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Mathematical Structures for Computer Science

ISBN: 9780716768647 | 071676864X
Edition: 6th
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
Pub. Date: 7/7/2006

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SummaryTable of Contents
Computing Curricula 2001 (CC2001), a joint undertaking of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers/Computer Society (IEEE/CS) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), identifies the essential material for an undergraduate degree in computer science. This Sixth Edition ofMathematical Structures for Computer Sciencecovers all the topics in the CC2001 suggested curriculum for a one-semester intensive discrete structures course, and virtually everything suggested for a two-semester version of a discrete structures course. Ger... MORE
Prefacexv
Note to the Studentxvii
Formal Logic
1(87)
Statements, Symbolic Representation, and Tautologies
... MORE2(19)
Connectives and Truth Values
2(6)
Tautologies
8(2)
Logical Connectives in the Real World
10(1)
An Algorithm
11(3)
Exercises 1.1
14(7)
Propositional Logic
21(14)
Valid Arguments
21(3)
Derivation Rules for Propositional Logic
24(3)
Deduction Method and Other Rules
27(2)
Verbal Arguments
29(2)
Exercises 1.2
31(4)
Quantifiers, Predicates, and Validity
35(14)
Quantifiers and Predicates
35(3)
Translation
38(3)
Validity
41(2)
Exercises 1.3
43(6)
Predicate Logic
49(14)
Derivation Rules for Predicate Logic
49(2)
Universal Instantiation
51(1)
Existential Instantiation
51(1)
Universal Generalization
52(1)
Existential Generalization
53(1)
More Work with Rules
54(4)
Verbal Arguments
58(1)
Conclusion
59(1)
Exercises 1.4
60(3)
Logic Programming
63(11)
Prolog
64(2)
Horn Clauses and Resolution
66(3)
Recursion
69(3)
Expert Systems
72(1)
Exercises 1.5
72(2)
Proof of Correctness
74(14)
Assertions
75(1)
Assignment Rule
76(3)
Conditional Rule
79(3)
Exercises 1.6
82(2)
Chapter 1 Review
84(3)
On the Computer
87(1)
Proofs, Recursion, and Analysis of Algorithms
88(98)
Proof Techniques
89(11)
Theorems and Informal Proofs
89(1)
To Prove or Not to Prove
90(1)
Exhaustive Proof
91(1)
Direct Proof
92(1)
Contraposition
93(2)
Contradiction
95(1)
Serendipity
96(1)
Common Definitions
97(1)
Exercises 2.1
98(2)
Induction
100(18)
First Principle of Induction
100(2)
Proofs by Mathematical Induction
102(5)
Second Principle of Induction
107(5)
Exercises 2.2
112(6)
More on Proof of Correctness
118(11)
Loop Rule
118(3)
Euclidean Algorithm
121(3)
Exercises 2.3
124(5)
Recursive Definitions
129(18)
Recursively Defined Sequences
129(3)
Recursively Defined Sets
132(2)
Recursively Defined Operations
134(1)
Recursively Defined Algorithms
135(5)
Exercises 2.4
140(7)
Recurrence Relations
147(22)
Linear First-Order Recurrence Relations
147(1)
Expand, Guess, and Verify
147(2)
A Solution Formula
149(7)
Linear Second-Order Recurrence Relations
156(5)
Divide-and-Conquer Recurrence Relations
161(3)
Exercises 2.5
164(5)
Analysis of Algorithms
169(17)
The General Idea
169(3)
Analysis Using Recurrence Relations
172(2)
Upper Bound (Euclidean Algorithm)
174(1)
Exercises 2.6
175(6)
Chapter 2 Review
181(2)
On the Computer
183(3)
Sets, Combinatorics, Probability, and Number Theory
186(99)
Sets
