forces

426

(3)

Building a Policy Agenda

429

(6)

Conclusion

435

(3)

Discussion Questions

438

(1)

Web Exercises

439

(1)

Selected Readings

439

(1)

Notes

440

(2)

13 BUDGETARY AND ECONOMIC POLICY MAKING

442

(33)

The Federal Budget

443

(5)

The Battle of the Budget: President Versus Congress

448

(3)

The Budget Makers

451

(9)

The President

451

(1)

The Office of Management and Budget

452

(3)

The Executive Departments and Agencies

455

(1)

The Congress

456

(4)

Presidential Leadership and the Budget

460

(1)

Domestic Economic Policy Making

461

(3)

Foreign Economic Policy Making

464

(1)

Economic Policy Makers

465

(3)

The Department of the Treasury

465

(1)

The Federal Reserve Board

465

(1)

The Council of Economic Advisers

466

(1)

The Office of Management and Budget

467

(1)

International Economic Advisers

467

(1)

The Coordination of Economic Advice

468

(1)

The Politics of Economic Policy Making

468

(2)

Conclusion

470

(1)

Discussion Questions

471

(1)

Web Exercises

472

(1)

Selected Readings

472

(1)

Notes

473

(2)

14 FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY MAKING

475

(24)

Constitutional and Statutory Authority

476

(9)

The Original Design

476

(1)

The Exercise of Powers

477

(8)

The Expansion of a Policy-Making Role

485

(3)

Incentives for Presidential Leadership

485

(1)

Policy Goals and Presidential Success: The Two Presidencies Thesis

486

(2)

The Development of an Advisory System

488

(5)

The Executive Departments

488

(1)

The National Security Council

489

(3)

The Special Assistant for National Security Affairs

492

(1)

Assessing the Advisory System

493

(1)

Conclusion

493

(2)

Discussion Questions

495

(1)

Web Exercises

495

(1)

Selected Readings

496

(1)

Notes

496

(3)

15 THE UNILATERAL PRESIDENCY

499

(19)

Executive Orders and Proclamations

500

(3)

Executive Agreements and Foreign Policy Doctrines

503

(2)

Command Authority: The President's War Powers

505

(5)

Historical Precedents

505

(1)

Congressional Acquiescence

506

(1)

Checks and Balances Restored

507

(3)

Legislative Veto

510

(2)

Judicial Pardons

512

(1)

Conclusion

512

(2)

Discussion Questions

514

(1)

Web Exercises

515

(1)

Selected Readings

515

(1)

Notes

516

(2)

APPENDIX A: METHODS OF STUDYING THE PRESIDENCY

518

(10)

APPENDIX B: NONELECTORAL SUCCESSION, REMOVAL, AND TENURE

528

(5)

APPENDIX C: PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES THAT RELATE TO THE PRESIDENCY

533

(10)

APPENDIX D: 2004 ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTE SUMMARY

543

(2)

INDEX

545

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

9780534604028

0534604021

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

Presidential Leadership Politics and Policy Making

9780534604028

0534604021

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Write a Review

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