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Nutrition : Concepts and Controversies

ISBN: 9780534578398 | 053457839X
Edition: 9th
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Thomson Learning
Pub. Date: 7/1/2002

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SummaryTable of Contents
Undergraduate textbook provides complete information on nutrition, knowledge to decide between truthful and fictional nutrition, and how to apply good nutrition. Full-color text offers margin notes, self-checks, activities, and much more. For nutrition students. Previous edition: c1999. Softcover.
Food Choices and Human Health
1(28)
A Lifetime of Nourishment
2(2)
How Powerful Is a Nutritious Diet in Preventing Disea... MORE
3(1)
Genetics and Individuality
3(1)
Lifestyle Choices
4(1)
The Human Body and Its Food
4(3)
The Nutrients in Foods
4(1)
Can I Forgo Food and Live Just on Supplements?
5(2)
The Challenge of Choosing Foods
7(4)
The Variety of Foods to Choose From
7(1)
How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?
7(3)
Why People Choose Foods
10(1)
Dietary Guidelines and Nutrition Objectives
11(3)
Dietary Guidelines
12(1)
Think Fitness Why Be Physically Active?
13(1)
Healthy People 2010: Nutrition Objectives for the Nation
14(1)
The Science of Nutrition
14(5)
If the Scientists Don't Know, How Can I?
14(2)
Scientific Challenge
16(1)
Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?
17(1)
Consumer Corner Reading Nutrition News with an Educated Eye
18(1)
Conclusion
19(10)
Food Feature How Can I Get Enough Nutrients without Consuming Too Many Calories?
20(2)
Do It! Analyze Nutrition News
22(1)
Self Check
23(1)
Nutrition on the Net
23(1)
Controversy 1 Sorting the Impostors from the Real Nutrition Experts
24(5)
Nutrition Tools---Standards and Guidelines
29(38)
Nutrient Recommendations
30(5)
Goals of the DRI Committee
30(2)
Understanding the DRI Intake Recommendations
32(1)
How the Committee Establishes DRI Values---An RDA Example
33(1)
Why Are Daily Values Used on Labels?
34(1)
Other Nutrient Standards
35(1)
Think Fitness Recommendations for Daily Physical Activity
35(1)
Diet Planning with the Daily Food Guide and the Food Guide Pyramid
35(32)
The Daily Food Guide
35(3)
How Can the Food Guide Pyramid Help Me to Eat Well?
38(1)
A Note about Exchange Systems
39(3)
How Many Servings Do I Need Each Day?
42(1)
Serving Sizes versus Helpings
42(3)
Consumer Corner Checking Out Food Labels
45(5)
Food Feature Getting a Feel for the Nutrients in Foods
50(3)
Do It! Score Your Diet With the Food Guide Pyramid
53(4)
Self Check
57(1)
Nutrition on the Net
57(1)
Controversy 2 Phytochemicals and Functional Foods: What Do They Promise? What Do They Deliver?
58(9)
The Remarkable Body
67(32)
The Body's Cells
68(1)
The Body Fluids and the Cardiovascular System
69(3)
The Hormonal and Nervous Systems
72(2)
What Do Hormones Have to Do with Nutrition?
72(1)
How Does the Nervous System Interact with Nutrition?
73(1)
The Immune System
74(1)
The Digestive System
75(12)
Why Do People Like Sugar, Fat, and Salt?
75(1)
The Digestive Tract
76(1)
The Mechanical Aspect of Digestion
77(3)
The Chemical Aspect of Digestion
80(1)
If ``I Am What I Eat,'' Then How Does a Sandwich Become ``Me''?
81(2)
Absorption and Transportation of Nutrients
83(2)
A Letter from Your Digestive Tract
85(2)
The Excretory System
87(1)
Storage Systems
87(1)
When I Eat More Than My Body Needs, What Happens to the Extra Nutrients?
87(1)
Variations in Nutrient Stores
88(1)
Conclusion
88(11)
Self Check
89(1)
Nutrition on the Net
89(1)
Controversy 3 Alcohol and Nutrition: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
90(9)
The Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber
99(38)
A Close Look at Carbohydrates
100(4)
Sugars
100(2)
Starch
102(1)
Glycogen
103(1)
Fiber
103(1)
The Need for Carbohydrates
104(3)
If I Want to Lose Weight, Should I Avoid Carbohydrates?
