Providing detailed summaries, this reference reviews the biomedical research conducted over the last 110 years for which most of the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded. It encompasses not only the initial discoveries made in each particular field of science that were honored with a Nobel Prize but also the contributions of countless other scientists before and after the prize was given that greatly expanded the field to the present day. Presented in full color throughout the chapter, the text also presents historical and socioeconomic context associated with the Novel Prizes, including brief remarks on historical events.