9780138632427

This basic book for about the North American Indians is organized by region and includes a final epilogue on current issues, helping readers to learn about important tribes in each region by placing them in a geographical context. Aboriginal culture, Native history, and contemporary Native American communities. Includes up-to-date contemporary population and economic data. Canadian examples and data demonstrates that both U.S. and Canadian tribes are important to the overall North American Indian culture. For those interested in Native American History.

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Preface

xi

Introduction

1

(8)

References

8

(1)

Prologue

9

(28)

The Arrival of Europeans in North America

9

(2)

Expansion of Trade and Its Consequences

11

(2)

Early European Settlements

13

(2)

Missionaries and Their Program of Cultural Change

15

(2)

Treaties and the Establishment of Reserved Land

17

(6)

U.S. Government Legislation

23

(6)

Canadian Government Legislation

29

(3)

Population Decline and Renewal

32

(3)

References

35

(2)

PART I: THE NORTHEAST

37

(87)

Iroquois Story of the Origin of the False Faces

38

(1)

Native Nations of the Northeast

39

(27)

Lands and Nations

41

(1)

Iroquoian Nations

42

(8)

Algonkian Nations

50

(5)

Consequences of European Trade and Settlement

55

(3)

Contemporary Economic and Political Issues

58

(4)

The Revelations of Handsome Lake

62

(2)

References

64

(2)

The Mohawks

66

(29)

Aboriginal Culture

67

(8)

The Fur Trade and Tranformations of Mohowk Society

75

(6)

A Nation Divided

81

(12)

References

93

(2)

The Mi'kmaqs

95

(29)

Aboriginal Culture

95

(9)

Consequences of European Trade and Settlement

104

(5)

Establishment of Reserves

109

(4)

Contemporary Mi'kmaq Communities

113

(10)

References

123

(1)

PART II: THE SOUTHEAST

124

(53)

Choctaw Story of Creation

125

(1)

Native Nations of the Southeast

126

(22)

Lands and Nations

126

(1)

Aboriginal Culture

127

(6)

European Invasions of the Southeast

133

(4)

American Expansion and Control

137

(2)

Contemporary Native Communities

139

(7)

References

146

(2)

The Choctaws

148

(29)

Consequences of European Expansion in the Southeast

159

(4)

American Control of the Southeast

163

(1)

Removal and Its Aftermath

164

(4)

Contemporary Choctaw Communities

168

(7)

References

175

(2)

PART III: THE PLAINS

177

(88)

White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings the Sacred Pipe to the Lakotas

178

(1)

Native Nations of the Plains

179

(28)

Lands and Nations

179

(2)

Early Economics

181

(3)

Acquisition of Horses

184

(2)

European Trade and Its Consequences

186

(5)

Leadership and Political Integration

191

(2)

Plains Social Systems

193

(1)

Plains Political History in the Nineteenth Century

194

(3)

Revitalization Movements in the Plains

197

(3)

Contemporary Issues

200

(4)

References

204

(3)

The Teton Lakotas

207

(29)

Adaptation to the Plains

209

(14)

Trade and Cultural Transformation

223

(3)

American Expansion and Its Consequences

226

(4)

Contemporary Lakota Communities

230

(4)

References

234

(2)

The Hidatsas

236

(29)

Aboriginal Society

236

(17)

Trade and Its Consequences

253

(3)

The Fort Berthold Reservation

256

(2)

Contemporary Hidatsa Communities

258

(5)

References

263

(2)

PART IV: THE GREAT BASIN

265

(45)

Shoshone Story of the Theft of Fire

266

(1)

Native Nations of the Great Basin

267

(18)

Lands and Nations

267

(2)

Aboriginal Culture

269

(5)

European Invasions of the Great Basin

274

(1)

American Control in the Great Basin

275

(3)

The Ghost Dance

278

(1)

Contemporary Basin Communities

279

(4)

References

283

(2)

The Shoshones

285

(25)

Western Shoshones

286

(2)

Northern Shoshones

288

(4)

Eastern Shoshones

292

(5)

Euro-American Incursions and Their Consequences

297

(5)

Contemporary Shoshone Communities

302

(6)

References

308

(2)

PART V: THE SOUTHWEST

310

(80)

Dine Creation Story

311

(1)

Native Nations of the Southwest

312

(25)

Lands and Nations

312

(1)

Puebloan Culture

313

(9)

Apachean Cultures

322

(5)

Piman Culture

327

(5)

Yuman Cultures

332

(3)

References

335

(2)

The Zunis

337

(23)

Zuni Society

337

(13)

Spanish Invasions and Their Consequences

350

(3)

The Period of American Control

353

(2)

Contemporary Zuni Communities

355

(3)

References

358

(2)

The Dine (or Navajos)

360

(30)

Traditional Culture

361

(10)