104(1)
How Does Fiber in Food Affect My Health, and How Much Do I Need to Stay Healthy?
104(3)
Can My Diet Have Too Much Fiber?
107(1)
From Carbohydrates to Glucose
107(1)
Consumer Corner: Refined, Enriched, and Whole-Grain Bread
108(3)
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate
111(3)
Why Do Some People Have Trouble Digesting Milk?
113(1)
The Body's Use of Glucose
114(3)
Splitting Glucose for Energy
114(1)
Storing Glucose as Glycogen
114(1)
Returning Glucose to the Blood
115(1)
Converting Glucose to Fat
116(1)
Think Fitness What Can I Eat to Make Workouts Easier?
116(1)
Diabetes and Hypoglycemia
117(20)
What Is Diabetes?
117(2)
If I Feel Dizzy Between Meals, Do I Have Hypoglycemia?
119(2)
Food Feature Finding the Carbohydrates in Foods
121(4)
Do It! Investigate Your Fiber Intake
125(3)
Self Check
128(1)
Nutrition on the Net
128(1)
Controversy 4 Sugar and Alternative Sweeteners: Are They Bad for You?
129(8)
The Lipids: Fats, Oils, Phospholipids, and Sterols
137(40)
Introducing the Lipids
138(2)
Usefulness of Fats in the Body
138(1)
Usefulness of Fats in Food
139(1)
A Close Look at Fats
140(4)
Triglycerides: Fatty Acids and Glycerol
140(1)
Saturated versus Unsaturated Fatty Acids
141(2)
Other Members of the Lipid Family
143(1)
Lipids in the Body
144(10)
Digestion of Fats
144(1)
If Fat Floats, How Does It Travel around the Body in the Watery Blood?
145(2)
How Can I Use My Stored Fat for Energy?
147(1)
What, Exactly, Do Fat and Cholesterol Have to Do with Health?
148(3)
What Is the Significance of LDL and HDL in Blood?
151(1)
Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
152(2)
The Effects of Processing on Unsaturated Fats
154(3)
What Is ``Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil,'' and What's It Doing in My Chocolate Chip Cookies?
155(1)
What Are Trans-Fatty Acids, and Are They Harmful?
156(1)
Fat in the Diet
157(20)
Added Fats
157(1)
Consumer Corner Fat Replacers
158(3)
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts
161(1)
Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese
162(1)
Bread, Cereal, Rice, and Pasta
162(3)
Food Feature Defensive Dining
165(3)
Do It! Read about Fats on Food Labels
168(3)
Self Check
171(1)
Nutrition on the Net
171(1)
Controversy 5 The Mediterranean Diet: Does It Hold the Secret for a Healthy Heart?
172(5)
The Proteins and Amino Acids
177(34)
The Structure of Proteins
178(5)
Amino Acids
178(1)
How Do Amino Acids Build Proteins?
179(1)
The Variety of Proteins
180(1)
Denaturation of Proteins
181(2)
Think Fitness Can Eating Extra Protein Make Muscles Grow Larger?
183(1)
Digestion and Absorption of Protein
183(2)
Protein Digestion
183(1)
After Protein Is Digested, What Happens to Amino Acids?
184(1)
The Roles of Proteins in the Body
185(7)
Supporting Growth and Maintenance
185(1)
Building Enzymes, Hormones, and Other Compounds
185(1)
Building Antibodies
186(1)
Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
187(1)
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance
187(1)
Providing Energy
188(1)
The Fate of an Amino Acid
189(1)
Consumer Corner Protein and Amino Acid Supplements
190(2)
Food Proteins: Quality, Use, and Need
192(4)
Which Kinds of Protein-Rich Foods Are Easiest to Digest and Use?
192(1)
Protein Quality
192(2)
Measuring Protein Quality
194(1)
How Much Protein Do People Really Need?
194(2)
Protein Deficiency and Excess
196(15)
What Happens When People Consume Too Little Protein?