187(24)
Notation
187(2)
Relationships Between Sets
189(2)
Sets of Sets
191(1)
Binary and Unary Operations
192(2)
Operations on Sets
194(2)
Set Identities
196(3)
Countable and Uncountable Sets
199(3)
Exercises 3.1
202(9)
Counting
211(14)
Multiplication Principle
212(3)
Addition Principle
215(1)
Using the Principles Together
216(2)
Decision Trees
218(2)
Exercises 3.2
220(5)
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion; Pigeonhole Principle
225(8)
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
225(5)
Pigeonhole Principle
230(1)
Exercises 3.3
231(2)
Permutations and Combinations
233(19)
Permutations
233(2)
Combinations
235(3)
Eliminating Duplicates
238(1)
Permutations and Combinations with Repetitions
239(7)
Exercises 3.4
246(6)
Probability
252(14)
Introduction to Finite Probability
252(2)
Probability Distributions
254(2)
Conditional Probability
256(1)
Expected Value
257(3)
Average Case Analysis of Algorithms
260(1)
Exercises 3.5
261(5)
Binomial Theorem
266(6)
Pascal's Triangle
266(1)
Binomial Theorem and Its Proof
267(2)
Applying the Binomial Theorem
269(1)
Exercises 3.6
270(2)
Number Theory
272(13)
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
272(4)
More on Prime Numbers
276(1)
Euler Phi Function
277(2)
Exercises 3.7
279(2)
Chapter 3 Review
281(2)
On the Computer
283(2)
Relations, Functions, and Matrices
285(116)
Relations
286(25)
Binary Relations
286(3)
Properties of Relations
289(2)
Closures of Relations
291(2)
Partial Orderings
293(2)
Equivalence Relations
295(6)
Exercises 4.1
301(10)
Topological Sorting
311(8)
Exercises 4.2
316(3)
Relations and Databases
319(12)
Entity-Relationship Model
319(1)
Relational Model
320(3)
Operations on Relations
323(3)
Null Values and Three-Valued Logic
326(2)
Database Integrity
328(1)
Exercises 4.3
329(2)
Functions
331(31)
Definition
332(5)
Properties of Functions
337(1)
Onto Functions
337(1)
One-to-One Functions
338(1)
Bijections
339(1)
Composition of Functions
339(2)
Inverse Functions
341(2)
Permutation Functions
343(2)
How Many Functions
345(3)
Equivalent Sets
348(1)
Order of Magnitude of Functions
349(3)
More on Analysis of Algorithms
352(2)
Exercises 4.4
354(8)
The Mighty Mod Function
362(20)
Hashing
363(3)
Computer Security
366(1)
Cryptography
366(6)
Hashing for Password Encryption
372(1)
Miscellaneous Applications
373(1)
Identification Codes
373(2)
Generating and Decomposing Integers
375(1)
Modular Arithmetic Designs
376(2)
Exercises 4.5
378(4)
Matrices
382(19)
Terminology
382(2)
Matrix Operations
384(4)
Boolean Matrices
388(2)
Exercises 4.6
390(6)
Chapter 4 Review
396(3)
On the Computer
399(2)
Graphs and Trees
401(74)
Graphs and Their Representations
402(31)
Definitions of a Graph
402(3)
Applications of Graphs
405(2)
Graph Terminology
407(3)
Isomorphic Graphs
410(3)
Planar Graphs
413(5)
Computer Representation of Graphs
418(1)
Adjacency Matrix
418(2)
Adjacency List
420(3)
Exercises 5.1
423(10)
Trees and Their Representations
433(18)
Tree Terminology
433(2)
Applications of Trees
435(2)
Binary Tree Representation
437(1)
Tree Traversal Algorithms
438(4)
Results About Trees
442(2)
Exercises 5.2
444(7)
Decision Trees
451(11)
Searching
452(2)
Lower Bounds on Searching
454(1)
Binary Tree Search
455(2)
Sorting
457(2)
Exercises 5.3
