Everlyn Nicodemus is an artist and writer living and working in Edinburgh, UK, and holds a Ph.D. from Middlesex University, London.

Melissa Chiu is Museum Director and Vice President, Global Art Programs, Asia Society in New York.

Benjamin Genocchio is editor in chief of Art & Auction Magazine, New York.  He holds a Ph.D. in art history and is the author and editor of six books.

Mary K. Coffey is Associate Professor of Art History at Dartmouth College.

Roberto Tejada is Distinguished Chair and Professor of Art History, Southern Methodist University.

Acknowledgments xi

General Introduction: The Location of Modern Art 1
Elaine O’Brien

Part I African Modern Art 15

Introduction: African Modern Art: An Ongoing Project 17
Everlyn Nicodemus

1 Modern African Art 26
Chika Okeke

2 From Country to City: The Development of an Urban Art 39
Steven Sack

3 Nomfanekiso Who Paints at Night: The Art of Gladys Mgudlandlu 45
Elza Miles

4 Negritude, Pan-Africanism, and Postcolonial African Identity: African Portrait Photography 49
Okwui Enwezor and Octavio Zaya

5 A Critical Presence: Drum Magazine in Context 58
Okwui Enwezor

6 Art of the African Diaspora 63
Michael D. Harris

7 Chorale: Man, Society, and Technology: An Experiment in Rural Egypt 73
Hassan Fathy

8 Oral Tradition and the Aesthetics of Black African Cinema 79
Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike

9 On National Culture 87
Frantz Fanon

10 Discourse on Colonialism 89
Aimé Césaire

11 Natural Synthesis 91
Uche Okeke

12 A Historic Confrontation between Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembène in 1965: “You Look at Us as if We Were Insects” 94
Jean Rouch and Ousmane Sembène

Part II Asian Modern Art: India, Japan, China 99

Introduction: Asian Modern Art: A Case of Alternative, Parallel, and Intersecting Modernisms 101
Melissa Chiu and Benjamin Genocchio

13 Multiculturalism/Multimodernism 106
Jim Supangkat

14 Negotiating Modernities: Encounters with Cubism in Asian Art 120
Ahmad Mashadi

Section 1 India 129

15 When Was Modernism in Indian Art? 129
Geeta Kapur

16 The Formalist Prelude 138
Partha Mitter

17 E. B. Havell and Rabindranath Tagore: Nationalism, Modernity and Art 150
Osman Jamal

18 Art and Tradition 160
Rabindranath Tagore

Section 2 Japan 165

19 Western Style Painting in Japan: Mimesis, Individualism, and Japanese Nationhood 165
Gennifer Weisenfeld

20 Artistic Subjectivity in the Taish? and Early Sh?wa Avant-Garde 181
John Clark

21 The Age of Modernism: From Visualization to Socialization 193
Joe Takeba

22 The Architectural Profession in Japan, 1850–1930 209
Jonathan M. Reynolds

23 Dangen wa Dadaisuto 228
Takahashi Shinkichi

Section 3 China 231

24 Sketch Conceptualism as Modernist Contingency 231
Eugene Y. Wang

25 Post-Impressionists in Pre-War Shanghai: The Juelanshe (Storm Society) and the Fate of Modernism in Republican China 254
Ralph Croizier

26 Films and Shanghai 272
Zheng Dongtian

27 The Storm Society Manifesto (October 1932) 279
Ni Yide, Pang Xunqin , et al.

Part III Latin American Modern Art 281

Introduction: Modernism in Latin America: Strategic Vanguards 283
Mary K. Coffey and Roberto Tejada

28 Our America and the West 292
Roberto Fernández Retamar

29 Strategies of Modernity in Latin America 302
Andrea Giunta

30 Revolution as Ritual: Diego Rivera’s National Palace Mural 315
Leonard Folgarait

31 Africa in the Art of Latin America 330
Gerardo Mosquera

32 Vital Structures: The Constructive Nexus in South America 339
Mari Carmen Ramírez

33 Landscape: Errant Modernist Aesthetics in Brazil 353
Esther Gabara

34 The Spirit of Brasília: Modernity as Experiment and Risk 362
James Holston

35 Carmen Miranda, Grande Otelo, and the Chanchada , 1929–1949 375
Robert Stam

36 To Roosevelt 387
Rubén Darío

37 Essays on Latin American Art 391
Joaquín Torres-García

38 The Cosmic Race 402
José Vasconcelos

39 Cannibalist Manifesto 413
Oswald de Andrade

40 Brasília 424
Clarice Lispector

Credits and Sources 429

Index 434

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