196(2)
Is It Possible to Consume Too Much Protein?
198(2)
Food Feature Getting Enough, But Not Too Much Protein
200(2)
Do It! Add Up the Protein in a Day's Meals
202(2)
Self Check
204(1)
Nutrition on the Net
204(1)
Controversy 6 Vegetarians versus Meat Eaters: Whose Diet Is Best?
205(6)
The Vitamins
211(54)
Definition and Classification of Vitamins
212(1)
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
213(11)
Vitamin A
213(5)
Vitamin D
218(3)
Vitamin E
221(2)
Vitamin K
223(1)
The Water-Soluble Vitamins
224(16)
Think Fitness Vitamins for Athletes
225(1)
The B Vitamins
225(1)
B Vitamin Roles in Metabolism
225(2)
B Vitamin Deficiencies
227(1)
The B Vitamins as Individuals
227(8)
Non-B Vitamins
235(1)
Vitamin C
236(3)
Consumer Corner Vitamin C and the Common Cold
239(1)
Vitamin Supplements
240(25)
Do I Need to Take a Vitamin Supplement?
240(1)
Which Supplement Doses May Be Helpful, and Which Should I Avoid?
240(2)
Supplements Must Be Safe, or the Government Would Not Allow Their Sales, Right?
242(1)
Selection of a Multinutrient Supplement
242(8)
Food Feature Choosing Foods Rich in Vitamins
250(4)
Do It! Find the Vitamins on a Menu
254(2)
Self Check
256(1)
Nutrition on the Net
256(1)
Controversy 7 Dietary Antioxidants: Best from Food of from Pills?
257(8)
Water and Minerals
265(46)
Water
267(7)
Why Is Water the Most Indispensable Nutrient?
267(1)
The Body's Water Balance
268(1)
Quenching Thirst and Balancing Losses
269(1)
How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?
269(1)
Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health than Others
270(1)
Consumer Corner Which Type of Water Is Safest?
271(3)
Body Fluids and Minerals
274(1)
The Major Minerals
275(10)
Calcium
275(2)
Phosphorus
277(1)
Magnesium
278(2)
Sodium
280(4)
Potassium
284(1)
Chloride
285(1)
Sulfur
285(1)
The Trace Minerals
285(26)
Iodine
285(1)
Iron
286(1)
Think Fitness Exercise Deficiency Fatigue
287(4)
Zinc
291(2)
Selenium
293(1)
Fluoride
293(1)
Chromium
294(1)
Copper
294(1)
Other Trace Minerals and Some Candidates
295(3)
Food Feature Meeting the Need for Calcium
298(3)
Do It! Find the Minerals in Snack Foods
301(2)
Self Check
303(1)
Nutrition on the Net
303(1)
Controversy 8 Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks?
304(7)
Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight
311(48)
The Problems of too Little or too Much Body Fat
312(3)
What Are the Risks from Underweight?
312(1)
How Fat Is Too Fat?
312(3)
The Body's Energy Balance
315(3)
Energy In
315(1)
Energy Out
315(2)
How Many Calories Do I Need Each Day?
317(1)
Body Weight versus Body Fatness
318(3)
Body Mass Index
318(1)
Estimating Body Fatness
319(2)
How Much Body Fat is Ideal?
321(1)
The Mystery of Obesity
321(10)
Why Did I Eat That?
321(3)
Inside-the-Body Causes of Obesity
324(2)
Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity
326(2)
Consumer Corner Choices in an Obesity-Prone Society
328(2)
Think Fitness Activity for a Healthy Body Weight
330(1)
How the Body Loses and Gains Weight
331(5)
Moderate Weight Loss versus Rapid Weight Loss
332(3)
Weight Gain
335(1)
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight
336(23)
Drugs and Surgery
340(5)
Food Feature Behavior Modification for Weight Control
345(2)
Do It! Control the Calories in a Day's Meals
347(3)
Self Check
350(1)
Nutrition on the Net
350(1)
Controversy 9 The Perils of Eating Disorders
351(8)
Nutrients, Physical Activity, and the Body's Responses
359(34)
The Essentials of Fitness and Training
361(2)
How Do My Muscles Become Physically Fit?