Consequences of the Spanish Presence in the Southwest

371

(2)

The Development of American Control in the Nineteenth Century

373

(5)

Political and Economic Changes in the Early Twentieth Century

378

(2)

Contemporary Dine Communities

380

(7)

References

387

(3)

PART VI: CALIFORNIA

390

(52)

Origin of the Pomo Ghost Ceremony

391

(1)

Native Nations of California

392

(26)

Lands and Nations

392

(2)

Aboriginal Cultures

394

(11)

The Spanish Invasion of Native California

405

(4)

U.S. Control of California

409

(3)

Contemporary Native Communities

412

(3)

References

415

(3)

The Pomos

418

(24)

Aboriginal Culture

419

(15)

Consequences of Foreign Control

434

(4)

Contemporary Pomoan Communities

438

(2)

References

440

(2)

PART VII: THE NORTHWEST COAST

442

(51)

Tsimshian Story of the Theft of Light

443

(1)

Native Nations of the Northwest Coast

444

(23)

Lands and Nations

444

(2)

Aboriginal Cultures

446

(9)

Relations with Europeans

455

(2)

Consequences of Euro-Canadian/American Settlement

457

(7)

The Shaker Church

464

(1)

References

465

(2)

The Kwakwaka'wakw (or Kwakiutls)

467

(26)

Kwakwaka'wakw Society

468

(16)

Consequences of European Trade and Settlement

484

(3)

Contemporary Kwakwaka'wakw Communities

487

(4)

References

491

(2)

PART VIII: THE SUBARCTIC AND ARCTIC

493

(96)

Inuit Bear Story

494

(1)

Native Nations of the Subarctic and Arctic

495

(24)

Lands and Nations

495

(9)

European Trade and Its Consequences

504

(5)

Contemporary Native Communities

509

(8)

References

517

(2)

The Innu (or Montagnais)

519

(24)

Innu Society

520

(11)

The Fur Trade and the Transformation of Innu Culture

531

(5)

Contemporary Innu Communities

536

(5)

References

541

(2)

The Inuit

543

(26)

Adaptations to the Arctic Environment

544

(2)

Inuit Society

546

(9)

Consequences of European Trade and Commercial Activity

555

(7)

Contemporary Inuit Communities

562

(5)

References

567

(2)

EPILOGUE

At The Turn of the Twenty-First Century

569

(20)

Canadian Data

569

(6)

U.S. Data

575

(4)

Responses to Challenges at the Turn of the Century

579

(6)

Urban Native American

585

(2)

References

587

(2)

Appendix A Federally Recognized Tribes in the United States

589

(8)

Appendix B Official Registered Bands in Canada

597

(7)

Appendix C Native American Autobiographies

604

(4)

Glossary

608

(2)

Photo Credits

610

(1)

Index

611

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Preface This book presents an intensive discussion of the cultures, histories, and contemporary lives of members of the First Nations of North America. Following an introduction (Chapter One), is an overview (Chapter Two) of historical processes that have affected indigenous peoples since about 1500. Both Chapters One and Two discuss the complexity of population statistics that in the past and present have seriously undercounted Native communities and individuals. The book is thereafter divided into eight regional parts (Northeast, Southeast, Plains, Great Basin, Southwest, California, Northwest Coast, and Subarctic and Arctic). Each part begins with an overview chapter followed by one (or in some cases two) chapters that deal in detail with a First Nation within the region. The book concludes (Chapter Twenty-three) with a review of contemporary indigenous economic and political issues and also summarizes current economic and social data collected by the governments of Canada and the United States. I wish to express my thanks to the following Prentice Hall reviewers for their useful comments on the manuscript: Stephen Greymorning, University of Montana; Timothy J. Kloberdanz, North Dakota State University; Sally McBeth, University of Northern Colorado; Martha McCullough, University of Nebraska; and Dean Snow, Pennsylvania State University. I also wish to thank Nancy Roberts, Publisher, and Sharon Chambliss, Managing Editor for anthropology, for their encouragement and advice throughout the process of bringing this book to completion. I appreciate the patience and excellent work of Cathy Dargi, who transcribed and typed the early draft of the book. And I thank Marc Melanson of Statistics Canada, Halifax, for his aid in obtaining linguistic, social, and economic data for First Nations Mi'kmaq, Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl), and Innu (Montagnais) bands. My deep appreciation goes to the people at Akwesasne for the personal and intellectual support that I have always received there. I am especially grateful to Gloria Thompson, Ernest Benedict, Beatrice Francis, and their families, as well as to Hilda Swamp for the many days over many years spent in their company. My admiration goes to them and others at Akwesasne who have led and participated in many struggles for cultural and political sovereignty. It is to them that this book is dedicated.

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Native Nations Cultures and Histories of Native North America

Native Nations Cultures and Histories of Native North America

0138632421

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