459(3)
Huffman Codes
462(13)
Problem and Trial Solution
462(2)
Huffman Encoding Algorithm
464(2)
Justification
466(2)
Applications of Huffman Codes
468(1)
Exercises 5.4
469(3)
Chapter 5 Review
472(2)
On the Computer
474(1)
Graph Algorithms
475(59)
Directed Graphs and Binary Relations; Warshall's Algorithm
476(14)
Directed Graphs and Binary Relations
477(2)
Reachability
479(4)
Warshall's Algorithm
483(4)
Exercises 6.1
487(3)
Euler Path and Hamiltonian Circuit
490(9)
Euler Path Problem
490(5)
Hamiltonian Circuit Problem
495(1)
Exercises 6.2
496(3)
Shortest Path and Minimal Spanning Tree
499(14)
Shortest-Path Problem
499(6)
Minimal Spanning Tree Problem
505(2)
Exercises 6.3
507(6)
Traversal Algorithms
513(11)
Depth-First Search
513(2)
Breadth-First Search
515(3)
Analysis
518(1)
Applications
519(2)
Exercises 6.4
521(3)
Articulation Points and Computer Networks
524(10)
The Problem Statement
524(1)
The Idea Behind the Algorithm
525(1)
The Algorithm Itself
526(3)
Exercises 6.5
529(2)
Chapter 6 Review
531(1)
On the Computer
532(2)
Boolean Algebra and Computer Logic
534(58)
Boolean Algebra Structure
535(17)
Models or Abstractions
536(1)
Definition and Properties
537(4)
Isomorphic Boolean Algebras
541(1)
What Is Isomorphism?
541(3)
Isomorphism as Applied to Boolean Algebra
544(2)
Exercises 7.1
546(6)
Logic Networks
552(22)
Combinational Networks
552(1)
Basic Logic Elements
552(1)
Boolean Expressions
553(1)
Truth Functions
554(1)
Networks and Expressions
554(2)
Canonical Form
556(2)
Minimization
558(2)
Programmable Logic Arrays
560(2)
A Useful Network
562(2)
Other Logic Elements
564(1)
Constructing Truth Functions
565(1)
Exercises 7.2
566(8)
Minimization
574(18)
Minimization Process
574(1)
Karnaugh Map
575(1)
Maps for Three and Four Variables
576(2)
Using the Karnaugh Map
578(4)
Quine-McCluskey Procedure
582(4)
Exercises 7.3
586(4)
Chapter 7 Review
590(1)
On the Computer
591(1)
Modeling Arithmetic, Computation, and Languages
592(93)
Algebraic Structures
593(25)
Definitions and Examples
593(7)
Basic Results About Groups
600(3)
Subgroups
603(3)
Isomorphic Groups
606(6)
Exercises 8.1
612(6)
Finite-State Machines
618(28)
Definition
618(1)
Examples of Finite-State Machines
619(3)
Recognition
622(2)
Regular Sets and Kleene's Theorem
624(2)
Machine Minimization
626(1)
Unreachable States
626(1)
Minimization Procedure
627(5)
Sequential Networks and Finite-State Machines
632(4)
Exercises 8.2
636(10)
Turing Machines
646(20)
Definition
647(4)
Turing Machines as Set Recognizers
651(2)
Turing Machines as Function Computers
653(2)
Church-Turing Thesis
655(2)
Decision Problems and Uncomputability
657(1)
Examples of Decision Problems
658(1)
Halting Problem
659(1)
Computational Complexity
660(3)
Exercises 8.3
663(3)
Formal Languages
666(19)
Classes of Grammars
672(3)
Formal Languages and Computational Devices
675(1)
Context-Free Grammars
676(3)
Exercises 8.4
679(3)
Chapter 8 Review
682(2)
On the Computer
684(1)
Appendix A Derivation Rules for Propositional and Predicate Logic685(2)
Appendix B Summation Notation687(3)
Appendix C The Logarithm Function690(3)
Answers to Practice Problems693(34)
Answers to Selected Exercises727(62)
Answers to Self-Tests789(8)
Index797

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