361(1)
Can I Expect Any Health Benefits from Weight Training?
362(1)
How Does Cardiorespiratory Training Benefit the Heart?
363(1)
The Active Body's Use of Fuels
363(9)
Glucose Use and Storage
365(1)
Activity Intensity, Glucose Use, and Glycogen Stores
365(2)
Activity Duration Affects Glucose Use
367(2)
Degree of Training Affects Glycogen Use
369(1)
To Burn More Fat during Activity, Should Athletes Eat More Fat?
369(1)
Using Protein and Amino Acids to Build Muscles and to Fuel Activity
370(1)
Think Fitness Can Physical Training Speed Up an Athlete's Metabolism?
371(1)
Vitamins and Minerals---Keys to Performance
372(3)
Do Nutrient Supplements Benefit Athletic Performance?
373(1)
Excessive Physical Activity and Bone Loss
374(1)
Iron and Performance
374(1)
Other Minerals
375(1)
Fluids and Temperature Regulation in Physical Activity
375(18)
Temperature Regulation
376(1)
Fluid Needs during Physical Activity
376(1)
Water
376(2)
Consumer Corner What Do Sports Drinks Have to Offer?
378(1)
Other Beverages
379(1)
Food Feature Choosing a Performance Diet
380(4)
Do It! Detect Fitness Deception
384(1)
Self Check
385(1)
Nutrition on the Net
385(1)
Controversy 10 Ergogenic Aids: Breakthroughs, Gimmicks, or Dangers?
386(7)
Diet and Health
393(42)
Nutrition and Immunity
395(3)
Lifestyle Choices and Risks of Degenerative Disease
396(2)
Nutrition and Atherosclerosis
398(9)
How Atherosclerosis Develops
398(3)
Risk Factors for CVD
401(4)
What Else, Besides Controlling Diet, Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of CVD?
405(1)
Think Fitness Ways to Include Physical Activity in a Day
406(1)
Nutrition and Hypertension
407(4)
How Does Blood Pressure Work in the Body, and What Makes It Too High?
408(1)
How Does Nutrition Affect Hypertension?
409(2)
Nutrition and Cancer
411(10)
How Does Cancer Develop?
412(2)
How Powerful Is Diet in Influencing a Person's Risk of Developing Cancer?
414(4)
Consumer Corner Complementary, Alternative, and Herbal Medicine
418(3)
Conclusion
421(14)
Food Feature Diet as Preventive Medicine
422(3)
Do It! Practice Eyeballing a Meal
425(3)
Self Check
428(1)
Nutrition on the Net
428(1)
Controversy 11 Nutrient-Drug Interactions: Who Should Be Concerned?
429(6)
Life Cycle Nutrition: Mother and Infant
435(38)
Pregnancy: The Impact of Nutrition on the Future
436(9)
Preparing for Pregnancy
436(2)
The Events of Pregnancy
438(1)
Increased Need for Nutrition
439(5)
How Much Weight Should a Woman Gain during Pregnancy?
444(1)
Should Pregnant Women Be Physically Active?
445(1)
Think Fitness Physical Activities for the Pregnant Woman
445(1)
Teen Pregnancy
445(4)
Why Do Some Women Crave Pickles and Ice Cream While Others Can't Keep Anything Down?
446(1)
What Substances or Behaviors Should Pregnant Women Avoid?
446(3)
Drinking during Pregnancy
449(2)
Alcohol's Effects
449(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
449(2)
Experts' Advice
451(1)
Troubleshooting
451(1)
Lactation
452(2)
Nutrition during Lactation
452(1)
When Should a Woman Not Breastfeed?
453(1)
Feeding the Infant
454(19)
Nutrient Needs
455(1)
Breastfeeding
455(1)
Why Is Breast Milk So Good for Babies?
455(3)
Formula Feeding
458(2)
Consumer Corner Formula's Advertising Advantage
460(1)
An Infant's First Foods
461(2)
Looking Ahead
463(2)
Food Feature Mealtimes with Infants
465(1)
Self Check
466(1)
Nutrition on the Net
466(1)
Controversy 12 Fetal and Infant Nutrition: Emerging Links with Chronic Disease
467(6)
Child, Teen, and Older Adult
473(36)
Early and Middle Childhood
474(12)
Growth and Nutrient Needs of Young Children
474(2)
Mealtimes and Snacking
476(1)
Can Nutrient Deficiencies Impair a Child's Thinking or Cause Misbehavior?
477(1)
The Problem of Lead
478(1)
Food Allergy, Intolerance, and Aversion
479(3)
Does Diet Affect Hyperactivity?
482(1)
Television and Children's Nutrition Problems
482(2)
Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day for Children?
484(1)
How Nourishing Are the Lunches Served at School?
484(2)
The Teen Years
486(4)
Growth and Nutrient Needs of Teenagers
486(2)
Consumer Corner Nutrition and PMS
488(1)
Eating Patterns and Food Choices
489(1)
Acne
489(1)
The Later Years
490(1)
Nutrition in the Later Years
490(19)
Energy and Activity
491(1)
Think Fitness Benefits of Physical Activity in Aging
492(1)
Carbohydrates and Fiber
492(1)
Fats and Arthritis
493(1)
Protein
493(1)
Vitamins
493(1)
Water and the Minerals
494(1)
Can Nutrition Help People to Live Longer?
495(2)
Can Foods or Supplements Affect the Course of Alzheimer's Disease?
497(1)
Food Choices of Older Adults
498(2)
Food Feature Single Survival and Nutrition on the Run
500(2)
Self Check
502(1)
Nutrition on the Net
502(1)
Controversy 13 Can Food or Supplements Affect Mind and Memory?
503(6)
Food Safety and Food Technology
509(48)
Microbes and Food Safety
511(17)
How Do Germs in Food Cause Illness in the Body?
511(3)
Food Safety from Farm to Table
514(3)
Food Safety in the Kitchen
517(3)
Which Foods Are Most Likely to Make People Sick?
520(3)
How Can I Avoid Illness When Traveling?
523(2)
Consumer Corner Irradiation and Food Safety
525(3)
Natural Toxins in Foods
528(1)
Environmental Contaminants
528(2)
Pesticides
530(4)
Do Pesticides on Foods Pose a Hazard to Consumers?
531(1)
Regulation of Pesticides
532(1)
Consumer Concerns
532(2)
Growth Hormone in Meat and Milk
534(1)
Effects of Food Processing on the Nutrients in Foods
535(3)
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
536(1)
Do Canned Foods Contain Any Nutrients?
536(1)
Freezing
537(1)
Drying
537(1)
Extrusion
538(1)
Food Additives
538(19)
Regulations Governing Additives
539(1)
Antimicrobial Agents
540(1)
Artificial Colors
541(1)
Are Artificial Flavors and the Flavor Enhancer MSG Safe to Eat?
542(1)
Incidental Food Additives
542(1)
Nutrient Additives
543(1)
Food Feature Making Wise Food Choices and Cooking to Preserve Nutrients
544(3)
Self Check
547(1)
Nutrition on the Net
547(1)
Controversy 14 Organic Foods or Products of Biotechnology: Which Are Best for Our Future?
548(9)
Hunger and the Global Environment
557
The Challenge to Change
559(1)
Hunger
560(5)
What U.S. Food Programs Are Directed at Stopping Domestic Hunger?
561(2)
What Is the State of World Hunger?
563(2)
Environmental Degradation and Hunger
565(2)
Moving toward Solutions
567
Sustainable Development Worldwide
568(1)
How Can People Engage in Activism and Simpler Lifestyles at Home?
568(1)
Consumer Corner Saving Money and Protecting the Environment
569(3)
Self Check
572(1)
Nutrition on the Net
572(1)
Controversy 15 Agribusiness and Food Production: How to Go Forward?
573
Appendix
A Table of Food Composition
1(1)
B Canadiana: Recommendations, Choice System, and Labels
1(1)
C Aids to Calculations
1(1)
D U.S. Food Exchange System
1(1)
E Nutrition Resources
1(1)
F Notes
1(1)
G Answers to Self Check Questions
1(1)
Glossary1
Index

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